HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD Minor Roads

ENGINEERING – MIDTERMS - are roads which is local in nature.

- serves only the interest of the locality
ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS such as a street.
Road - less frequently used by traffic.

- link barangays and cities in the

country. What is the difference between a street and a
- serves as medium in transporting highway?
goods and commodities from one
place to another  Highway - accommodate greater traffic
- communication link which brings volume.
economic development to a nation.
 Street - service area connecting to
Classifications of Road highways.

 According to Usage

 According to National Importance

 According to its Surface Course

According to Surface Course -------------------------------
 According to Traffic Volume -

Earth Road
According to Usage ------------------------------------------ - “simplest form of road”
-- - shaping and smoothing the natural soil
traversed by the road line.
National Road
Gravel Road
I. Primary National Road
- main highway trunk line system - natural gravel together with a sufficient
- from province to province and region amount of good quality soil to serve as
to region. binder.
II. Secondary National Road - “all weather road”
- connects a provincial road or national - Farm to Market Roads
road to a public wharf or railway - connect rural and agricultural areas to
station. market towns.
Provincial Road - two municipalities or cities within a Asphalt Road
province.
- “flexible pavement”.
City Road - street within the urban area of the city. - hot-mix combination of asphalt cement,
crushed stone, fine sand and a small
Municipal Road - street within the población area of
amount of air.
a municipality.
PCC Pavement Road
Barangay Road - street located outside the
población area of a municipality or urban area of a - “rigid pavement”.
city. - cement and water mixed with clean sand
and graded sizes of crushed rock or similar
material to make concrete.
Major Roads - used by traffic and classified as
National Roads
According to Traffic Volume ----------------------------- following items applicable to the project
are always on site:
 For heavy traffic load

 For medium traffic load  Complete contract drawings, including any

revisions that have been done
 For light traffic load  Cross-sections
 Blue Book and Standard Specifications
 Right-of-Way plans, Entry Agreements
 Plans for adjustments or relocations of
 Main Road Components
any utilities that may be affected
- Sub-grade  Contract Agreement
 Notice to Proceed
- Aggregate Sub-base Course
 Material Test Equipment
- Aggregate Base Course  Material Test Reports
 Project Logbooks (Construction Logbook
- Surface Course
and Materials Logbook)
- Drainage Structures  Surveying Equipment and Surveying
- Slope Protection/Retaining Structures Notes
 Pertinent Correspondence
- Miscellaneous Works
As-Stake Survey
Its Importance :
Determines the actual position of the road
structure based on the plans.
Helps in determining what necessary deviation
Preparatory Work should be undertaken.

 Pre-construction Conference Plans That Govern an Infrastructure Project

/Preliminary Preparations
 As-Stake Survey  Original Plans
 Temporary Facilities  As-Stake Plans
 Access and Detour Roads (Traffic  As-Built Plans
Management)
Temporary Facilities and Equipment

Pre-construction Conference Client's Side :

 Pre-construction conference between the
Contractor’s representative on the project  Facilities for the Engineer
and the Project Engineer and his staff is  Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the
required. Engineer
 A discussion of the project, on the  Vehicle for the Engineer
specifications, unusual conditions,  Assistance to the Engineer
Contractor’s plan and schedule of
 Progress Photographs
operation, and other pertinent items is
helpful to a better job understanding in
Contractor’s Side :
the implementation.
 The site for the project field office should
be determined, as well as the sites for  Office
storage of material and equipment.  Equipment Yard
 Fabrication Area/Shop
Preliminary Preparations  Workmen’s Quarters
 Storage/Warehouse
 Before the start of work, the Project
Engineer should make sure that all of the
Access and Detour Roads

- In planning the construction work, care

must be taken to see that alternative
routes or temporary deviations are
provided for traffic using the route.

- Access to properties along the road must

be maintained at all times and the works
must be barricaded where necessary to
protect any passing traffic from accident.

Detour Roads

- Becomes necessary to divert traffic from

any existing roadway whenever the
construction operations block the flow of
traffic.
-
Are to be planned and maintained so that
they will have sufficient durability to
remain in good condition and carry the
required traffic at any weather condition
for the entire period that the detour is
required.

Access Roads

- A road by which a job is connected to

the highway system and is generally
used in connection with borrow pits.

- Are also built for each isolated piece

of job it services.
-
 PART I: Construction Procedures ----------------------------------
EARTHWORK 1. Plans, special provisions and right-of-
way limits must be provided with stakes, as
reference in determining the
vertical/horizontal control.
2. Trees that are selected for preservation
must be protected while trees that are
needed to be cut / ball shall be identified.
3. After the construction limits are
established, scarify up to a depth of 6
inches (150 mm.) the existing roadway and
segregate the roots, stumps and other
unsuitable materials for proper disposal.
Before the start of work on the different items, 4. Haul the excavated materials to the
designated disposal area or to the
 a joint survey must be undertaken in order
stockpile of the contractor.
to locate the centerline of the proposed
5. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond
road,
the toe of the fill slopes or beyond
 to check the existing elevations,
rounding of cut slopes for the entire length
 cross-sections
of the project.
 and other existing structures as shown on
the original plan and prepare/submit an Item 101 - Removal of Structures and
“As-Staked Plan”, for the approval of the Obstructions
higher authorities.
consist of the taking away, wholly or in part, and
Item 100 - Clearing and Grubbing the satisfactory disposal off the site of all structures
removal and disposal of all surface objects including within the construction site and right-of-way which
vegetation, grass, stumps, trees and other have not been designated to remain.
protruding obstructions not designated to remain
along the roadway. It is important that removal operations are
carefully studied and carried out under the careful
Types of Clearing and Grubbing -------------------------- supervision of the Project Engineer with adequate
-- consideration of safety.
1.Individual Removal of Trees Types of Obstruction ---------------------------------------
removal is classified depending on the size : 1. Existing Pavements
a. Item 100(3) - Individual Removal of Trees, Small 2. Existing Drainage Structures
3. Underground Waterline
b. Item 100(4) - Individual Removal of Trees, Large 4. Electrical Post and Lines
5. Cable and Telephone Lines
2. Disposal of Debris
6. Residential Houses & Buildings
The Contractor should coordinate with the Project
Construction Procedures ---------------------------------
Engineer regarding the identification of sites for
Simultaneously with the clearing and grubbing
disposal area in compliance with the provisions
works, removal of obstructions both overhead and
stated in the Environmental Clearance Certificate
underground utilities in particular waterlines and
issued by the Department of Environment and
telephone lines shall be undertaken.
Natural Resources (DENR).
Item 102 - Excavation Item 102(1) - Unsuitable Excavation
consists of all the excavation for grading and removal and disposal of saturated mixture of soils
draining the roadway, and includes loading, hauling and organic matter such as peat and muck which
and placing the excavated materials from roadway are not suitable as road foundation materials which
cuts to construct embankments or its disposal to a can cause instability in embankments.
designated location.
As a rough guide in recognizing and identifying
Types of Excavation------------------------------------------ unsuitable materials, said materials is composed of
thoroughly decomposed organic material with
1. Common Excavation
considerable mineral material, usually black with a
2. Unsuitable Excavation
few fibrous remains, odorous when dried or burnt,
3. Rock Excavation
some sand and silt and those materials excavated
4. Unclassified Excavation from swamps and stagnant water.
5. Surplus Excavation
In order to determine the exact property of the
Construction Procedures ---------------------------------
unsuitable materials subject a representative
sample to laboratory test.
1. Right-of-way limits must be provided
with stakes. Construction Procedures-----------------------------------
2. Survey works must be conducted on the
existing ground. 1. Conduct survey works on the
3. Excavate the roadway to the required existing ground to compare the data as
elevation per approved plans reflected in the approved plans.
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered,
2. Excavate the roadway having unsuitable
excavate the roadway up to the stable soil.
5. If surplus materials are encountered, materials up to the stable soil condition.
haul the said materials to the designated 3. Dispose/haul the said materials to the
disposal area. designated/approved disposal area.

Item 102(2) - Common Excavation

refers to the excavation of common materials along
the road traverse that may be placed as fill or
disposed as surplus.

Item 102(3) - Rock Excavation

digging on the ground necessary along the road
way traverse to remove encountered rock to its
designed elevation either for use as an
embankment or for hauling to a waste deposit
The above picture shows that before starting excavating area.
for any part of the structure, it must be ascertained that
Means of Excavating Rock
sufficient ground levels have been taken for computing
excavation quantities, and the proper alignment points 1. Thru Mechanical Ripping - if the rock is soft.
are provided for laying out the work.
2. Thru Controlled Blasting - if the rock is too hard.
 embankment to bring the road to a desired grade
or to elevate it above flood level.

Types of Embankment-------------------------------------

1. Embankment from Excavation

This is one of the types of Roadway Excavation called the
2. Embankment from Borrow
Rock Excavation; this consists of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks which cannot be excavated without Construction Procedures----------------------------------
blasting or the use of rippers.
A. Construction of embankment on a relatively
Item 102(4) - Surplus Excavation flat terrain:
are suitable materials excavated along the road 1.Check sub grade if already completed in
traverse which are disposed as excess in the accordance with the plans and specifications for
formation of embankment sub-grade. clearing and grubbing and sub grade preparation
prior to filling of embankment materials.
Types of Surplus Excavation-------------------------------
2.The material is spread in relatively thin layer of
1. Surplus from Common Excavation
200 mm with appropriate crown/cross slope to
2. Surplus from Rock Excavation
ensure proper draining of surface water when it
3. Surplus from Unclassified Excavation
rains.

3.Compaction should be done by rolling with a

Item 103 - Structure Excavation minimum weight of 10 tons. Rolling/compaction
consists of the necessary excavation, removal and
operation shall progress gradually from the sides
satisfactory disposal of all materials within the
to the center, parallel to the center of the road
stipulated limits.
and shall continue until the whole surface has
Types of Structure Excavation--------------------------- been rolled up to the number of passes required
based on the trial section result where a minimum
1. Culvert Excavation density of 95% is attained. During the progress of
2. Dry Excavation rolling, a minimum overlapped width of 300 mm.
3. Wet Excavation shall be observed for each succeeding parallel
4. Rock Excavation passes to ensure level compacted surface.
5. Bridge Excavation (Unclassified)
4.Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests
Construction Procedures ------------------------------ for each five hundred (500) square meter or
1. Prior to structure excavation, all fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to
necessary clearing and grubbing shall meet the minimum 95% density, additional rolling
have been performed. shall be undertaken until such time that the
2. Check and review the plans. required compaction is obtained. For a saturated
3. Trenches shall be excavated to the lines material wherein the minimum density could not
and grades or elevations shown on the be attained, windrowing should be undertaken
Plans. and allow it to dry, and proceed with rolling up to
4. The foundation surface shall provide a the desired compaction.
firm throughout the length of the culvert. If the material is too dry,
watering/sprinkling with water shall be
Item 104 - Embankment
undertaken uniformly.
is describe as the work or volume of earthen
material necessary in the formation of
embankment roadway thru the use of suitable
materials which may be sourced along the road
traverse or borrow from an outside source.

These materials are brought and compacted

together to a specified degree to form a stable
 Item 105 - Subgrade Preparation
portion of the earth roadbed which after having
been constructed to reasonably close
conformance with the lines, grades and cross-
sections indicated on the plans, receives and
supports the sub base or base course materials.

Spreading of embankment materials In a fill section, the sub grade is the top of the
embankment or the fill.
What is an FDT ?
In a cut section, the sub grade is the bottom of
the cut.

Construction Procedures----------------------------------

1.Subgrade in Common Excavation:

FDT is Field Density Test which is conducted on a.Roadbed shall be cleared of unstable materials.
site in order to determine if the required b.Compaction shall be done by rolling using
compaction specification has been attained to a vibratory road roller or tandem roller.
specific layer.
c.Conduct one group of three in-situ density test
What Do We Mean by Blue Tops? for each 500 square meter or fraction thereof of
compacted layer.

-if it fails to meet the minimum 95 percent

density, additional rolling is needed to obtained
the required density.

d.The succeeding structural layers should proceed

immediately after preparation of the subgrade.

Blue Tops are painted sticks placed along the side

of the road traverse as guide and reference in the
elevation of the different layering requirements of
the road project