Question: The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction B to A is

decreasing. What is the direction of induced current in the metallic loop

kept above the wire shown in Figure?

Solution:
By right hand (grip) rule, the magnetic field of the current in wire AB acts on
the loop in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and inwards. By
Lenz's law, the induced current should oppose the decrease in flux, i.e., it
should also produce inward flux. So, the induced current flows in the
clockwise direction.

Question: A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire ‘PQ’ as

shown in the figure. Depict the direction of the current induced in the loop
when the current in the wire PQ is constantly increasing.

Solution.
By right hand rule, the magnetic field of the current in the wire PQ acts on
the loop in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and outwards. By
Lenz's law, the induced current should oppose the increase of flux i.e., it
should produce inward flux. So, the induced current flows in the clockwise
direction.

Question: Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the wire
loop, when the magnet moves towards it as shown in Figure. How will the
position of the loop be affected?
Solution: When seen from the magnet side, the induced current flows
anticlockwise in the loop. The face of the loop towards the magnet develops N-
polarity and gets repelled away from the magnet.

Question: Will there be any current induced in the coil shown in Figure, if
a bar magnet is swiftly moved towards or away from the coil. If yes, what
will be the direction of current?

Solution: Yes, induced current is set up in the coil because the magnetic flux
linked with it changes when the magnet is moved. As the induced emf opposes
its cause, the induced current flows anticlockwise when the N-pole is moved
towards the coil and induced current flows clockwise when the magnet is
moved away from the coil (when seen from the magnet side).

Question: Predict the polarity of the plate A of the capacitor, when a

magnet is moved towards it, as shown in Figure.
Solution: When N-pole of the magnet is moved towards the loop, current is
induced in the anticlockwise direction when seen from the magnet side. So, the
plate A has +ve polarity and the plate B has –ve polarity.

Question: Figure shows a horizontal solenoid connected to a battery and a

switch. A copper ring is placed on a frictionless track, the axis of the ring
being along the axis of the solenoid. What happens to the ring, as the switch
is closed?

Solution: The ring moves away from the coil, because the current induced in
the ring opposes the growth of current in the solenoid.

Question: If the resistance of the circuit shown in Figure (a) be decreased,

what will be the direction of current induced in the circuit shown in Figure
(b)?

Solution: When resistance R is

decreased, current in circuit of
Fig.(a) increase. An emf is induced in circuit of Fig. (b) which opposes the
growth of current in circuit of Fig.(a). So, the induced current in circuit of
Fig.(b) must flow anticlockwise.

Question: What is the magnitude of the induced current in the circular

loop KLMN, of radius ‘r’ if the straight wire PQ carries a steady current of
magnitude ‘i’ ampere ?
Solution: Zero, because the flux linked with the loop KLMN due to the steady
current in PQ is not changing.

Question: Figure shows two positions of a loop PQR in a perpendicular

uniform magnetic field. In which position of the coil is there an induced
emf ?

Solution: Induced emf is set up in the coil lying on the right-hand side because
as this coil moves out of the region of the magnetic field, the magnetic flux
linked with it changes.

Question: In the given figure, A and B are identical magnets. Magnet A is

moved away from the coil with a given speed. Magnet B is moved towards
the coil with the same speed. What is the induced emf in the coil?
Solution: No emf is induced in the coil because there is no net change in the
flux linked with the coil.

Question: A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an arrow

between two coils AB and CD as shown in the figure. Indicate the direction
of the induced current in each coil.

Solution: By Lenz’s law, the ends of both the coils closer to the magnet will
behave as south poles. Hence the current induced in both the coils will flow
clockwise when seen from the magnet side. So, the direction of current is

A to B through ammeter.
D to C through ammeter.

Question: A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the
centre of circular loop. If the current through the wire increases, will there
be an induced emf in the loop? Justify. (Delhi 2017)

Solution: The magnetic lines of force due to current are parallel to the plane of
the loop. So angle between magnetic field and area vector is 90∘ . Hence, the flux
linked with the loop (Bdscos⁡90∘ ) is zero. Hence, there will be no induced emf
in the loop.

10. A flexible wire of irregular shape, abcd, as shown in the figure, turns into
a circular shape when placed in a region of magnetic field which is directed
normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader. Predict the direction
of the induced current in the wire.
Solution: The wire is expanding to form a circle, which means that force is acting
outwards on each part of the wire because of the magnetic field (acting in the
downward direction). The direction of the induced current should be such that it
will produce magnetic field in upward direction (towards the reader). Hence, the
force on the wire will be towards inward direction, i.e., induced current is flowing
in anticlockwise direction in the loop from c − b − a − d − c.

Question: Two identical circular discs, one of copper and another of

aluminium, are rotated about their geometrical axes with same angular
speed in the same magnetic field acting perpendicular to their planes.
Compare the (i) induced emf, and (ii) induced current produced in discs
between its centre and edge. Justify your answers. (2021C)

Solution: (i) The induced emf between centre and rim of the disc is given by

Bωr 2
|ε| =
2
where,

ω is angular velocity

B is uniform magnetic field

r is radius of disc

Therefore induced emf in both disc will be same at centre and at edge as they are
of same area rotating with same angular speed in same magnetic field.
ε
(ii) As we know, I =
R

so, copper disc with less resistance, will therefore induce more current.
39. The self-inductance of a solenoid of 600 turns is 108mH. The self-inductance of a coil
having 500 turns with the same length, the same radius and the same medium will be

(a) 95 mH (b) 90 mH (c) 85 mH (d) 75 mH (Term I 2021-22) Ap

39. (d) : Self inductance, L = 108mH

Number of turns N = 600

Now, N ′ = 500

Let the new self inductance is L′ .

 μ0 N 2 A
The self inductance of a solenoid is, L =
l

2
L′ N′ 500 2 52
So, L
= ( N ) = (600) ; L′ = 108 × 62 = 75mH

40. A constant current is flowing through a solenoid. An iron rod is inserted in the solenoid
along its axis. Which of the following quantities will not increase?

(a) The magnetic field at the centre.

(b) The magnetic flux linked with the solenoid.

(c) The rate of heating.

(d) The self-inductance of the solenoid. (Term I 2021-22)

40. (c) : Current in solenoid = 1

When iron rod is inserted in the solenoid, the magnetic field increases, flux linked increases
and self inductance also increases. So, only the rate of heating does not change.

41. The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length and area of
cross-section. The self-inductance of the solenoid will become _____ times. (2020)

μ0 μr N2 A
41. Self inductance, L = l
,

when N ′ = 2N, then

′
μ0 μr A(2N)2 4μ0 μr N2 A
L = = = 4L
l l

Thus, self inductance of the coil becomes four times.

42. Draw the graph showing variation of the value of the induced emf as a function of rate of
change of current flowing through an ideal inductor. (2020)

42. The graph showing the variation of the value of induced emf as a function of rate of change
of current in an ideal inductor is given here.

49. The current flowing through an inductor of self inductance L is continuously increasing.
Plot a graph showing the variation of

(i) Magnetic flux versus the current

(ii) Induced emf versus dl/dt

(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current.

(Delhi 2014) U

49. (i) Suppose current I is flowing through an inductor of self inductance L. Then magnetic
flux linked with the inductor is given by

ϕ = LI

Magnetic flux versus the current graph,

(ii) Induced emf is given by,

dϕ d dl dl
ε=− = − (LI) = −L , |ε| = L
dt dt dt dt

Induced emf versus dl/dt graph,

1
(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current graph, U = 2 LI 2

Concept Applied

AS, ϕ ∝ l, ε ∝ l and U ∝ I 2 , thus respective graphs should be linear, linear and parabolic.

47. The currents flowing in the two coils of self-inductance L1 = 16mH and L2 = 12mH are
increasing at the same rate. If the power supplied to the two coils are equal, find the ratio of
(i) induced voltages, (ii) the currents and (iii) the energies stored in the two coils at a given
instant. (Foreign 2014)
di
47. (i) Induced voltage V = L dt

V1 L di
V2
= L1 (as dt is same)
2

V1 16 4
⇒⁡⁡ = =
V2 12 3

(ii) Power P = iV
i1 V2 3
= = (as P is same)
i2 V1 4

i 3
⇒⁡i1 = 4
2

1
(iii) Energy stored E = Li2
2

E1 L1 i12 16 9 3
= 2 = × =
E2 L2 i2 12 16 4
E1 3
⇒⁡⁡ =
E2 4

28. The current in the primary coil of a pair of coils changes from 7 A to 3 A in 0.04 s. The
mutual inductance between the two coils is 0.5H. The induced emf in the secondary coil is

(a) 50 V (b) 75 V (c) 100 V (d) 220 V (Term I 2021-22)

29. Two coils C1 and C2 are placed close to each other. The magnetic flux ϕ2 linked with the
coil C2 varies with the current I1 flowing in coil C1 , as shown in the figure. Find

(i) the mutual inductance of the arrangement, and

dl
(ii) the rate of change of current ( dt1 ) that will induce an emf of 100 V in coil C2 .

(2023)
30. Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radii r1 and r2 (r1 > r2 ) having N1 and N2 turns
respectively are placed coaxially with centres coinciding. Obtain an expression for (i) the
mutual inductance for the arrangement, and (ii) the magnetic flux linked with coil Y when
current I flows through coil X. (2021C)

33. (ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?

(Delhi 2016)

34. Two concentric circular loops of radius 1 cm and 20 cm are placed coaxially.

(i) Find mutual inductance of the arrangement.

(ii) If the current passed through the outer loop is changed at a rate of 5 A/ms, find the emf
induced in the inner loop. Assume the magnetic field on the inner loop to be uniform.

(2/5, 2020) Ev

35. Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance. Consider two concentric circular coils,

(Delhi 2015) Ev

37. Define mutual inductance of a pair of coils and write on which factors does it depend.

(2/5, Al 2015C)

Question: A conducting rod of length l is kept parallel to a uniform magnetic field

⃗ . It is moved along the magnetic field with a velocity v
B ⃗ . What is the value of emf
induced in the conductor? (2020)

⃗ and v
Solution: Induced e.m.f, ε = 0, as I, B ⃗ are all in same direction.

Question: A metallic rod PQ of length / is rotated with an angular velocity ω

about an axis passing through its mid-point (O) and perpendicular to the plane of
the paper, in uniform magnetic field B ⃗ , as shown in the figure. What is the
potential difference developed between the two ends of the rod, P and Q ?

(2020) U

Solution:
 Suppose the rod completes one revolution in time T. Then change in flux
= 𝐵 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎⁡𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝐵 × 𝜋𝐿2
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
Induced emf =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐵 × 𝜋𝐿2 1
ℇ= = 𝐵𝜋𝐿2 𝑓⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ [∵ 𝑇 = ]
𝑇 𝑓
𝜔
As 𝑓 = ,⁡therefore
2𝜋
𝜔 1
ℇ = 𝐵𝜋𝐿2 . = 𝐵𝐿2 𝜔
2𝜋 2
Question: A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is
falling with a speed 5.0 m s −1 at right angles to the horizontal component of the
Earth's magnetic field, 0.3 × 10−4 Wb m−2 . Find the instantaneous value of the
emf induced in the rod. (2/5, Al 2017)

Solution: ε = B/vsin⁡θ

Given : B = 0.3 × 10−4 Wb m−2

v = 5 m s −1 , I = 10 m, θ = 90∘

ε = Blvsin θ = 0.3 × 10−4 × 10 × 5 × sin⁡90∘.

ε = 15 × 10−4 V

ε = 1.5 × 10−3 V = 1.5mV

Question: In a ceiling fan, each blade rotates in a circle of radius 0.5 m. If the fan
makes 2 rotations per second and the vertical component of the earth's magnetic
field is 8 × 10−5 T, calculate the emf induced between the inner and outer ends
of each blade. (2019C)

Solution:
 1
ℇ = 𝐵𝐿2 𝜔
2
On putting all the values,
= 12.57 × 10−5 Volt

Question: A square loop of side 10 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y axis is
moved with a velocity of 8 cm s −1 in the positive X-direction containing a
magnetic field in the positive Z-direction. The field is non-uniform and has a
gradient of 10−3 T cm−1 along the negative X-direction (i.e. it increases by
10−3 T cm−1 as one moves in the negative X-direction). Calculate the emf
induced. (2019C)

Solution: Here, area of loop, A = (10 × 10−2 )2 = 10−2 m2

Velocity, v = 8 cm/s = 8 × 10−2 m/s

dB
= 10−3 Tcm−1 = 10−3 × 102 Tm−1
dx
Rate of change of magnetic flux due to motion of loop in non uniform magnetic
field.
dB dx dB
ϕ1 = A ( )( ) = A( )v
dx dt dx
= 10−2 × 10−3 × 102 × 8 × 10−2 = 8 × 10−5 wbs −1

∴ ⁡ Induced emf, e = 8 × 10−5 = 8 × 10−5 V

Question: A rectangular loop PQMN with movable arm PQ of length 10 cm and

resistance 2Ω is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T acting perpendicular
to the plane of the loop as is shown in the figure. The resistances of the arms
MN,NP and MQ are negligible. Calculate the (i) emf induced in the arm PQ and
(ii) current induced in the loop when arm PQ is moved with velocity 20 m/s.
(Delhi 2014C) An

Solution: (i) Induced emf ε = Blv = 0.1 × 0.1 × 20 = 0.2 V

ε 0.2
(ii) Current I = = = 0.1 A
R 2

Question: A rectangular conductor MNPQ with a movable arm MN (resistance r)

is kept in a uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure. Resistance of arms
MQ, QP an PN are negligible. Obtain the expression for the :

(a) current induced in the loop specifying its direction, and

(b) power required to move the arm.

(2023)

Solution: We know that, ε = 𝐵𝑙𝑉

ε Bvl
So, induced current flows through the circuit, i = = , where R is the
R R
resistance of the rails.

Now, Force = 𝐵𝐼𝐿

𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝐹 = 𝐵( )𝑙
𝑅
𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣
𝐹=
𝑅
 Now, Power 𝑃 = 𝐹⁡ × 𝑣
𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣
𝑃= ×𝑣
𝑅
𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑷=
𝑹
Question: When a conducting loop of resistance 10Ω and area 10 cm2 is removed
from an external magnetic field acting normally, the variation of induced current
in the loop with time is shown in the figure.

Find the

(i) total charge passed through the loop.

(ii) change in magnetic flux through the loop.

(iii) magnitude of the magnetic field applied.

(2020) An
dq
Solution: (i) We know that, I = ⇒ ⁡dq = Idt
dt

∴ ⁡q = ∫ ldt = Areaunder the l − t curve

1
= × 0.4 × 1 = 0.2C
2
dϕ dq dϕ
(ii) As we know |ε| = ⇒⁡ ×R=
dt dt dt

⇒ ⁡ϕ = qR = 0.2 × 10 = 2 Wb

(iii) Now, ϕ = B. A = B(10 × 10−4 )

2
⇒B= = 2000 T
10×10−4
Question: A conductor of length ‘T’ is rotated about one of its ends at a constant
angular speed ‘ω’ in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Plot
graphs to show variations of the emf induced across the ends of the conductor
with (i) angular speed ω and (ii) length of the conductor I. (2/5, 2020)

Solution: We know that,

1
ℇ = 𝐵𝐿2 𝜔
2
(i)

(ii)

Question: A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept 30 cm away from a region

of uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in the figure. It is then moved
towards the right with a velocity of 10 cm s −1 till it goes out of the field.

Plot a graph showing the variation of

(i) magnetic flux (ϕ) through the loop with time (t).

(ii) induced emf (ε) in the loop with time t.

(iii) induced current in the loop if it has resistance of 0.1Ω.

(3/5, Al 2015C) Cr

Solution: Given l = 20 cm = 0.2 m,

B = 0.1 T, v = 10 cm s −1 = 0.1 ms −1

(i) Magnetic flux through loop

ϕ = B ⋅ A = Blx

ϕmax = 0.1 × 0.2 × 0.2 = 0.004 Wb = 4 × 10−3 Wb

(ii) Induced emf,

−dϕ
ε= = −B/v
dt

|ε|max = 0.1 × 0.2 × 0.1

= 0.002 V = 2 × 10−3 V
(iii) Induced current,

|ε| 2 × 10−3
I= = = 2 × 10−2 A
R 0.1

Question: The figure shows a rectangular conducting frame MNOP of resistance

⃗ and moved with velocity v
R placed partly in a perpendicular magnetic field B ⃗ as
shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the

(a) force acting on the arm 'ON' and its direction.

(b) power required to move the frame to get a steady emf induced between the
arms MN and PO.

(Al 2019) An
 ⃗a
Solution: (a) As the rod is moving with a constant velocity, the applied force F
must balance the magnetic force Fm = iIB on the rod when it is carrying the
induced current i.
ε vBI
i= =
R R
Thus force acting on arm ' ON ' is
R2 B2 v
FON = , if loop is partially in the magnetic field.
R

But FON = 0 inside the magnetic field. x

(b) Now, power required to move frame to get a steady emf induced between the
arms MN and PO is,
B2 I2 v2
∴ ⁡P = Fa v =
R

Question: A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and resistance 0.1Ω rests on two

smooth parallel rails of negligible resistance AA′ and CC ′. It can slide on the rails
and the arrangement is positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet
producing uniform magnetic field B = 0.4 T. The rails, the rod and the magnetic
field are in three mutually perpendicular directions as shown in the figure. If the
ends A and C of the rails are short circuited, find the

(i) external force required to move the rod with uniform velocity v = 10 cm s −1
and

(ii) power required to do so.

(3/5, 2020) Ev
B2 l2 v
Solution: (i) F = ilB =
R

(0.4)2 × (20 × 10−2 )2 (10 × 10−2 )

= = 6.4 × 10−3 N
0.1
(ii) Power P = Fv = 6.4 × 10−3 × 10 × 10−2

= 6.4 × 10−4 W

27. A metallic rod of length l and resistance R is rotated with a frequency v, with
one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular
metallic ring of radius R, about an axis passing through the centre and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B
parallel to the axis is present everywhere.

(a) Derive the expression for the induced emf and the current in the rod.

(b) Due to the presence of the current in the rod and of the magnetic field, find
the expression for the magnitude and direction of the force acting on this rod.

(c) Hence obtain the expression for the power required to rotate the rod.

(Al 2014C)

Solution:

Suppose the rod completes one revolution in time T. Then change in flux
= 𝐵 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎⁡𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝐵 × 𝜋𝐿2
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
Induced emf =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 𝐵 × 𝜋𝐿2 1
ℇ= = 𝐵𝜋𝐿2 𝑓⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ [∵ 𝑇 = ]
𝑇 𝑓
𝜔
As 𝑓 = ,⁡therefore
2𝜋
𝜔 1
ℇ = 𝐵𝜋𝐿2 . = 𝐵𝐿2 𝜔
2𝜋 2
ℇ 1 𝐵𝐿2 𝜔
Induced current, 𝐼 = = .
𝑅 2 𝑅

(b) Force acting on the rod,

πvB 2 I 3
F=i∣B=
R
The external force required to rotate the rod opposes the Lorentz force acting on
the rod. External force acts in the direction opposite to the Lorentz force.

(c) Power required to rotate the rod,

πvB 2 I3 v
P = Fv =
R