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Chap 31

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3 views20 pages

Chap 31

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mansouranthony77
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Chapter 31: Electromagnetic oscillations and

alternating current
Electromagnetic oscillations
Eight stages in a single cycle of oscillation of
a resistance less LC circuit. The bar graphs by
each figure show the stored magnetic and
electrical energies. The magnetic field lines
of the inductor and the electric field lines of
the capacitor are shown. (a) Capacitor with
maximum charge, no current. (b) Capacitor
discharging, current increasing. (c) Capacitor
fully discharged, current maximum. (d)
Capacitor charging but with polarity opposite
that in (a), current decreasing.

(e) Capacitor with maximum charge having polarity


opposite that in (a), no current. ( f ) Capacitor
discharging, current increasing with direction opposite
that in (b). (g) Capacitor fully discharged, current
maximum. (h) Capacitor charging, current decreasing.
Parts (a) through (h) of the Figure show
succeeding stages of the oscillations in a simple
LC circuit. The energy stored in the electric field
of the capacitor at any time is

where q is the charge on the capacitor at that


time. The energy stored in the magnetic field of
the inductor at any time is

where i is the current through the inductor at


that time.

The resulting oscillations of the capacitor’s


electric field and the inductor’s magnetic
field are said to be electromagnetic
oscillations.
From the table we can deduce the correspondence between these systems. Thus,
q corresponds to x, 1/C corresponds to k,
i corresponds to v, and L corresponds to m.

The correspondences listed above suggest that to find the angular frequency of
oscillation for an ideal (resistanceless) LC circuit, k should be replaced by 1/C and
m by L, yielding
LC Oscillator
The total energy U present at any instant in an oscillating LC circuit is given by

in which UB is the energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor and UE is the energy
stored in the electric field of the capacitor. Since we have assumed the circuit resistance to
be zero, no energy is transferred to thermal energy and U remains constant with time. In
more formal language, dU/dt must be zero. This leads to

However, i = dq/dt and di/dt = d2q/dt2. With these substitutions, we get

This is the differential equation that describes the oscillations of a resistanceless LC circuit.
Charge and Current Oscillation
The solution for the differential equation equation that describes
the oscillations of a resistanceless LC circuit is

where Q is the amplitude of the charge variations, ω is the angular


frequency of the electromagnetic oscillations, and ϕ is the phase
constant. Taking the first derivative of the above Eq. with respect
to time gives us the current:

Answer: (a) εL= 12 V


(b) UB=150 μJ
Electrical and Magnetic Energy Oscillations
The electrical energy stored in the LC circuit at time t is,

The magnetic energy is,

Figure shows plots of UE (t) and UB (t) for the case of ϕ=0.
Note that
1. The maximum values of UE and UB are both Q2/2C.
2. At any instant the sum of UE and UB is equal to Q2/2C, a The stored magnetic
constant. energy and electrical
energy in the RL circuit as
3. When UE is maximum, UB is zero, and conversely. a function of time.
Damped oscillation in an RLC circuit
To analyze the oscillations of this circuit, we write an equation for the total
electromagnetic energy U in the circuit at any instant. Because the resistance does not
store electromagnetic energy, we can write

Now, however, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy.
The rate of that transfer is,

where the minus sign indicates that U decreases. By differentiating U with respect to A series RLC circuit. As the
time and then substituting the result we eventually get, charge contained in the
circuit oscillates back and
forth through the
resistance,
which is the differential equation for damped oscillations in an RLC circuit. electromagnetic energy is
dissipated as thermal
energy, damping
Charge Decay. The solution to above Eq. is (decreasing the amplitude
in which and . of) the oscillations.
Forced oscillations
11
13
15
The series RLC circuit
The series RLC circuit
Power in Alternating current circuits
Transformers

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