Scribd
Upload
8 views22 pages

Chap 22

Uploaded by

mansouranthony77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views22 pages

Chap 22

Uploaded by

mansouranthony77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Chapter 22: Electric Field

Electric Field

If particle 1 is not touching particle 2, how can


it feel its presence, how can particle 2 push on
particle 1 how can there be such an action at a
distance???
Electric Field

• Particle 2 sets up an electric field at all points in the surrounding space, even if the space is
a vacuum.
• If we place particle 1 at any point in that space, particle 1 knows of the presence of particle
2 because it is affected by the electric field particle 2 has already set up at that point. Thus,
particle 2 pushes on particle 1 not by touching it as you would push on a coffee mug by
making contact. Instead, particle 2 pushes by means of the electric field it has set up.
Electric Field

•The electric field is a vector field

•How to measure the electric field ?

The electric field E at any point is defined in terms of the electrostatic


force F that would be exerted on a positive test charge q0 placed there:

The SI unit is (N/C)


Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines help us visualize the direction and magnitude of electric fields.
• The electric field vector at any point is tangent to the field line through that point.
• the field lines are drawn so that the number of lines per unit area, measured in a plane that
is perpendicular to the lines, is proportional to the magnitude of .Thus, E is large where field
lines are close together and small where they are far apart.
(a) The force on a positive test charge near a very large, non-conducting sheet with uniform positive
charge on one side. (b) The electric field vector E at the test charge’s location, and the nearby electric
field lines, extending away from the sheet. (c) Side view.

6
Electric Field Lines

Field lines for two particles with equal the pattern for two charges that are equal in
positive charge. Doesn’t the pattern itself magnitude but of opposite sign, a
suggest that the particles repel each other? configuration that we call an electric dipole
The Electric Field Due to a Charged Particle

The magnitude of the electric field E set up by a particle


with charge q at distance r from the particle is:

The electric field vectors set up by a positively charged


particle all point directly away from the particle. Those set
up by a negatively charged particle all point directly The electric field vectors at
toward the particle. various points around a positive
point charge.
The Electric Field Due to a Charged Particle

If more than one charged particle sets up an electric field at a point, the net electric
field is the vector sum of the individual electric fields—electric fields obey the
superposition principle.
10
The Electric Field Due to a dipole
An electric dipole consists of two particles with charges of equal magnitude q but opposite
signs, separated by a small distance d.
The magnitude of the electric field set up by an electric dipole at a distant point on the
dipole axis (which runs through both particles) can be written in terms of either the product
qd or the magnitude p of the dipole moment:

With some
algebra

where z is the distance between the


point and the center of the dipole.
We are usually interested in the electrical effect of a dipole only at distances that are large compared with the
dimensions of the dipole—that is, at distances such that z > d. At such large distances, we have d/2z in our
final equation . Thus, in our approximation, we can neglect the d/2z term in the denominator, which leaves us
with The product qd, which involves the two intrinsic properties q and d of the dipole, is the magnitude p of a
vector quantity known as the electric dipole moment of the dipole. (The unit of is the coulomb-meter.)

• The direction of p is taken to be from the negative to the positive end of the dipole, as indicated in the figure.
We can use the direction of p to specify the orientation of a dipole

• if we measure the electric field of a dipole only at distant points, we can never find q and d separately; instead,
we can find only their product.

12
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
The Electric Field Due to a charged disk
A Point Charge in an Electric Field

A Point Charge in an Electric Field


If a particle with charge q is placed in an external electric field E, an electrostatic
force F acts on the particle:

An electron microscope Uses a Deflecting Electrons in


uniform field to Accelerate a Scanning Electron
electron horizontally Microscope
A dipole in an Electric field
The torque on an electric dipole of dipole moment p when placed in an
external electric field E is given by a cross product:

A potential energy U is associated with the orientation of the dipole moment


in the field, as given by a dot product:

(a) An electric dipole in a uniform external electric field E. Two centers of equal but opposite
charge are separated by distance d. The line between them represents their rigid
connection.
(b) Field E: causes a torque τ on the dipole. The direction of τ is into the page, as represented
by the symbol (x-in a circle) .

20
Summary

21
22

You might also like