International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024, pp. 784~792

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp784-792  784

Virtual voltage control to redistribute reactive power of

generators in a microgrid

Eder Alexander Molina Viloria1,2, John E. Candelo-Becerra3, Darío Enrique Soto-Durán4

1
Politécnico de la Costa Atlántica, Barranquilla, Colombia
2
Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación Copérnico, Barranquilla, Colombia
3
Department of Electrical Energy and Automation, Faculty of Mines, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
4
Faculty of Engineering, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The paper examines a strategy for managing voltage control in a microgrid by
redistributing reactive power among its distributed generators. Unlike
Received Feb 21, 2023 traditional droop control, the new control approach can provide a more
Revised Aug 20, 2023 accurate reactive power response based on a virtual impedance that helps
Accepted Aug 25, 2023 calculate a virtual voltage. In addition, this virtual impedance is employed for
the current controller inverter to improve the results. The adaptive virtual
voltage control works well to provide active and reactive power. The proposed
Keywords: control works effectively by balancing the active and reactive power of the
grid and maintains the fundamental frequency. The control technique assists
Microgrid the new microgrid (MG) in adapting the operation effectively and
Power transfer redistributing the active and reactive power.
Reactive power sharing
Virtual voltage
Voltage control This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Eder Alexander Molina Viloria
Politécnico de la Costa Atlántica
Barranquilla, Colombia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The power industry is fundamentally changing because of environmental and energy cost issues. Some
of these changes consider using renewable energy sources (RESs). These new sources are integrated into the
power grid as distributed generation (DG), typically connected to the power grid by power electronics [1].
Some advantages of using DGs in the power grid are that they help reduce environmental issues and power
losses, increase energy utilization, and improve reliability.
Compared to traditional generators, DG units often have a higher level of controllability and
operability [2]–[4]. In addition, microgrids (MGs) play a significant role in ensuring electrical grid stability
[5], [6]. Thus, MGs help improve power grid operation, including new specific applications [7]. Frequency and
voltage magnitude droop control have traditionally achieved decentralized power share [8], [9]. However, if
the feeders are predominantly resistive, the droop control in the MG is susceptible to some stability problems
in the power control [10].
One of the most appealing characteristics of an MG is its ability to operate in island mode, which
guarantees service reliability in the event of a power outage [11]. DG units must work with an island-mode
microgrid to balance generation and load by controlling voltage and frequency. Thus, previous research has
employed droop control to share power in decentralized networks without relying on communications [12]–[14].
However, this type of network always faces control, stability, and power-sharing challenges [12], [15], [16]. In
island-mode MG, multiple DG units share active and reactive power according to their rating.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  785

The frequency and voltage magnitude droop regulations are commonly used in power systems to
represent specific synchronous machines [10], [17]. Thus, the frequency droop technique is adequate to share
active power. However, network resistances and loads affect the voltage drop technique [18], [19]. As a
significant advance in droop control applications, the virtual impedance approach improves stability and power
sharing [20]–[23]. However, other network configurations presents some difficulties in distributing reactive
power [24]–[26].
The stability of the MG has been improved with the virtual frequency–voltage frame and virtual active
and reactive power [27]. However, these techniques present some difficulties in managing errors in reactive
power sharing. Therefore, island-mode MGs have been researched [28], [29]. Other applications focus on
uninterruptible power systems to avoid mutual control wires while sharing power [10], [30]. This technique is
reliable and flexible, but its application is limited.
An MG enables the DG systems to operate in island mode, which increases the availability and power
quality of electricity supplied to consumers [11]. However, island-mode MGs present challenges such as power
balance between generation and load and reactive power distribution. Droop control enables decentralized
control without having to rely on external communication connections. While frequency droop is an accurate
technique to share active power, voltage droop is sometimes inefficient for sharing reactive power due to
network impedances, load fluctuations, and DG power differences [18]. As a result, reactive power sharing in
MGs has been researched, and several control strategies have been presented [31]–[34].
According to the literature analyzed in this research, recent studies have concentrated on active power
control, but reactive power sharing techniques require accurate developments. Therefore, this study focuses on
how reactive power can be distributed more effectively between generators in a MG by using a virtual voltage
in the inverter voltage controller to increase the output signal. The main contributions of this article are related
to employing virtual voltages at each inverter to redistribute reactive power between inverters and optimize the
voltage control signal sent to the current controller.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Control method
Figure 1 presents the diagram of the control technique proposed in this research. The P-ω controller
regulates the frequency and distributes active power equitably among the DGs. The virtual voltage is calculated
with the active power and the virtual impedance. Then, the voltage is employed as an input for the controller,
specifically a proportional resonant. The resulting output signal is then sent to the current controller, which
utilizes proportional control to enhance the signal directed to the pulse width modulation (PWM). This
ultimately enables the inverter switch to attain the desired current and voltage.

Figure 1. Proposed control technique used for the DGs

2.2. Voltage loop controller

Figure 2 presents a voltage controller diagram established in a synchronous reference frame. The
voltage loop controller is built based on a proportional resonant configuration during the steady-state operation.
From these diagrams, the state equations are obtained as (1)-(4).
𝑑𝐴𝑑
= (𝑉𝑑 ∗∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑑 ) − 𝑤0 2 𝐵𝑞 + 𝑤0 𝐴𝑞 (1)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐴𝑞
= (𝑉𝑞 ∗∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑞 ) − 𝑤0 2 𝐵𝑞 − 𝑤0 𝐴𝑑 (2)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐵𝑑
= 𝐴𝑑 + 𝑤0 𝐵𝑞 (3)
𝑑𝑡

Virtual voltage control to redistribute reactive power of generators in a … (Eder Alexander Molina Viloria)
786  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑑𝐵𝑞
= 𝐴𝑞 − 𝑤0 𝐵𝑑 (4)
𝑑𝑡

Then, the algebraic equations are obtained as in (5) and (6).

𝑖𝑖𝑑 ∗ = 𝑘𝑝𝑣 (𝑉𝑑 ∗∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑑 ) + 𝑘𝑖𝑣 𝐵𝑑 (5)

𝑖𝑖𝑞 ∗ = 𝑘𝑝𝑣 (𝑉𝑞 ∗∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑞 ) + 𝑘𝑖𝑣 𝐵𝑞 (6)

As in (7)-(10) present the linearized model representing the small-signal state space.

∆Ȧ𝑑𝑞 ∆𝐴𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞

[ ] = 𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑙 [ ] + 𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙1 [∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∗∗ ] + 𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙2 [ ] (7)
∆𝐵𝑑𝑞 ∆𝐵𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞

Where, according to (8) and (9).

0 𝑤0 −𝑤0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
−𝑤0 0 0 −𝑤0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑙 = 𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙1 = [ ]𝐵 =[ ] (8)
1 0 0 𝑤0 0 0 𝑣𝑜𝑙2 −1 0 0 0
[ 0 1 −𝑤0 0 ] 0 0 0 −1 0 0

∆𝐴𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞
[∆𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] = 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 [ ] + 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 [∆𝑉𝑜𝑑 ∗∗ ] + 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 [ ] (9)
∆𝐵𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞

And the parameters 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 , 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 , and 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 are defined as (10).

0 0 𝑘𝑖𝑣 0 𝑘𝑝𝑣 0 0 0 −𝑘𝑝𝑣 0

𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 = [ ]; 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 = [ ] ; 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 = [ ] (10)
0 0 0 𝐾𝑖𝑣 0 𝑘𝑝𝑣 0 0 0 −𝑘𝑝𝑣

Figure 2. Voltage controller

2.3. Current loop controller

The new loop algebraic equations of the controller are as (11) and (12).

𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑 ∗ = 𝑘𝑝𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑑 ∗ − 𝑖𝑖𝑑 ) (11)

𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑 ∗ = 𝑘𝑝𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑞 ∗ − 𝑖𝑖𝑞 ) (12)

The model of the current loop controller can be defined as in (13).

∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞
[∆𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 [∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟2 [ ] (13)
∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞

Where:
𝑘𝑝𝑖 0
𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 = [ ] (14)
0 𝑘𝑝𝑖

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  787

−𝑘𝑝𝑖 0 0 0
𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟2 = [ ] (15)
0 −𝑘𝑝𝑖 0 0

According to (9) and (15), the expression ∆𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑𝑞 ∗ is obtained as (16).

∆𝐴𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞
[∆𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 [ ] + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 [∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∗∗ ] + (𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟2 ) [ ] (16)
∆𝐵𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞

2.4. Three-phase half-bridge circuit

The state equations are expressed as (17)-(20).
𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑑 −𝑟 𝑘𝑝𝑤𝑚 1
= 𝑖𝑖𝑑 + 𝑤0 𝑖𝑙𝑞 + 𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑 ∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑑 (17)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑞 −𝑟 𝑘𝑝𝑤𝑚 1
= 𝑖𝑖𝑞 + 𝑤0 𝑖𝑙𝑑 + 𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑞 ∗ − 𝑉𝑜𝑞 (18)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑑 1 1
= 𝑤0 𝑉𝑜𝑞 + 𝑖𝐿𝑑 − 𝑖𝑜𝑑 (19)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑐

𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑞 1 1
= −𝑤0 𝑉𝑜𝑑 + 𝑖𝐿𝑞 − 𝑖𝑜𝑞 (20)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑐

Thus, the linearized small-signal state-space models can be represented as (21) and (22).
̇
∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞
[ ] = 𝐴𝐿𝐶 [ ] + 𝐵𝐿𝐶1 [∆𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] + 𝐵𝐿𝐶2 [∆𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑞 ] (21)
∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞
−𝑟 −1
𝑤0 0 𝑘𝑝𝑤𝑚 0 0
𝐿 𝐿 0
−𝑟 −1 𝐿 0 0
−𝑤0 0 𝑘𝑝𝑤𝑚
𝐿 𝐿 −1
𝐴𝐿𝐶 = 1 ; 𝐵𝐿𝐶1 = 0
𝐿
; 𝐵𝐿𝐶2 = 0 (22)
0 0 𝑤0 𝑐
𝑐 0 0 −1
1 [ 0 0 ] [0 𝑐 ]
[ 0 𝑐
−𝑤0 0]

According to (23), ∆𝑉𝑝𝑤𝑚𝑑𝑞 ∗ can be substituted by (21).

̇
∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∆𝐴𝑑𝑞
[ ] = 𝐴𝐿𝐶 [ ] + 𝐵𝐿𝐶1 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 [ ]
∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∆𝐵𝑑𝑞
∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞
+𝐵𝐿𝐶1 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 [∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∗∗ ] + 𝐵𝐿𝐶1 (𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟2 ) [ ] + 𝐵𝐿𝐶2 [∆𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑞 ] (23)
∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞

2.5. Line impedance

The state equations are represented by (24) and (25). These equations represent the line impedance
model of the microgrid.
𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑 −𝑟𝐿 1 1
= 𝑖𝑜𝑑 + 𝑤0 𝑖𝑜𝑞 + 𝑉 − 𝑉 (24)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑜𝑑 𝐿𝑖 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑑

𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑞 −𝑟𝐿 1 1
= 𝑖𝑜𝑞 + 𝑤0 𝑖𝑜𝑑 + 𝑉 − 𝑉 (25)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑜𝑞 𝐿𝑖 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑞

Finally, the (26) presents the linearized small-signal state-space models.

̇ ] = 𝐴 [∆𝑖 ] + 𝐵 [ ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ] + 𝐵 [∆𝑉

[∆𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑞 (26)
𝐿 𝑜𝑑𝑞 𝐿1 ∆𝑉 𝐿2 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑞 ]
𝑜𝑑𝑞

Where,
−𝑟𝐿 1 1
𝑤0 0 − 0
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝐴𝐿 = [ −𝑟𝐿]; 𝐵𝐿1 = [ 1 ]; 𝐵𝐿2 = [ 1] (27)
−𝑤0 0 0 −
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖

Virtual voltage control to redistribute reactive power of generators in a … (Eder Alexander Molina Viloria)
788  ISSN: 2088-8694

2.6. Complete model of the inverter

A complete inverter model is obtained when integrating different state-space models and the modified
current controller. This is the mathematical model of the inverter that is used in the microgrid:

[∆𝑋̇] = 𝐴[∆𝑋] + 𝐵1 [∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∗ ] + 𝐵2 [∆𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑞 ] (28)

∆𝑋 = [∆𝐴𝑑𝑞 ∆𝐵𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑞 ] (29)

where 𝐴, 𝐵1 , and 𝐵2 are defined as (30).

0 0 0 𝐴𝑝
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙2 0 −𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙1 𝐷
𝐴=
𝐵𝐿𝐶1 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝐿𝐶 + 𝐵𝐿𝐶1 (𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙2 + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟2 ) 𝐵𝐿𝐶2 −𝐵𝐿𝐶1 (𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙3 𝐶)
[ 0 𝐵𝑙1 𝐴𝑙 0 ]
𝐵𝑝 0
𝐵𝑣𝑜𝑙1 𝐶 0
𝐵=[ ] 𝐵2 = [ ] (30)
𝐵𝐿𝐶1 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟1 𝐷𝑣𝑜𝑙1 𝐶 0
0 𝐵𝐿2

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This research uses a network with two DGs and one load, as shown in Figure 3. This load considers
different consumptions that change over time. DGs must supply power to the load considering the impedance
of the network, and control must consider all load variations. Furthermore, voltage is improved by applying a
strategy based on virtual voltage that is calculated according to the network impedance and the variable loads.

Figure 3. Diagram of the network for the test

3.1. Active power

Figure 4 presents the active power delivered by the generators, where Figure 4(a) displays the response
of DG1 and Figure 4(b) the response of DG2. The response of the generators depends on the droop control and
virtual voltage control. The results show that the control strategies respond to various changes in the power of
the load. This result shows how the power is increased according to the consumption of the load.
Figure 5 presents the behavior of the active power of DG1 and DG2. Figure 5(a) displays the response
of the virtual voltage control, and Figure 5(b) shows the response of the droop control. The inverters share
active power with two independent controllers. During various load shifts, these techniques correctly distribute
active power. Figure 6 presents the reactive power generation with both controllers. The suggested virtual
voltage regulation strategy is seen in Figure 6(a). Moreover, Figure 6(b) shows the droop control strategy.
The virtual voltage control technique efficiently shares the reactive power for different load changes.
This is not accomplished with the droop control within the first seconds. After adding more load, the control
strategy reacts well to the changes. Generators supply the same power with the proposed approach, while with
the droop control the power for both generators are different.
Figure 7 presents the reactive power behavior in both generators applying virtual voltage and the
droop controllers. Figure 7(a) displays the results of DG1, and Figure 7(b) DG2. In the simulation, the virtual
voltage controller works better and more quickly than the droop controller.
Figure 8 shows the frequency for both control approaches (virtual voltage and droop) when
incorporating various electrical loads. The virtual voltage controller adapts to load changes more quickly and
effectively than the droop control approach. These graphs were created considering various load variations.
For the events created, the frequency stabilizes a few seconds after the load changes. The frequency value
adjusts quickly as the load varies, and the controller preserves the nominal frequency.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  789

Figure 9 displays the root mean square (RMS) load voltage in the MG. The virtual voltage approach
outcomes are given in blue, while droop control is represented in red. Voltage in the node drops suddenly when
another load is connected. However, the control procedure quickly restores the voltage to a close-to-original
level. As a result, using a simulated voltage, the suggested control strategy preserves a steady voltage value
during load changes. The voltage presents lower values with the droop control than those obtained with the
virtual voltage. As a result, the virtual voltage approach responds more quickly and accurately than the droop
control approach.
Figures 10(a)–10(d) illustrate the power behavior when several loads vary in the network. Active and
reactive power capacities of the system are also shown. The power supply increases as the load in the node
escalates. A control mechanism monitors and maintains a constant voltage at the node where the loads are
connected and disconnected. As a result, the loads consume the same amount of active and reactive power.

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Active power regulation with the virtual voltage and droop controllers for (a) DG1 and (b) DG2

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Active power delivered by generators with (a) virtual voltage and (b) droop control

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Reactive power in DG1 and DG2 with the (a) virtual voltage control and (b) droop control

Virtual voltage control to redistribute reactive power of generators in a … (Eder Alexander Molina Viloria)
790  ISSN: 2088-8694

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Reactive power in both generators with both control strategies (a) DG1 and (b) DG2

Figure 8. Frequency (virtual voltage vs droop) Figure 9. Load voltage (droop vs virtual voltage)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 10. Power behavior during disturbances (a) active power with the droop control, (b) active power with
the virtual voltage control, (c) reactive power with the droop control, and (d) reactive power with the virtual
voltage control

4. CONCLUSION
This article introduced a control approach with virtual voltage to efficiently redistribute reactive
power among two generators located in different nodes in an MG. This technique allowed the ability to
redistribute the reactive power accurately in the generators despite load variations. The reactive power changes
according to the disturbances in the network, and then the voltage is controlled with the proposed control

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  791

approach. Thus, the proposed control approach applied to the output power of the inverter works well. The
frequency remains close to the reference, as the control maintains power balance. The technique assists the
new MG in effectively adapting and sharing active and reactive power.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Eder Alexander Molina Viloria is from Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia,

received the bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad del Norte,
Barranquilla, Colombia, in 2008 and his Ph.D. in Engineering with an emphasis in Automatic
Engineering in 2020 from Universidad Nacional de Colombia. His employment experiences
include the Reficar-Ecopetrol, SENA, ITSA, Universidad del Norte and Universidad del
Sinú. His research interests include microgrid, distributed generation, operation, and control
of power systems, artificial intelligence, and smart grids. He is a member of the Copérnico
Research Center. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

John E. Candelo-Becerra received his bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering

in 2002 and his Ph.D. in Engineering with an emphasis in Electrical Engineering in 2009
from Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. His employment experience includes the
Empresa de Energía del Pacífico EPSA, Universidad del Norte, and Universidad Nacional de
Colombia - Sede Medellín. He is now an associate professor at the Universidad Nacional de
Colombia, Sede Medellín, Colombia. He is a senior researcher in Minciencias-Colombia and
a member of the Applied Technologies Research Group – GITA at the Universidad Nacional
de Colombia. His research interests include engineering education, planning, operation, and
control of power systems, artificial intelligence, smart grids, and microgrids. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Darío Enrique Soto Durán is an associate professor at Institución Universitaria

Tecnológico de Antioquia (TdeA), Medellín, Colombia, since 2009. He received his B. Eng.,
M. Eng., and Ph.D. degrees in Systems and Computer Engineering from Universidad Antonio
Nariño of Colombia, Universidad de los Andes of Venezuela and Universidad Nacional of
Colombia, respectively. He is currently an Editor-in-Chief of the Cuaderno Activa and the
Head of Information Technologies and the Environment Research Group (GITIMA). His
research interests include the fields of computer science, software engineering, knowledge
management, educational technologies and industrial informatics. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024: 784-792