Conditions and Logical

Expressions

C Programming
 Lecture Topics
• Using Relational and Logical Operators to
Construct and Evaluate Logical
Expressions
• If-Else Statements
 Flow of Control
• is Sequential unless a “control structure” is
used to change that

• there are 2 general types of control structures:

Selection (also called branching)

Repetition (also called looping)

 C control structures
• Selection
if
if . . . else
switch

• Repetition
for loop
while loop
do . . . while loop
 Control Structures
• C allows a program to make a decision
based on the value of a condition. Such a
condition must evaluate to true or false.

use logical expressions which may include:

6 Relational Operators
< <= > >= == !=

3 Logical Operators
! && ||
 6 Relational Operators
are used in expressions of form:
ExpressionA Operator ExpressionB

temperature > humidity

B * B - 4.0 * A * C > 0.0

abs (number ) == 35

initial != ‘Q’
int x, y ;
x = 4;
y = 6;

EXPRESSION VALUE
x<y true
x+2<y false
x != y true
x + 3 >= y true
y == x false
y == x+2 true
Operator Meaning Associativity

! NOT Right
*, / , % Multiplication, Division, Modulus Left
+,- Addition, Subtraction Left
< Less than Left
<= Less than or equal to Left
> Greater than Left
>= Greater than or equal to Left
== Is equal to Left
!= Is not equal to Left
&& AND Left
|| OR Left
= Assignment
LOGICAL
EXPRESSION MEANING DESCRIPTION

!p NOT p ! p is false if p is true

! p is true if p is false

p && q p AND q p && q is true if

both p and q are true.
It is false otherwise.

p || q p OR q p || q is true if either
p or q or both are true.
It is false otherwise.
 What is the value?

int age, height;

age = 25;
height = 70;
EXPRESSION VALUE

!(age < 10) ?

!(height > 60) ?

 Short-Circuit Example
int age, height;
age = 25;
height = 70;
EXPRESSION
(age > 50) && (height > 60)

false

Evaluation can stop now because result of && is only

true when both sides are true. It is already determined
that the entire expression will be false.
 More Short-Circuiting
int age, height;
age = 25;
height = 70;
EXPRESSION
(height > 60) || (age > 40)

true

Evaluation can stop now because result of || is true

if one side is true. It is already determined that the
entire expression will be true.
 What happens?
int age, weight;
age = 25;
weight = 145;
EXPRESSION
(weight < 180) && (age >= 20)

true
Must still be evaluated because truth value
of entire expression is not yet known. Why?
Result of && is only true if both sides are
true.
 What happens?
int age, height;
age = 25;
height = 70;
EXPRESSION
! (height > 60) || (age > 50)

true

false
Does this part need to be evaluated?
 Write an expression for each
taxRate is over 25% and income is less than 20000
(taxRate > .25) && (income < 20000)

temperature is less than or equal to 25 or humidity

is less than 70%
(temperature <= 25) || (humidity < .70)

age is over 21 and age is less than 60

(age > 21) && (age < 60)

age is 21 or 22
(age == 21) || (age == 22)
 Comparing float Values
• do not compare float values for equality,
compare them for near-equality.

float myNumber;
float yourNumber;

…….

if ( fabs (myNumber - yourNumber) < 0.00001 )

printf(“They are close enough”) ;
Understanding Truth In C

the value 0 represents false

ANY non-zero value represents true

(Usually 1)

• For example:
– -1 is true
– 299 is true
– 0 is false
 Equality Vs Assignment
• Given:
if (grade = 100)
printf (“Perfect Score!”);

• This statement does the following:

– Grade is assigned the value 100.
– Because 100 is true (i.e. non-zero!),
the condition is always true.

• No matter what the student grade, it

always says “Perfect Score!”
 If-Else Syntax

if ( Expression )
StatementA
else
StatementB

NOTE: StatementA and StatementB each can

be a single statement, a null statement, or a
block.
if - else provides two-way selection

between executing one of 2 clauses (the

if clause or the else clause)

TRUE FALSE
expression

if clause else clause

Use of blocks recommended

if ( Expression )
{
“if clause”
}
else
{
“else clause”
}
 int carDoors, driverAge ;
double premium, monthlyPayment ;
. . .
if ( (carDoors == 4 ) && (driverAge > 24) )
{
premium = 650.00 ;
printf( “ LOW RISK “) ;
}
else
{
premium = 1200.00 ;
printf(“HIGH RISK ”) ;
}

monthlyPayment = premium / 12.0 + 5.00 ;

 What happens if you omit braces?

if ( (carDoors == 4 ) && (driverAge > 24) )

premium = 650.00 ;
printf( “ LOW RISK “) ;
else
premium = 1200.00 ;
printf( “ HIGH RISK ” ) ;

monthlyPayment = premium / 12.0 + 5.00 ;

COMPILE ERROR OCCURS. The “if clause” is the

single statement following the if.
 Braces can only be omitted when
each clause is a single statement

if ( lastInitial <= ‘K’ )

volume = 1;
else
volume = 2;

printf( “Look it up in volume # %d of the

phone book”, volume ) ;
What output? and Why?
int code;

code = 0;

if ( ! code )

printf( “Yesterday”);
else
printf( “Tomorrow”);
What output? and Why?

int age;

age = 30;

if ( age < 18 )

printf( “Do you drive?”);

printf( “Too young to vote”);
What output? and Why?

int age;

age = 20;

if ( age == 16 )
{
printf( “Did you get driver’s license?”) ;
}
 If--Else for a mail order

Write a program to calculate the total

price of a certain purchase. There is a
discount and shipping cost:

The discount rate is 25% and the shipping is

10.00 if purchase is over 100.00.
Otherwise, The discount rate is 15% and the
shipping is 5.00 pounds.
 These braces cannot be omitted

if ( purchase > 100.00 )

{
discountRate = .25 ;
shipCost = 10.00 ;
}
else
{
discountRate = .15 ;
shipCost = 5.00 ;
}

totalBill = purchase * (1.0 - discountRate) + shipCost ;

 Example
• Write a program to ask a student for his
grades in 3 exams ( each out of 50 ) ,
get their total and inform the student
whether he passed or failed the course.
 Example
The Air Force has asked you to write a program
to label aircrafts as military or civilian. Your
program input is the plane’s speed and its
estimated length. For planes traveling faster
than 1100 km/hr, you will label those shorter
than 52 m “military”, and longer as “Civilian”.
For planes traveling less than 1100, you will
issue an “aircraft unknown” statement.