notes_key_topic_1.5_polynomial_functions_and_complex_zeros_ap_pc
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Raad Al-Shaikh MD JDnotes_key_topic_1.5_polynomial_functions_and_complex_zeros_ap_pc
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Raad Al-Shaikh MD JD𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: (Topic 1.
5) Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Solutions
𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Given a polynomial function 𝑝(𝑥), if 𝑝(𝑎) = 0, then 𝑎 is a zero or root of 𝑝(𝑥).
If 𝑎 is a real number, then if 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑝, then (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a linear factor of 𝑝.
𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐬 (𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲)
If a linear factor (𝑥 − 𝑎) is repeated 𝑛 times, the corresponding zero of the polynomial has a multiplicity 𝑛.
through the zeros on the graph. However, when a zero
Typically, we know that the graph of a polynomial passes ________
has a multiplicity greater than 1, the graph will behave differently near the zero.
The function 𝑦 = −.01(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)! (𝑥 − 3)" is graphed to the right.
Notice the behavior around the zeros of the function.
𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
The multiplicity of a zero is the __________
degree of its factor.
We can include the multiplicity when we list the zeros:
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1 (mult. 3), 𝑥 = 3 (mult. 2)
At 𝑥 = 3, the multiplicity is 2. The graph of the polynomial is tangent
to the 𝑥 axis (the graph bounces off the 𝑥 axis).
The graph of a polyomial will always be tangent to the 𝑥 axis at any zero with an 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 multiplicity.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐑𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
not see them on the graph.
Some polynomials have roots that contain an imaginary number. This means you will ______
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 " + 1 is shown to the right.
To find the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥), we set 𝑥 " + 1 = 0.
𝑥 " = −1
𝑥 = ±√−1 = ±𝑖
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠: All imaginary roots come in _________.
pairs If 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is a root of 𝑓(𝑥), then so is ___________.
𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
These are called 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐬.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏: Determine the conjugate of the following complex numbers.
a. 4𝑖 , −4𝑖 b. −𝑖, 𝑖 c. 2 − 3𝑖, 2 + 3𝑖 d. −4 + 2𝑖, −4 − 2𝑖
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐥𝐠𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐚
A polynomial of degree 𝑛 has exactly 𝑛 complex zeros when counting multiplicities.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐: The graph of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) is shown in the figure above. It is known that 𝑥 = 𝑖√3 is
a zero of 𝑓. If 𝑓 has degree 𝑛, what is the least possible value of 𝑛?
Zeros: 𝑥 = −1 (Mult. 2); 𝑥 = 3; 𝑥 = 𝑖√3; 𝑥 = −𝑖√3 𝑛 ≥ 5 since there are at least 5 zeros.
𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬
𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫
When we write “𝑓(𝑥)”, we are referring to the ___-value
𝑦 on
the graph of 𝑓(𝑥).
above the __-axis
𝑓(𝑥) > 0 means the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is _________ 𝑥
below the __-axis
𝑓(𝑥) < 0 means the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is _________ 𝑥
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) above.
a) Where does 𝑓(𝑥) = 0? b) Where is 𝑓(𝑥) > 0? c) Where is 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0?
𝑥 = −3, −1,3 − 3 < 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 > 3 𝑥 ≤ −3 and − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 (𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬)
1. Solve 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
2. Create a 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭 with the solutions from Step 1.
−
+ or ______.
3. 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 in each interval to see if the values in the interval are ______
4. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐭 the sign chart to answer the given inequality from the problem.
𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄: Be sure to write your answer in 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 and think about the 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬!
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑: Solve (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) > 0 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒: Solve (𝑥 + 2)" (𝑥 − 5) ≤ 0
# % # % # # %
< −−
⏞−+
⏟ −−
⏞−+
⏟ −−
⏞−+
⏟−−
⏞ −> < −−
⏞−+
⏟ −−
⏞−+
⏟−−
⏞ −>
#$ #& ! #" '
(−4, −1) and (3, ∞) − 4 < 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 > 3 (−∞, 5] 𝑥≤5
𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬
If given a table of values with equal width input intervals, we can determine the degree of a polynomial by examining
successive differences in the output values. The number of successive differences needed for the differences to be
constant is equal to the degree 𝑛 of the polynomial.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓: Determine the degree of the polynomials represented in the tables below.
a) b)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
1 −2 0 −2
> −1 >2
3 −3 >3 3 0 >8
>2 > 10 > −1
5 −1 >3 6 10 >7
>5 > 17 > −1
7 4 >3 9 27 >6
>8 > 23
9 12 12 50
degree 2 because the second degree 3 because the third
differences are constant. differences are constant.
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐝𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐎𝐝𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
An even function is symmetric over the 𝑦 axis. An odd function is symmetric about the origin.
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 $ − 8𝑥 " + 1 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! − 9𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔: Determine if the following polynomials are even, odd, or neither.
a) ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 $ − 𝑥 " + 5 b) 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 − 1
ℎ(−1) = 2(−1)$ − (−1)" + 5 = 2 − 1 + 5 = 6 𝑘(−1) = (−1)! + 3(−1) − 1 = −1 − 3 − 1 = −5
ℎ(1) = 2(1)$ − (1)" + 5 = 2 − 1 + 5 = 6 𝑘(1) = (1)! + 3(1) − 1 = 1 + 3 − 1 = 3
even function Neither
c) d)
𝑓(−1) = 3 𝑓(1) = −3 𝑓(−1) = 1 𝑓(1) = −3
odd function Neither
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
