Republic of Yemen

University of Aden
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronics &
communication

Communication 1

NAME Abdullah Shaif Sharaf Saeed

REG.N 206006
CLASS B3EC
 Frequency Modulation ( FM )
What is the Frequency Modulation ?
As with any form of modulation, it is necessary to be able to successfully
demodulate it and recover the original signal.
The FM demodulator may be called a variety of names including FM
demodulator, FM detector or an FM discriminator.
The Frequency Modulation is : the process of varying the frequency of carrier by
amplitude of modulating signal

FM equation
𝒆𝑭𝑴(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) − 𝒎𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒎𝒇𝒕)

Frequency deviation : is the rang of varying in carrier frequency due to

modulating frequency. ( audio signal)
∆𝒇
Deviation in FM =𝒎𝒇 = 𝜷 =
𝒇𝒎

Types of FM
There are a number of different types of FM demodulator, but all of them enable
the frequency variations of the incoming signal to be converted into amplitude
variations on the output. These are typically fed into an audio amplifier, or
possibly a digital interface if data is being passed over the system

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 Frequency Modulation ( FM )
FM Specter types
Base on the value of mf there are tow types of Bandwidth (BW) :
1 - Narrow band FM ( NBFM) if mf << 1

The case where |θm(t)| ≪ 1 for all t is called narrow band FM. Using the
approximations cos x ≃ 1 and sin x ≃ x for |x| ≪ 1, the FM signal can be
approximated as:
BW(NBFM) = BW (AM)= 2Fm

2 – Wide band FM ( WBFM):

The following formula, known as Carson’s rule is often used as an

estimate of the FM signal bandwidth:
BT = 2(∆f + fm) Hz
where ∆f is the peak frequency deviation and fm is the maximum
baseband message frequency component.

Determine the modern uses of FM Radio today ?

_ Radio broadcast stations

_ Sound in TV stations
_ Wireless phone
_ Satellites
_ Police and arms .

Look for the major uses of FM . What services use FM ?

Frequency Modulation is used for a variety of services, including:

1. Commercial broadcasting.
2. Public broadcasting.
3. Two-way radios
4. Aircraft communication
5. Personal audio devices
6. Car radios.

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 Frequency Modulation ( FM )

Name the least 5 places where FM is still used ?

While digital radio is on the rise, FM is still a widely used radio broadcast
standard in many parts of the world. Here are 5 places where FM is still
commonly used:
1. Car Radios.
2. Rural areas.
3. Developing countries.
4. Emergency communication
5. Radio hobbyists and enthusiasts

What is the main benefit of FM over FM ?

• Resilience to noise: One particular advantage of frequency modulation

is its resilience to signal level variations. The modulation is carried only as
variations in frequency.
• Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter:
Another advantage of frequency modulation is associated with the
transmitters.

• It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated

signals:
_ The operating range is quite large .
_ The efficiency of transmission is vary high .

What is the main disadvantage of FM ?

• FM has poorer spectral efficiency than some other modulation formats:

Some phase modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation formats
have a higher spectral efficiency for data transmission than frequency
shift keying, a form of frequency modulation.
• Requires Requires more complicated complicated demodulator
demodulator One of the minor disadvantages of frequency modulation is
that the demodulator is a little more complicated, and hence slightly more
expensive than the very simple diode detectors used for AM.
• Some other modes have higher data spectral efficiency
• Sidebands extend to infinity either side

_ A must wider channel is required by FM .

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 Frequency Modulation ( FM )

In what frequency range is FM normally used ?

In the medium frequency bands the frequency range of 88

KHz to 108 KHz

What is the digital version of FM called ?

The digital version of FM (Frequency Modulation) is called "Digital

Audio Broadcasting" or DAB. DAB is a digital radio standard that offers
better sound quality and more station options than traditional FM radio

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

What is Amplitude modulation?

In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for
broadcasting or for two way radio communication, it must be modulated
or changed in some way. Although there are a number of ways in which a
radio signal may be modulated, modulated, one of the easiest easiest is to
change its amplitude in line with variations of the sound.

• Amplitude modulation, AM, is one of the most straightforwar d ways of

modulating a radio signal or carrier. It can be achieved in a number of
ways, but the simplest uses a single diode rectifier circuit.
• Other methods of demodulating an AM signal use synchronous
techniques and provide much lower levels of distortion and improved
reception where selective fading is present.
• One of the main reasons reasons for the popularity popularity of
amplitude amplitude modulation has been the simplicity of the
demodulation. It enables costs to be kept low - a significant advantage in
producing vast quantities of very low cost AM radios.

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Broadcast transmissions

AM is still widely used for broadcasting on the long, medium and short
wave bands. It is simple to demodulate and this means that radio
receivers capable of demodulating amplitude modulation are cheap and
simple to manufacture. Nevertheless many people are moving to high
quality forms of transmission like frequency frequency modulation,
modulation, FM or digital digital transmissions.

Air band radio

VHF transmissions for many airborne applications still use AM. . It is

used for ground to air radio communications as well as two way radio
links for ground staff as well.

Single sideband

Amplitude modulation in the form of single sideband is still used for HF

radio links. Using a lower bandwidth and providing more effective use of
the transmitted power this form of modulation is still used for many point
to point HF links.

Quadrature amplitude modulation

AM is widely used for the transmission of data in everything from short

range wireless links such as Wi-Fi to cellular telecommunications and
much more. Effectively it is formed by having two carriers 90° out of
phase.
Recall…Amplitude Modulation

s(t) = Ac[1+kam(t)]cos 2𝝅fct

Envelope of s(t) has same shape as m(t) provided:
|kam(t)|>W Easy and cheap to generate s(t) and rev
Drawbacks of AM
wasteful of power
transmission of carrier
wasteful of bandwidth
transmission bandwidth, BT = 2W
Improved resource utilization (power or bandwidth) traded-off with
increased system complexity
Angle modulation offers practical means

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Determine the modern uses of AM Radio today ?

Although AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio has been overshadowed by

other technologies like FM and digital radio, it still has some modern uses
today. Here are some of the modern uses of AM radio:

1. Broadcast radio: While FM radio is more popular for music, AM radio is

still commonly used for talk radio formats, such as news, sports, and political
talk shows.
2. Emergency services: AM radio can be used for emergency services, such as
broadcasting emergency alerts and instructions during natural disasters or
other crises.
3. Aviation communication: AM radio is still used in aviation
communication, particularly for air traffic control, navigation, and pilot-to-
pilot communication.
4. Maritime communication: AM radio is still used in maritime
communication, including ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications.
5. Radio hobbyists and enthusiasts: Many radio hobbyists and enthusiasts
still enjoy tuning into AM radio stations, particularly for listening to distant
and exotic radio signals or for DXing.
6. Low-cost broadcasting: AM radio is still used in some regions of the world
for low-cost broadcasting, particularly in developing countries with limited
infrastructure.

Look for the major uses of FM . What services use FM ?

Amplitude Modulation is used for a variety of services, including:

1. Commercial broadcasting
2. Public broadcasting.
3. Aviation communication
4. Maritime communication
5. Citizen band (CB) radios
6. Emergency services
7. Amateur radio

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Name the least 5 places where AM is still used ?

While digital radio is becoming more common, AM (Amplitude

Modulation) is still widely used in many parts of the world for specific
purposes. Here are 7 places where AM is still commonly used:
1. Broadcast radio
2. Aviation communication
3. Maritime communication
4. Government emergency communication
5. Amateur radio
6. Citizen band (CB) radios
7. Legacy sound technology

What is the main benefit of AM over AM ?

• It is simple to implement

• it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few its

components

• AM receivers are very cheap as no specialised components are needed.

What is the main disadvantage of AM ?

• It is not efficient in terms of its power usage circuit consisting of very

few
• It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth
equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency
• It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based
and obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it.

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 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

In what frequency range is AM normally used ?

In the medium frequency bands the frequency range of 540

KHz to 1600 KHz

What is the digital version of AM called ?

The digital version of AM (Amplitude Modulation) is called "Digital Radio
Mondiale" or DRM. DRM is a digital radio standard for long, medium, and
shortwave bands, providing better sound quality and more robust reception than
traditional AM radio