PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Ex: American English: The word "water" is

pronounced as /ˈwɔːtər/ or /ˈwɑːtər/, where

LESSON 1: VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
the 't' sound is often softened to a flap sound,
LANGUAGE
making it sound closer to a /d/ (like "wadder").
English language, just like other languages, is
not a pure language untouched by others. Its British English (Received Pronunciation): The
popularity and importance being the lingua word "water" is pronounced as /ˈwɔːtə/, where
franca have made it long influenced by contacts the 't' sound is clearly enunciated, and there is
with a wide range of languages in the world. no 'r' sound at the end.
KIRKPATRICK’S MODEL ( 2007 ) - distinguished ENGLISH CONSONANTS
and presented these world englishes between
English as a Native Language ( ENL ), English as a
Second Language ( ESL ), and English as a
Foreign Language ( EFL )

KACHU’S MODEL ( 2003 ) represented the

growth and spread of English into different
circles : the INNER CIRCLE is the NATIVE
LANGUAGE, OUTER CIRCLE is the SECONG
LANGUAGE and the EXPANDING CIRCLE is an
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE. ORTHOGRAPHY ( SPELLING )

INNER CIRCLE ESL and EFL students often struggle with English
writing due to lack of native or local English
USA, UK, CANADA, AUTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND
vowel and consonant sounds and mother
OUTER CIRCLE e.g tongue influence. Major spelling errors include
omission, substitution, transportation, and
GHANA, INDIA, NIGERIA, PHILIPPINES, insertion/addition.
SINGAPORE, SRI LANKA
Ex: American English: "color," "organize,"
EXPANDING CIRCLE e.g
"theater"
CHINA, EGYPT, INDONESIA, JAPAN, TAIWAN,
THAILAND British English: "colour," "organise," "theatre"

WORLD ENGLISHES ( WE ) SYNTAX ( Arrangement of Words )

The WE has brought peculiarities that provide English, Taiwan, Frech, and other languages use
opportunities and languages not only in English subject - verb - object ( SVO ) pattern; Japanese,
language teaching and learning but also in
Korean, indian, use subject – object – verb
global communication.
( SOV ), and Filipinos use verb – subject – object
PHONOLOGY ( Speech Sound ) - Pronounciation ( VSO ).

Some sounds are represent in the speech

inventory of one language which is not available
in the speech inventory of another language.
Example: English - that snake killed the dog Grammar operates in phrases, clauses, and
sentences, requiring careful word choice. Good
S–V–O writing reflects values, education, family, and
social standing. Familiarity with Standard
Japanese - Sono habiga inu o korosita English and Substandard English levels depends
on target audience, purpose, and occasion,
S–O–V affecting the level of usage.
Filipino – Pinatay ng aha sang aso
STANDARD ENGLISH
V–S–O
Standard English is the most highly polished
Grammar categories in Korean and English do
form of spoken and written English used by
not clearly match to one another. As a result,
educated people. It has prestige and status and
Korean EFL students might use a
is considered the most desirable form of
For example, I cannot come to school today language. Writers and speakers who use
because I am illness noun instead of an standard English have a much better choice of
adjective in English. understanding and being understood, and
getting what they want.

SEMANTICS ( Meaning of Words ) Language specialists maintain that Standard

English has the following identifying
Meaning of certain words or expression in one
characteristics:
language may differ in another language.
1. The working language in the academe, in the
Ex: American English: "biscuit" refers to a soft,
government, in business, and in media
bread-like food (similar to a scone).
2. A variety of English held by many to be
British English: "biscuit" refers to what
“correct” in the sense that it shows none of the
Americans would call a cookie (a sweet, crunchy
regional or other variations that are considered
snack).
by some to be ungrammatical or nonstandard.
In this case, the word biscuit carries different
3. The language most widely used, understood,
meanings depending on the variety of English
accepted, and valued in any English-speaking
being used. Such semantic differences can lead
country.
to misunderstandings if not clarified in cross-
cultural or international communication. 4. The language that is especially important in
written English. It contains uniform spelling,
LESSON 2 : Standard and Nonstandard
standard usage, conventional sentence and
English paragraph structure, and consistent
“Proficiency in the English Language is the key punctuations.
to academic success” – San Diego State 5. The language easiest to recognize in print
University because written conventions are common
worldwide
6. It is used by educated people whose • You done it, did you?
language conventions are respected and who
carry on the important affairs in the world • Double dead meat are sold in small markets.
The following are among the principal types of
Examples: • My part-time job limits my study nonstandard usage:
time.
• Liza failed her grammar test yesterday. 1. Error in agreement, case, and tense
• Cats and dogs are sometimes the best of Examples:
friends.
• He is the taller of the two. • I doesn’t understand the lesson. • Me and my
classmates were late.
NONSTANDARD ENGLISH
2. Double or multiple negatives.
Nonstandard (or substandard) English is a
variety of English that is marked ‘incorrect’ Examples:
because it does not follow rules and guidelines
• I can’t hardly understand the letter.
of Standard English. Uses of nonstandard
• We ain’t done nothing.
English in formal or scholarly settings can
damage your credibility, discredit the value of 3. Double comparatives or superlatives
your message, and alienate your audience.
Example:
Language specialists identify nonstandard
English in the following characteristics: •Mother is the most kindest woman I know.
•Athletes walk more faster than the students.
1. The language of the uneducated. It is loaded
with grammatical errors, misspellings, misused 4. Errors in the formation of reflexive pronouns
punctuation slang, and clichés.
Examples:
2. A variety of English is characterized by • He himself did it.
grammatical features and vocabulary which are • They submit the letter theirselves.
typical of a particular geographical area.
5. Cliches or overused expressions.
3. A language that uses expressions and
Examples:
grammatical constructions not normally used by
educated people. • She is head over heels in love with you.
• Every dark cloud has a silver lining.
4. A variety of English that differs greatly from
the standard. 6. Redundancy

5. A language that contains expressions usually Examples:

taken as a sign of inferior social and academic • Don’t repeat it again.
background. • This is unexpected surprise.

Examples: • Me and my friend drink milk. James D. Williams, The Teacher's Grammar
Book, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005
Lesson 3: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF 2. formal reports and memoranda
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
3. literary criticisms and serious essays
• Standard English can be described in terms of
4. legal documents and news stories
styles --- Formal and Informal English.
5. official speeches and public notices
• Formal language also called “literese” (as it is
remarkably influenced by reading) is more 6. graduation speeches
academic in style and more objective in the
expression of ideas. It is often used in writing 7. sermons and scholarly addresses
than in speaking
8. polite conversations with an elder or
• Informal language also called “colloquial’ important people
which means ‘conversations” is more relaxed
Common Features of Informal Language
and more friendly in tone. Its comfortable level
of English makes it popular for educated people 1. It contains short words and simple sentences
to ordinary use it in everyday conversations but often in fragments
avoid it in formal written English.
2. It is heavily loaded with contractions and
Most academic writings demand a responsible colloquial expressions
degree of formality. As language experts and
communication ethicists posit, “The voice of the 3. It is marked by popular words (such as okay,
language is words, and the best words are yeah, stuff, and the like) and idioms and
found on paper. They are assumed to be the occasional slang expressions
most common worldwide.” 1. Light, chatty writing for general readers
Common Features of Formal Language 2. Conversation of educated people when they
• It uses appropriate capitalization, are at ease with each other (such as with
punctuation, mechanical devices, and colleagues or intimate friends)
abbreviations. 3. Novels and short stories
• It avoids shortcuts (contractions such as I’ll, 4. E-mail addresses
it’s, shan’t, and the like and abbreviations such
as prof., exam, lab, and the like) 5. Club meetings

• It avoids common colloquial expressions such 6. Classroom discussions

as gonna, ain’t, wanna, and the like
7. Showbiz and comic strips
• It uses denotative than connotative tone
Formal : I haven't thought about it.
• It is impersonal. It avoids the use of first and
second persons (I, you) Informal : I haven't given it much thought.

1. research paper, thesis, dissertation Formal : They are going to start living together.
Informal: They are moving in together. used so often and so carelessly that they have
become meaningless.
Formal : Sorry I couldn't visit you last night.
• Cliches suggest mental laziness, uncertainty,
Informal : Sorry I couldn't come by last night. and lack of originality. Examples: apple of my
Formal : We need to tell everybody about this eyes by hookor by crook once upon a time last
thing. but not the least better late than never

Informal : We need to go public with this thing. • Sexist language is a language that
discriminates against women. It refers to the
Formal : That could take some time. use of masculine nouns or pronouns to be
generic, meaning it applies to both masculine
Informal : That could take a while.
and feminine genders. Sexist language includes
Formal : Go to the library. the following:

Informal : Hit the library. • Use of exclusive pronoun “he” to refer to

male and female genders
Formal : It's easy.
• Use of gender-specific job titles
Informal : it’s a piece of cake .
• Use of “man” to refer to all people
Furthermore, we use different language
registers for different types of communication, • Increasingly, dictionaries, book companies,
just as we speak differently to different people. and people in legal, business, and academic
settings are phasing out the use of mankind,
Slang is a common informal spoken and written man, sir, he, and other sexist terms to refer to
language. both sexes. It is best for practical and legal
reasons to avoid sexlinked titles; use references
Examples: DIY – Do It Yourself
that are gender-inclusive or nonsexist that is,
Telly – television not biased to either sex but include both.

Lost the plot – gone mad/ no idea what’s going LESSON 4: RESPECT AND HONORIFICS IN
on ACADEMICS AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES

skiving/skive – avoiding work or school Honorifics are courtesy titles that are used in
spoken and written language to communicate
Pull a sickie – skive from work/school honor or respect for position or rank when
pretending to be ill Dude – addressing or referring to a person. The usage
person nuts – crazy cheesy – cheap of honorifics differs from person to person,
offices, institutions (such as colleges or
• Cliché refers to overused and worn-out university), and cultures.
expressions. It consists of once well-loved
idioms and phrases but because they have been
COURTESY TITLE Use Dr. Nanquil or Dr. Luisito Nanquil
on personal letter envelop
• When talking to someone or a stranger
who is older than you or someone who B. Professor is for a person who holds
has a position or authority, courtesy the academic rank of professor in a
dictates that you show respect during university or other institution. It is also
the conversation. A way to do this is by an honorific used with instructors on
using courtesy titles such as Miss, Mrs., and around campus.
Ms., Madam/Ma’am, Mr., or Sir.
Use Professor Galvez or Dr. Galvez
• Madam is commonly used with the
C. Retired Professor or Professor
name of an office to address a woman
Emerita/Emeritus is someone retired
who is the office holder (such as
with an honorary title from an office or
Madam President, Madam Chair,
position in a university.
Madam Senator, and the like).
If the Professor holds a doctorate and
• Ma’am (abbreviation for madam) is
has the personal rank of “Dr. …”, she/he
often used to address a teacher, or is
is addressed in these ways in writing for
used as a polite response to something
the rest of her/his life.
an older woman has said, and it can be
used without a name. Dr. Ma. Lourdes Bautista or Ma.
Lourdes Bautista, PhD
• Mx. is a gender-neutral honorific used
as a title for those who simply do not Professor Emerita
want to be identified by gender.
Dr. Norberto Zafra or Norberto Zafra,
ACADEMIC/ PROFESSIONAL TITLES PhD

These types of honorifics are typically Professor Emeritus

used as a style in the grammatical third
person and as a form of address in the D. Graded ranks of professors such as
second person. English language Associate Professor, Assistant
ethicists and language purists maintain Professor, and the like, all can be
the following respect and honorifics in addressed (as a courtesy) as “Professor”
using academic and professional titles: or “Professor Nanquil” in conversation.

A. Dr. is for someone who holds a Graded levels of professor are not used
doctoral degree (such as Ph.D. and orally and are seldom used in written
Ed.D.) and for medical practitioners, direct address. They are most often
dentists, and veterinary surgeons (who used in publications and on lists where
do not normally hold doctoral degrees). the specific hierarchical position is
Dr. + name is in a conversational form. relevant.
It is also used both officially and socially
in a letter’s salutation.
 Ph.D. and Ed.D. are post-nominal 2. Choose one that is relevant or is the
abbreviations used in writing to preference of the bearer.
him/her with regard to his/her
professional pursuits. They are also Mayor Jessie De Jesus is a DDS (Doctor
used on official nameplates such as of Dental Surgery) and a Municipal
Luisito Nanquil, Ph.D. However, they Mayor. When doing his job as a mayor,
are not used on social correspondence he prefers to be called Mayor De Jesus
such as wedding invitations, wedding but is never Mayor Dr. De Jesus.
sponsors, religious activities, athletic Such multiple postnominals are non-
competitions, thank-you cards, PTA native English speaker errors (Hickey,
meetings, and in any activity that has 2019)
nothing to do with one’s a professional
title or educational attainment. 3. Many style books recommend not
Language purists claim that using this using periods with courtesy titles (such
by the honored dignitary is considered as Ms, Mr, and Mrs) and academic titles
very rude and egotistical. (such as BSEd, BEEd, MD, PhD, EdD,
MAE, and the like), other reference
F. Other professional levels manuals recommend using periods, so
Many use educational or occupational use your own judgment on this issue
titles such as Engineer, Architect, and be consistent.
Doctor, Attorney (Engr., Arch., Dr., . Do not use Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. with any
Atty.). may be addressed orally as other abbreviated title or with an
Engineer or Engineer (surname). abbreviation denoting an academic title
Many language practitioners also or honor.
suggest the following considerations in Use: Dr. Noelito Bueno or Noelito
using respect and honorifics: Bueno, MD, Ms. Josephine Mercado or
1. In all forms of English, use either Josephine Mercado, Ph.D.
something before the name or
something after, but not both. The most Not: Mr. Noelito Bueno, M.D.
common academic titles in colleges or
Ms. Josephine Mercado, Ph.D.
universities are Professor and Dr. for
those who have a Ph.D., Ed.D., and M.D. LESSON 5: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Use: Professor Velasco or Dr. Velasco
Intrapersonal Communication
(in the classroom); Susana Velasco, PhD
or Dr. Susana Velasco (on a • Latin prefix “intra” – within or inside
correspondence).
• Talking to oneself; self or inner talk,
Not: Professor Susana Velasco, PhD or inner monologue, inner dialogue, self-
Dr. Susana Velasco, PhD verbalization or self-statement
 • Latin prefix “inter” –between, among,
together

• Communication situation is
interpersonal if it is meant to establish
or deepen one’s relationship with
others

• The process by which people exchange

information, feelings, and meaning
through verbal and non-verbal
messages

Extended Communication

• Involves the use of electronic media

Organizational Communication

2 Structures

Formal

Allows communication to take place via

designated channels of message flow between
positions in the organization

Approaches: downward, upward, horizontal,

crosswise

Informal

Comes from unofficial channels of message flow

Also known as ‘grapevine,’ messages are

coming from the different levels of organization
are transmitted

Intercultural Communication

Communication between or among people

having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
social, and professional backgrounds.