Project 3

Group 1

SOIL COMPACTION
AND
PERMEABILITY

Group 1
ANGELES, JERICHO B.
ANORE, GUILLERMO III C.
ASPECTO, KRYZHEL JANICA T.
CADIZ, SAMUEL JOHN P.
CLARINO, KHALIL
JACINTO, JORDAN
PERALTA, JOSE MIGUEL S.
SUNGA, KURT
TUZON, KATRINA BERNADETTE A.
 Project 3
Group 1
Questions & Answers

Soil Compaction

1. Specifications on a job required a fill using borrow soil to be compacted at 95% of its
𝑘𝑁
standard Proctor maximum dry density. Test indicate that this maximum is 19.5 𝑚3 with
12% moisture. The borrow material has void ratio of 0.60 and a solid sp.gr. of 2.65.
𝒌𝑵
a. Compute the dry unit weight of the compacted soil. Ans: 18.525 𝒎𝟑
𝒌𝑵
b. Compute the wet unit weight pf compacted soil. Ans: 21.204 𝒎𝟑
c. Compute the minimum volume of borrow soil required to fill one cu.m.
Ans: 1.140 𝒎𝟑

2. An undisturbed sample of material taken from a borrow pit has a void ratio of 0.70.
Results of the Proctor compaction test indicate that the material as compacted on the
roadway will have a void ratio of 0.48. What shrinkage factor should be used in
computing borrow and embankment quantities? Ans: 12.941%

3. The relative compaction of a sand in the field is 94%. The max and min dry unit
weights of the sand are 16.2 kN/𝑚3 and 14.9 kN/𝑚3 respectively.
a. Compute the dry unit weight in the field = 15.23 kN/𝑚3
b. For field conditions compute the relative density of compaction = 27%

4. A compacted soil with a wet density of 18.5 kN/m3 has 97% of its pore spaces filled
with water at a moisture content of 29.5%

A. Determine the sp.gr. of soil. ANS: 2.59

B. Determine the void ratio. ANS: 0.78
C. Determine the porosity. ANS: 0.44

5. In order to determine the relative density of a soil sample of the following data were
obtained using a compaction mold having a mass 0f 5325 g and a volume of 948 𝑐𝑚3
Mass of mold filled with soil poured in loosely = 6964 g
Mass of mold filled with soil poured in dynamically compacted = 7368 g
If the dry density of the soil in-situ is 1.65 g/𝑐𝑚3 and sp.gr of the soil is 2.70

a. Cumpute the max bulk density (𝛾 max ⬚) Ans: 2.155 g/𝑐𝑚3

b. Compute the max void ratio (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) Ans: 1.332
c. Compute the relative density of the in situ soil (Dr) Ans: 80.9 %
 Project 3
Group 1
𝑘𝑔
6. A field compacted of sandy loam was found to have a wet density of 2181 𝑚3 at a
water content of 10 percent. The maximum dry density of the soil obtained in a
𝑘𝑔
Standard Proctor Test was 2000 𝑚3 . Assume specific gravity to be 2.65. Compute the
following:
𝑘𝑁
a. Dry unit weight ( 𝛾𝑑 ) Ans: 19.45 𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
b. Dry unit weight at zero voids ( 𝛾𝑧 ) Ans: 20.55 𝑚3
c. Degree of Saturation (S) Ans: 78.57%
d. Porosity (n) Ans: 25.2%
e. Percent compaction of the field sample. Ans: 99.14%

7. The following data were obtained from a field-density test on a compacted fill of
sandy clay. Laboratory moisture density test on the fill material indicated a maximum dry
𝑘𝑔
density of 1924.8𝑚3 at an optimum water content of 11%

Weight of moist soil removed from test hole = 1038 g

Weight of soil after oven-drying = 914 g
Volume of test hole from rubber-balloon apparatus = 0.000479 𝑚3

a. Determine the water content. Ans: 13.6%

𝑘𝑁
b. Determine the dry unit weight of soil. Ans: 18.71 𝑚3
c. Determine the percent compaction of the fill. Ans: 99.1%

8. An embarkment with a total volume of 20000 𝑐𝑢 . 𝑚⬚ . is to be constructed as part of a

highway project. The soil to be used in the embankment will come from a borrow pot
𝑘𝑁
where the average moist unit weight and water content of the soil is 17.6 𝑚3 and 12%
𝑘𝑁
respectively. Assuming that the soil will be compacted to a dry density of 18.2 at a
𝑚3
moisture content of 16%

a. Compute the volume of dry soil required. Ans: 364000 𝑘𝑁

b. Compute the volume of borrow required. Ans: 23,170 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚.
c. Compute the total quantity of water in liters that must be added to the fill during
compaction to bring about a desired final moisture content of 16%. Ans: 1,484,200
liters
 Project 3
Group 1
SOIL COMPACTION SOLUTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Specifications on a job required a fill using borrow soil to be compacted at 95% of its
𝑘𝑁
standard Proctor maximum dry density. Test indicate that this maximum is 19.5 𝑚3 with
12% moisture. The borrow material has void ratio of 0.60 and a solid sp.gr. of 2.65

a. Compute the dry unit weight of the compacted soil.

𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦= 0.95 × 19.5 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟐𝟓
𝒎𝟑

b. Compute the wet unit weight pf compacted soil.

𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦= 𝐺 𝜔 𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡= 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦×(1+𝜔)
1+ 𝑠
𝑆

2.65×(9.81)
18.525 = 2.65×𝜔 𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡= 18.525 ×(1.14459)=𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟎𝟒
𝒌𝑵
1+
0.95 𝒎𝟑

𝜔 = 0.144586 = 𝟏4.459 %

c. Compute the minimum volume of borrow soil required to fill one cu.m.

borrow soil:
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.65 (9.81) 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦= = = 16.248 3
1+𝑒 1.60 𝑚

compacted soil:

𝑊𝑠 𝑘𝑁 𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦= 18.525 3 =
𝑉 𝑚 1𝑚3
𝑊𝑠 = 18.525 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑠
= 16.248
𝑉𝑏

18.525 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
= 16.248 3
𝑉𝑏 𝑚

𝑽𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝟑
 Project 3
Group 1
2. An undisturbed sample of material taken from a borrow pit has a void ratio of 0.70.
Results of the Proctor compaction test indicate that the material as compacted on the
roadway will have a void ratio of 0.48. What shrinkage factor should be used in
computing borrow and embankment quantities?

𝑒𝑜 −𝑒𝑓
Shrinkage ratio = × 100%
1+𝑒𝑜
0.70−0.48
Shrinkage ratio = × 100% = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟏%
1.70

3. The relative compaction of a sand in the field is 94%. The max and min dry unit
weights of the sand are 16.2 kN/ and 14.9 kN/ respectively.

a. Dry unit Weight

𝑌𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑅 = (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑌𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑌𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
0.94 =
16.2
𝒌𝑵
𝒀𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝟑
𝒎

b. Relative Density
𝑌𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 − 𝑌𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑟 = ( )( )
𝑌𝑑 max ⬚ − 𝑌𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
15.23 − 14.9 16.2
𝐷𝑟 = ( )( )
16.2 − 14.9 15.23
𝐷𝑟 = 0.27 ⋅ 100
𝐃𝐫 = 𝟐𝟕%

4. A compacted soil with a wet density of 18.5 kN/m 3 has 97% of its pore spaces filled
with water at a moisture content of 29.5%

A. Determine the sp.gr. of soil.

𝑆𝑒 = 𝜔 𝐺𝑠
29.5% 𝐺𝑠
𝑒 =
97%
𝑒 = 0.3𝐺𝑠
𝐺𝑠(1 + 𝜔)9.81
𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡 =
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑠(1 + 0.295)9.81
18.5 =
1 + 0.3𝐺𝑠
Gs=2.59
 Project 3
Group 1
B. Determine the void ratio.
𝑒 = 0.3(2.59)
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖
C. Determine the porosity.
𝑒
𝑛=
1+𝑒
0.78
𝑛=
1 + 0.78
𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒

5. In order to determine the relative density of a soil sample of the following data were
obtained using a compaction mold having a mass 0f 5325 g and a volume of 948 𝑐𝑚3

Mass of mold filled with soil poured in loosely = 6964 g

Mass of mold filled with soil poured in dynamically compacted = 7368 g

If the dry density of the soil in-situ is 1.65 g/ and sp.gr of the soil is 2.70

a. Max bulk density

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Min bulk density 𝛾 min ⬚ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

6964−5325
𝛾 min ⬚ = 945 𝑐𝑚3

𝛾 min ⬚ = 1.729 g/𝑐𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Max bulk density 𝛾 max ⬚ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

7368−5325
𝛾 max ⬚ = 948

𝛾 max ⬚ = 2.155 g/𝒄𝒎𝟑

b. Max void ratio

𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺𝑠 − 𝛾𝑤
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛾𝑤 − 1

2.155
2.70 − 1
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2.155 − 1
 Project 3
Group 1

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.472

𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐺𝑠 −𝛾𝑤
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝛾𝑤 − 1

1.729
2.70 −
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1
1.729
1 − 1

𝑒max ⬚ = 1.332
c. Relative Density

𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
𝐷𝑟 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐺𝑠 𝑌𝑤
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 =
1+𝑒

2.7 (1)
1.65 =
1+𝑒

𝑒 = 0.636
1.332 − 0.636
𝐷𝑟 =
1.332 − 0.472

𝐷𝑟 = 0.809 − 80.9%

𝐷𝑟 = 80.9%
 Project 3
Group 1

𝑘𝑔
6. A field compacted of sandy loam was found to have a wet density of 2181 𝑚3 at a
water content of 10 percent. The maximum dry density of the soil obtained in a
𝑘𝑔
Standard Proctor Test was 2000 𝑚3 . Assume specific gravity to be 2.65. Compute the
following:
a. Dry unit weight (𝛾𝑑 )
𝛾
𝜌𝑑 = 1+𝜔
2181 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑑 = 1+0.10 = 1982.7 𝑚3
𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑑 = 19.45 𝒎𝟑
b. Dry unit weight at zero voids (𝛾𝑧 )
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑧 =
1+𝐺𝑠𝜔
2.65(9.81)
𝛾𝑧 =
1+2.65(0.10)
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑧 = 20.55 3
𝑚
c. Degree of Saturation (S)
𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑉
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑉
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦
Vs = 𝐺𝑠𝛾
𝑊
1982.7
Vs = (2.65)(1000)
= 0.748
Vv = 1 – 0.748
Vv = 0.252
𝑊𝑤 𝑊𝑡−𝑊𝑠
W = 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑠
2181(1)−𝑊𝑠
0.10 = 𝑊𝑠
Ws = 1982.7 kg
Ww = 2191 - 1982.7
Ww = 198.3 kg
198.3
Vw = 1000 = 0.198
0.198
Sr = 0.252 (100) = 78.57%
d. Porosity (n)
𝑉𝑣
n =𝑉
0.252
n= (100) = 25.2%
1.0
e. Percent compaction of the field sample.
1982.7
% of compaction = 2000 (100)
% of compaction = 99.14%
 Project 3
Group 1
7. The following data were obtained from a field-density test on a compacted fill of
sandy clay. Laboratory moisture density test on the fill material indicated a maximum dry
density of 1924.8 at an optimum water content of 11%

Weight of moist soil removed from test hole = 1038 g

Weight of soil after oven-drying = 914 g
Volume of test hole from rubber-balloon apparatus = 0.000479
a. Determine the water content.
b. Determine the dry unit weight of soil.
c. Determine the percent compaction of the fill.

Solution:
a. Water Content
1038
Wt. Of moist soil = 1000
Wt. Of moist soil = 1.038 𝑘𝑔
914
Wt. Of dry soil = 1000
Wt. Of dry soil = 0.914 𝑘𝑔
Wt. Of water = 1.038 - 0.914
Wt. of water = 0.124 𝑘𝑔
0.124
Water content (𝜔) = 0.914
Water content (𝜔) = 0.136

Water content (𝜔) = 13.6%

b. Dry unit weight

𝑊
𝜌 =𝑉
1.038
𝜌 = 0.000479
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 2167 𝑚3

2167(9.81)
𝛾 = 1000
𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 21.26 𝑚3
𝛾
𝛾𝑑 = 1+𝜔
21.26
𝛾𝑑 = 1+0.136
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑 = 18.71 𝑚3

c. % of compaction fill
18.71
% of compaction fill = 1924.8(9.81) ⋅ 1000
( )
1000
% of compaction fill = 99.1%
 Project 3
Group 1
8. An embarkment with a total volume of 20000 . . is to be constructed as part of a
highway project. The soil to be used in the embankment will come from a borrow pot
where the average moist unit weight and water content of the soil is 17.6 and 12%
respectively. Assuming that the soil will be compacted to a dry density of 18.2 at a
moisture content of 16%

a. Compute the volume of dry soil required.

b. Compute the volume of borrow required.
c. Compute the total quantity of water in liters that must be added to the fill during
compaction to bring about a desired final moisture content of 16%.

Solution:
a. Vol. Of dry soil
𝑊
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑊𝑠 Wt. Of dry soil required
= 18.2(20000)
Wt. Of dry soil required = 364,000 𝑘𝑁

b. Vol. Of borrow required

𝛾
𝛾𝑑 = 1+𝜔
17.6
𝛾𝑑 = 1+0.12
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑 = 15.71 𝑚3
364000
Vol. Of borrow required = 15.71
Vol of borrow required = 23,170 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚.

c. Volume of water required

𝑊
𝜔 = 𝑊𝑤
𝑠

𝑊𝑤 = 𝜔𝑊𝑠
𝑊𝑤 = (0.16 - 0.12)(364000)
𝑊𝑤 = 14,560 𝑘𝑁
𝑉
𝑉𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤
𝑤
14650
𝑉𝑤 =
9.81
𝑉𝑤 = 1482.2 𝑚3
𝑉𝑤 = 1,484,200 liters
 Project 3
Group 1

Questions & Answers

Permeability

1. For a constant laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following data are
given:

Length of specimen = 16 cm.

Diameter of specimen = 9.6 cm.
Constant Head difference = 50 cm.
Volume of water collected in 4 min... 420 cc
Void ratio of the soil specimen =0.55

a. Determine the coefficient of permeability k of the soil in cm/sec.

Ans: 𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟕(𝟏𝟎)−𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
b. Determine the discharge velocity in cm/sec. Ans: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
c. Determine the seepage velocity in cm/sec. Ans: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

2. For a constant laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following data are
given:

Length of specimen = 300 mm.

Diameter of specimen = 200 mm.
Head difference = 400 mm.
Volume of water collected in 4 min = 420 cm3
Void ratio of the soil specimen = 0.55

a. Determine the coefficient of permeability k of the soil in cm/sec.

Ans: 4.178 x 10-3 cm/sec
b. Determine the discharge velocity in cm/sec. Ans: 5.57 x 10-3 cm/sec
c. Determine the seepage velocity in cm/sec. Ans: 15.7 x 10-3 cm/sec

3. A sample if coarse grained soil 50 mm. In diameter and 150mm. Long was tested
in a constant-head apparatus. The soil sample was prepared at a void ration og 1.5.
The total head was kept constant at 300 mm and the total amount of water collected
in 4 secs was 50 𝑐𝑚3 . the test temperature was 22° C.
 Project 3
Group 1
a. Compute the temperature correction factor = 0.95
b. Compute the corrected coefficient of permeability in cm/sec = 0.303 cm/sec

c. Compute the interstitial velocity = Ans: 0.095 cm/s

4. In a constant head permeability test in the laboratory, the following are given:

Length of soil specimen = 25 cm

Cross-sectional area of soil specimen = 105 cm2

If the value of the hydraulic conductivity is 0.014 cm/sec. And a flow rate of 120
cm3/min must be maintained through the soil, determine the following:

a. Head Difference across the specimen. Ans: 34.01 cm

b. Discharge velocity under the test conditon. Ans: 0.019 cm/s
c. Seepacge Velocity of the porosity of soil sample is 0.20. Ans: 0.095 cm/s

5. A cylindrical mold of diameter 7.5 cm contains a 15 cm long of fine sand. When

water flows through the soil under a constant head at a rate of 58 cu.cm/min, the loss of
head between two points 8 cm apart is found to be 12.1 cm. Determine the coefficient of
the permeability cm/sec
Determine the coefficient of the permeability cm/sec (k) Ans: 0.0145 cm/sec

6. For a variable head permeability test, the following are given:

Length of soil specimen ......... 200 mm

Area of soil specimen ............ 1000mm2
Area of stand pipe ................. 40mm2
Head difference at time t = 0 is 500 mm
Head difference at time t = 3 min is 300 mm

A. Compute the hydraulic conductivity of the soil in cm/sec.

𝑐𝑚
ANS: 2.27𝑥10−3 𝑠
B. Compute the seepage velocity if the porosity of sol! = 0.25.
𝑐𝑚
ANS: 9.08𝑥10−3 𝑠
C. What was the head difference at time t = 100 sec.
ANS: 376.48𝑚𝑚
 Project 3
Group 1
7. For a falling head permeability test, the following are given. Length of specimen is
380 mm, area of specimen = 6.5 cm², hydraulic conductivity of soil specimen is
0.175 cm/min.

A. What should be the area of the stand pipe for the head to drop from 650 cm.
to 300 cm. in 8min? ANS: 0.31 𝑐𝑚
B. Compute the interstitial velocity under the test condition if the soil specimen
𝑐𝑚
has a void ratio of 0.50 in cm/sec. ANS: 0.0081 𝑠𝑒𝑐
C. Compute the head difference at time equal to 6 min. ANS: 364.16𝑐𝑚

8. The permeameter in a permeability test setup involves a cylindrical soil sample

40 mm in diameter and height 200mm. The hydraulic head test was held constant at
300 mm. In a duration of one mine the water collected in the graduate wass
recorded at 1.5 liters. Evaluate the coefficient of permeability of the soil sample in
cm/sec. Ans: 1.33 cm/sec

9. A falling-head hydraulic conductivity test has been conducted on a clay sample

in a permeameter as shown in the figure. The soil sample was 20 mm in diameter
and 90 mm tall. The standpipe had an inside diameter of 6 mm. The water level in
the bath surrounding the sample was 120 mm above the laboratory counter top and
the water level in the standpipe fell from a height of 510 mm to 261 mm above the
counter top in 46 hours and 35 minutes.

a. Compute the hydraulic gradient. Ans: i = 2.77

b. Compute the hydraulic conductivity. Ans: K = 2.95x10^-4 cm/min.
c. Compute the rate of flow of water in the soil. Ans: Q = 2.57x10^-3 cm^3/min.

10. A constant head permeability test uses a permeameter with plezometer attached
to its sides. The graduated cylinder collects 800 cu.cm. of water in 100 seconds. The
diameter of the soil sample is 18 cm. Elevation of the water in the upper piezometer
is 180 cm. and that of the lower piezometer is 116 cm. The piezometer tips are
spaced 20 cm. on center.

a. Compute the hydraulic gradient. Ans: i = 1.07

b. Compute the hydraulic conductivity. Ans: K=0.0294 cm/sec
c. Compute the seepage velocity if the void ratio of the soil sample is 0.56. Ans:
𝑉𝑠 = 0.086 cm/s
 Project 3
Group 1
11. A falling head permeability test was carried out on a 15 cm ling sample of silty
clay. The diameter of the sample and the stand pipe were 9.8 cm and 0.75 cm.
respectively. The water level in the stand pipe was observed to fall from 60 cm to 45 cm
in 12 minutes.
a. Coefficient of permeability of soil in m/day. Ans: k = 0.03 m/day
b. Height of water level in the standpipe after another 20 min. Ans: h = 27.87cm
c. Time for the water level to drop to 10 cm. Ans: t = 3766.45 = 1h 2min 46”

12. From the following figures:

D 4 Inches
𝐻1 0.2 ft
𝐾1 0.0038 ft/min
h = 1.25 ft
D = 1.5 inches
𝐻2 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝐾2 = 0.00075
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻 = 𝐻1 + 𝐻2 = 0.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
a. Total discharge. Ans: 𝑞 = 3.237 × 10−4 𝑚𝑖𝑛
b. Equivalent value of 𝐾𝑟 for both annular and inner ring. Ans: 𝐾𝑟 = 1.484 ×
𝑓𝑡
10−3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
c. Volume which perculate after 30 min in 𝑐𝑚3 . Ans: 𝑉 = 274.94 𝑐𝑚3
 Project 3
Group 1

PERMBEABILITY SOLUTIONS & ANSWERS

1. For a constant laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following data are
given:

Length of specimen = 16 cm.

Diameter of specimen = 9.6 cm.
Constant Head difference = 50 cm.
Volume of water collected in 4 min... 420 cc
Void ratio of the soil specimen =0.55

a. Determine the coefficient of permeability k of the soil in cm/sec.

𝑄𝐿 420(16)
𝐾= =𝜋 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟕(𝟏𝟎)−𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝐴ℎ𝑡 2
(9.6) × 50 × 4(60)
4

b. Determine the discharge velocity in cm/sec.

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖
50
𝑖= = 3.125
16
𝑉 = 7.737(10)−3 × 3.125 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

c. Determine the seepage velocity in cm/sec.

V
Vs =
𝑛
𝑒 0.55
𝑛= = = 0.355
1+𝑒 1.55

0.024
Vs = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
0.355
 Project 3
Group 1

2. For a constant laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following data are
given:

Length of specimen = 300 mm.

Diameter of specimen = 200 mm.
Head difference = 400 mm.
Volume of water collected in 4 min = 420 cm3
Void ratio of the soil specimen = 0.55

a. Determine the coefficient of permeability k of the soil in cm/sec.

𝑄𝐿 420 𝑐𝑚3 (30 𝑐𝑚)

𝐾 = =
𝐴ℎ𝑡 314.16 𝑐𝑚2 (40 𝑐𝑚)(240 𝑠)
Ans: 4.178 x 10-3 cm/sec

b. Determine the discharge velocity in cm/sec.

𝑄 420 𝑐𝑚3
= 𝑉𝐴 ; = 314.16 𝑉
𝑡 240 𝑠
Ans: 5.57 x 10-3 cm/sec

c. Determine the seepage velocity in cm/sec.

𝑉 5.57 × 10−3
𝑉𝑠 = =
𝑛 0.55
1 + 0.55
Ans: 15.7 x 10-3 cm/sec

3. A sample if coarse grained soil 50 mm. In diameter and 150mm. Long was tested in
a constant-head apparatus. The soil sample was prepared at a void ration og 1.5. The
total head was kept constant at 300 mm and the total amount of water collected in 4
secs was 50𝑐𝑚3 the test temperature was 22° C.

a. Compute the temperature correction factor

𝑅𝑇 = 2.42 − 0.475 ln(𝑇)
𝑅𝑇 = 2.42 − 0.475 ln(22)
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
b. Compute the Corrected Coefficient of permeability in cm/sec
𝑄 = 𝐾𝑖𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑙
𝑄=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Project 3
Group 1
50
𝑄=
4
𝑐𝑚3
𝑄 = 12.5
𝑠𝑒𝑐

ℎ
𝑖 =
𝐿
30
𝑖 =
15
𝑖 = 2

𝜋
𝐴 = (5)2
4
𝐴 = 19.6 𝑐𝑚2

𝑄 = 𝐾𝑖𝐴
12.5 = 𝐾 (2) (19.6)
𝒄𝒎
𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟗
𝒔𝒆𝒄
c. Compute the interstitial velocity
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖
𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = 0.606
𝑠

𝑉
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑛
𝑒
𝑛 =
1+𝑒

𝑛 = 0.6
𝒄𝒎
𝑽𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄

4. In a constant head permeability test in the laboratory, the following are given:

Length of soil specimen = 25 cm

Cross-sectional area of soil specimen = 105 cm2

If the value of the hydraulic conductivity is 0.014 cm/sec. And a flow rate of 120
cm3/min must be maintained through the soil, determine the following:

a. Head Difference across the specimen.

𝑄𝐿 120(25)
𝐾 = ; 0.014 =
𝐴ℎ𝑡 60(105)ℎ
Ans: 34.01 cm
 Project 3
Group 1

b. Discharge velocity under the test conditon.

𝑄 120
𝑉 = =
𝐴𝑡 60(105)
Ans: 0.019 cm/s

c. Seepage Velocity of the porosity of soil sample is 0.20.

𝑉 0.019
𝑉𝑠 = =
𝑛 0.20
Ans: 0.095 cm/s

5. A cylindrical mold of diameter 7.5 cm contains a 15 cm long of fine sand. When water
flows through the soil under a constant head at a rate of 58 cu.cm/min, the loss of head
between two points 8 cm apart is found to be 12.1 cm. Determine the coefficient of the
permeability cm/sec

𝜎 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴
𝜇
𝐴 = (7.5)2
4

A = 44.18 𝑐𝑚2

ℎ
𝑖 =
𝐿
12.1
𝑖 =
8

I = 1.51

𝜎 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴

58
𝜎 =
60
𝑐𝑐
𝜎 = 0.967
𝑠𝑒𝑐

0.967 = k (1.51)(44.18)

K = 0.0145 cm/sec
 Project 3
Group 1
6. For a variable head permeability test, the following are given:

Length of soil specimen ......... 200 mm

Area of soil specimen ............ 1000mm2
Area of stand pipe ................. 40mm2
Head difference at time t = 0 is 500 mm
Head difference at time t = 3 min is 300 mm

A. Compute the hydraulic conductivity of the soil in cm/sec.

𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝐾= ln ( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
40(200) 500
𝐾= ln ( )
(1000)(3)(60) 300
𝒄𝒎
𝑲 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒔𝒆𝒄

B. Compute the seepage velocity if the porosity of sol! = 0.25.

𝑄 = 𝐾𝑖𝐴
∆ℎ
𝑖 =
𝐿
500 − 300
𝑖 =
200
𝑖 = 1
𝑄 = (2.27𝑥10−3 )(1)(10)
𝑄
𝑉 =
𝐴
0.0227
𝑉 =
10
𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = 2.27𝑥10−3
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑛
𝒄𝒎
𝑽𝒔 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒔𝒆𝒄

C. What was the head difference at time t = 100 sec.

𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝐾= ln ( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
(40)(200) 500
2.27𝑥10−3 = ln ( )
(1000)(100) ℎ2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝒎𝒎
 Project 3
Group 1
7. For a falling head permeability test, the following are given. Length of specimen is
380 mm, area of specimen = 6.5 cm², hydraulic conductivity of soil specimen is 0.175
cm/min.

A. What should be the area of the stand pipe for the head to drop from 650 cm. to
300 cm. in 8min?
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝐾= ln ( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2

𝑎(38) 650
0.175 = ln ( )
6.5(8) 300
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝒄𝒎𝟐

B. Compute the interstitial velocity under the test condition if the soil specimen has
a void ratio of 0.50 in cm/sec.
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖
650 − 300
𝑖= = 9.21
38
𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = (0.175)(9.21) = 1.612
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑛
𝑒
𝑛=
1+𝑒
0.50
𝑛= = 0.33
1 + 0.50
1.612 𝑐𝑚
𝑉= = 4.84
0.333 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒄𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄

C. Compute the head difference at time equal to 6 min.

(0.31)(38) 650
0.175 = ln ( )
6.5(6) ℎ2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎
 Project 3
Group 1
8. The permeameter in a permeability test setup involves a cylindrical soil sample 40
mm in diameter and height 200mm. The hydraulic head test was held constant at 300
mm. In a duration of one mine the water collected in the graduate wass recorded at 1.5
liters. Evaluate the coefficient of permeability of the soil sample in cm/sec.

Solution:
D = 4 cm
h = 30 cm
L = 20 cm
t = 1(60) = 60 sec.
Q = 1.5 liters
Q = 1500 cc
𝑄𝐿
K=
𝐴ℎ𝑡
1500(20)
K = 𝜋(4)2(30)(60)
4
K = 1.33 cm/sec

9. A falling-head hydraulic conductivity test has been conducted on a clay sample in a

permeameter as shown in the figure. The soil sample was 20 mm in diameter and 90
mm tall. The standpipe had an inside diameter of 6 mm. The water level in the bath
surrounding the sample was 120 mm above the laboratory counter top and the water
level in the standpipe fell from a height of 510 mm to 261 mm above the counter top in
46 hours and 35 minutes.

Solution:

a. Compute the hydraulic gradient.

ℎ
𝑖 =𝐿
390−141
𝑖 = 90
I= 2.77

b. Compute the hydraulic conductivity.

𝑎𝐿 ℎ
𝐾 =𝐴𝑡 ln (ℎ1 )
2
𝜋 2
𝑎 =4 6
𝑎 =28.27 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴 =4 202
𝐴 =314.16 𝑚𝑚2
𝑡 =46(60) + 35
𝑡 =27695𝑠
28.27(90) 390
𝐾 =314.16(2795) ln (141)
K=2.95x10^-4 cm/min.
 Project 3
Group 1
c. Compute the rate of flow of water in the soil.
𝑄 =𝐾 𝑖 𝐴
𝜋
𝑄 =2.95𝑥10−4 (2.77) (4 (2)2 )
Q=2.57x10^-3 cm^3/min

10. A constant head permeability test uses a permeameter with plezometer attached to
its sides. The graduated cylinder collects 800 cu.cm. of water in 100 seconds. The
diameter of the soil sample is 18 cm. Elevation of the water in the upper piezometer is
180 cm. and that of the lower piezometer is 116 cm. The piezometer tips are spaced 20
cm. on center.

Solution:

a. Compute the hydraulic gradient.

ℎ
𝑖 =𝐿
180−116
𝑖= 3(20)
i=1.07

b. Compute the hydraulic conductivity.

𝑄=𝐾𝑖𝐴
800 𝑐𝑚3
𝑄 =100 = 8 𝑠
𝜋
𝐴 =4 (18)2
𝐴 =254.5𝑐𝑚2
𝑄 8
𝐾 =𝐴𝑖 = 254.5(1.07)
K=0.0294 cm/s

c. Compute the seepage velocity if the void ratio of the soil sample is 0.56.
𝑄
𝑉 =𝐴
8 𝑐𝑚
𝑉 =254.5 = 0.031 𝑠
𝑒 0.56
𝑛 =1+𝑒 = 1+0.56
𝑛 =0.36
𝑉 0.031
𝑉𝑠 =𝑛 = 0.36
𝑉𝑠 = 0.086 cm/s
 Project 3
Group 1
11. A falling head permeability test was carried out on a 15 cm ling sample of silty
clay. The diameter of the sample and the stand pipe were 9.8 cm and 0.75 cm.
respectively. The water level in the stand pipe was observed to fall from 60 cm to 45 cm
in 12 minutes.

a. Determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil in m/day

b. Determine the height of water in the stand pipe after another 20 minutes.
c. Determine the time for the water level to drop to 10 cm

Solution:
a. Coefficient of permeability of soil in m/day
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝑘= log 𝑒 ( )
𝐴𝑇 ℎ2
𝜋
𝑎= (0.75)2 = 0.442𝑐𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴 = (9.8)2 = 75.43𝑐𝑚2
4
𝐿 = 15𝑐𝑚 ℎ1 = 60𝑐𝑚 ℎ2 = 45𝑐𝑚⬚ 𝑡 = 12 min ⬚
𝑡 = 12(60) = 720 sec ⬚
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝑘= log 𝑒 ( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
0.442(15) 60
𝑘= log 𝑒 ( )
75.43(720) 45
𝑐𝑚
𝑘 = 0.0000351
𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.0000351(3600)(24)
𝑘=
100
𝒎
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚

b. Height of water level in the standpipe after another 20 min

𝑎𝐿 ℎ
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑇 log 𝑒 (ℎ1 )
2
0.442(15) 45
0.0000351 = log 𝑒 ( )
75.43(20)(60) ℎ
45
= 𝑒 0.4792
ℎ
45
= 1.615
ℎ
𝒉 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎
 Project 3
Group 1
c. Time for the water level to drop 10cm
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝑘= log 𝑒 ( )
𝐴𝑇 ℎ2
0.442(15) 45
0.0000351 = log 𝑒 ( )
75.43𝑡 10
45
0.000399835𝑡 = log 𝑒 ( )
10
𝑡 = 3766.45
𝒕 = 𝟏𝒉 𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟔"

12. From the following figures:

D 4 Inches
𝐻1 0.2 ft
𝐾1 0.0038 ft/min
h = 1.25 ft
d = 1.5 inches
𝐻2 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝐾2 = 0.00075
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻 = 𝐻1 + 𝐻2 = 0.5 𝑓𝑡
a. Determine the total flow of water q.
b. Find the equivalent value of 𝐾𝑓 for both annular and inner ring.
c. Determine the volume of water which percolate after 30 min in 𝑐𝑚3

Solution:
𝑓𝑡
𝐾1 = 0.0038 (𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡)
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡
𝐾2 = 0.00075 (𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑)
𝑚𝑖𝑛
a. Total discharge:
For inner ring:
ℎ 1.25
𝑖= = = 2.5
𝐻 0.5
𝜋 1.5 2
𝐴1 = ( ) = 0.01227 𝑓𝑡 2
4 12
𝑓𝑡
𝐾1 = 0.0038
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞1 = 𝐾1 𝑖𝐴1
𝑞1 = 0.0038(2.5)(0.01227)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑞1 = 1.166 × 10−4
𝑚𝑖𝑛
For annular ring:
 Project 3
Group 1
𝐻
𝐾𝑒𝑣 =
𝐻1 𝐻2
𝐾1 + 𝐾2
0.5
𝐾𝑒𝑣 =
0.2 0.3
+
0.0038 0.00075
{−3
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐾𝑒𝑣 = 1.105 × 10
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞 = 𝐾𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝐴2
𝜋 4 2 1.5 2
𝐴2 = [( ) − ( ) ]
4 12 12
𝐴2 = 0.074995 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑞2 = 1.105 × 10−3 (2.5)(0.074995)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑞2 = 2.071 × 10−4
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2
𝑞 = 1.166 × 10−4 + 2.071 × 10−4
𝒇𝒕
𝒒 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏

b. Equivalent value of 𝐾𝑓 for both annular and inner ring

𝑞 = 𝐾𝑖𝑎
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐴 = 0.01227 + 0.074995 = 0.087265
3.237 × 10−4 = 𝐾𝑓 (2.5)(0.087265)
𝒇𝒕
𝑲𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒎𝒊𝒏

c. Volume which perculate after 30 min in 𝑐𝑚3

𝑉 = 𝑞𝑡
𝑉 = 3.237 × 10−4 (30)
𝑉 = 9.711 × 10−3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑽 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟑