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Chapter 1

Basic functions

1.1 Hyperbolic function and their inverses

1.1.1 Hyperbolic function

Definition 1.1.1. The functions of the variable x,

x x 2x
and +e ÿx
and ÿe
ÿx
sh(x) = th ÿ1 1
ch(x)= , sh(x)= , th(x) = ch(x) 2x , coth (x) = , (x 6= 0) th (x)
2 2 th +1 are called
hyperbolic cosine, hyperbolic sine, hyper tangent respectively
bolic, and hyperbolic cotangent.

Properties.

(1) The function ch is even and the functions sh, th, coth odd.

(2) For all x ÿ R, we have the relations

x x
ch(x) + sh(x) = e , ch(x) ÿ sh(x) = e 1 ,

ch2 (x) ÿ sh2 (x) = 1, 1 ÿ th2 (x) = .

coth(x)
(3) For all x, y ÿ R, we have the relations

ch(x+y)=ch(x)ch(y)+sh(x)sh(y),
sh (x + y) = sh (x) ch (y) + sh (x) ch (y), th
(x) + th (y) th (x +.y) = 1 ÿ
th (x) + th ( y)

(4) The functions ch, sh, th are indefinitely differentiable in R, and we have
1
(ch(x))0 = sh(x), (sh(x))0 = ch(x), (th(x))0 ==1ÿth2 (x). ch2 (x)

(5) The function coth is indefinitely differentiable in R ÿ , and we have

1
(coth(x))0 = .
ÿsh2 (x)

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CHAPTER 1. BASIC FUNCTIONS

1.1.2 Reciprocal hyperbolic function

Function x ÿ Argsh
The hyperbolic sine function has a strictly positive derivative on R, so a
bijection of R on its image R. The reciprocal application is called argument sine
hyperbolic and is denoted Argsh,

Argsh: R ÿ R, x 7ÿÿ Argsh(x).

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ R, sh(Argsh(x))=x and Argsh(sh(x))=x.

(2) ÿx ÿ R, Argsh(x) = `n ÿ x 2 +1+x.

(3) The function Argsh is continuous, differentiable on R, and we have

1
(Argsh(x))0 = .
ÿx 2 +1

Function x ÿArgch
The hyperbolic cosine function has a strictly positive derivative on R ÿ +, so

a bijection from R + into [1, +ÿ[. The reciprocal application is called argument
hyperbolic cosine and is denoted Argch.

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ [1, +ÿ[, ch(Argch(x)) = x.

(2) ÿx ÿ [0, +ÿ[, Argch(ch(x)) = x.

2 ÿ1+x.
(2) ÿx ÿ [1, +ÿ[, Argch(x) = `n ÿ x

(3) The function Argch is continuous on [1, +ÿ[, differentiable on ]1, +ÿ[, and we have

1
(Argch(x))0 = .
ÿx 2 ÿ1

Function x ÿArgth
The hyperbolic tangent function has a strictly positive derivative on R, so a

bijection of R on ]ÿ1, 1[. The reciprocal application is called tangent argument

hyperbolic and is denoted Argth.

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ ]ÿ1, 1[, th (Argth (x)) = x.

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CHAPTER 1. BASIC FUNCTIONS

(2) ÿx ÿ R, Argth(th(x)) = x.
1+x
1 (2) ÿx ÿ R +, Argth(x) = `n 2 .
1ÿx

(3) The function Argth is continuous and differentiable on ]ÿ1, 1[, and we have
1
(Argth(x))0 = .
1ÿx 2

Function x ÿArgcth

The hyperbolic cotangent function has a strictly positive derivative on R ÿ ,

bijection of R ÿ on ]ÿÿ, 1[ÿ]1, +ÿ[. The reciprocal map is therefore called a

hyperbolic cotangent argument and is denoted Argcth,

ÿ
Argcth: ]ÿÿ, 1[ ÿ ]1, +ÿ[ ÿ R , x 7ÿÿ Argcth (x).

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ R ÿ , coth(Argcth(x)) = x.

(2) ÿx ÿ ]ÿÿ, 1[ ÿ ]1, +ÿ[, Argcth(cth(x)) = x. x + 1

1 (2) ÿx ÿ ]ÿÿ, 1[ ÿ ]1, +ÿ[, Argcth (x) = `n 2 .

xÿ1

(3) The function Argcth is continuous and differentiable on ]ÿÿ, 1[ ÿ ]1, +ÿ[, and we have
1
(Argcth(x))0 = .
2x _ ÿ1

1.2 Reciprocal circular functions

1.2.1 Function x 7ÿ arcsin x

ÿ ÿ
, so bijection
The sine function is continuous and strictly increasing i ÿ from 2 2 h,
ÿ ÿ
,
h ÿ i in 2[ÿ1, and
1]. The
is reciprocal bijection is called the arcsine function
2 denoted arcsin,

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ [ÿ1, 1], we have sin (arcsin (x)) = x.

ÿ ÿ
, we have arcsin sin (x) = x.
(2) ÿx ÿ h ÿ 2 2 i,
ÿ ÿ
, we have sin (x) = y ÿ x = arcsin (y).
(3) ÿx ÿ h ÿ 2 2 i,
x (4) ÿx ÿ [ÿ1, 1] , we have cos (arcsin x) = ÿ 1 ÿ 2 .

Proposal 1.2.1. The function arcsin is differentiable in ]ÿ1, 1[, and we have
0 1
(arcsin x) = 2
.
ÿ1ÿx

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1.2.2 Function x ÿ arccos x

The cosunis function is continuous and strictly decreasing on ]0, ÿ[, so bi

throwing [0, ÿ] onto [ÿ1, 1]. The reciprocal bijection is called the arccosine function
and is denoted arccos.

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ [ÿ1, 1], we have cos (arccos (x)) = x.

(2) ÿx ÿ [0, ÿ], we have arccos cos (x) = x.

(3) ÿx ÿ [0, ÿ] , we have cos (x) = y ÿ x = arccos (y).

2.
x (4) ÿx ÿ [ÿ1, 1] , we have sin (arccos (x)) = ÿ 1 ÿ

Proposition 1.2.2. The function arccos is differentiable in ]ÿ1, 1[, and we have

0 ÿ1
(arccos x) = .
ÿ1ÿx 2

Function x ÿ arctan x

ÿ ÿ
, so
The arctangent function is continuous and strictly increasing on i ÿ i in R. 2 2 h,
ÿ ÿ
,
a bijection of h ÿ 2 The reciprocal bijection is called the arc function
2 tangent and is denoted arctan,

ÿ ÿ
, x 7ÿÿ arctan(x).
arctan: R ÿ h ÿ 2 2 i,

Properties.

(1) ÿx ÿ R, we have tan (arctan (x)) = x.

ÿ ÿ
, we have arctan tan (x) = x.
(2) ÿx ÿ h ÿ 2 2 i,

(3) The function arctan is differentiable in R, and we have

0 1
(arctan x) = .
1+x 2