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CHAPTER ONE: OSCILLATORY MOTION

ALL FORMULAS
• PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF PERIODIC MOTION
N.os t 1 1
f= T= n.os f=T T=
t f

T= PERIOD( SECOND S) f= Frequency ( Hertz hz)

N.os= number of oscillations t= time taken ( Seconds )
HOOKE’S LAW
F mg F −Kx
F=-kx K= K= x= a=
x x K m

F= Restoring Force ( Newton N)

K = Spring Constant/ Force constant ( N/m )
x= displacement/ extention ( m) m= mass ( kg)
a= acceleration ( m/s2)
g= acceleration due to gravity ( 9.8m/s2)
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION ( SHM )

2π 𝐾 2π 𝑚
ω= ω= 2πf ω=√𝑚 T= T= 2π√ 𝐾
T ω

ω 4π2 m KT2
f= K= m = 4π2
2π T2

ω= angular frequency ( rad/s ) pie π= 3.14

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ENERGY OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

1 2 1 2 1 2
EK = mv P.E = Kx EK= KA
2 2 2

𝐾 𝐾
v= √𝑚 (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) Vmax= √𝑚 . A

Ek= Kinetic energy ( Joule J) P.E= Potential energy ( J)

E= Energy ( J) v= velocity ( m/s) A= Amplitude( m)
Vmax= Maximaum velocity ( m/s)
EQUATIONS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND
REFERENCE CIRCLE

➢ DISPLACEMENT OF S.H.M
2πt
x= Acosωt x= Acos( 2πft) x= Acos T
2πt
y= Asinωt y= Asin( 2πft) y= Asin T

y= equation of motion in Vertical S.H.M

x= Equation of motion in Horizontal S.H.M
➢ Velocity of S.H.M
Vertical a) v= Aωcosωt Horizontal b) v= -Aωsinωt
Maximum c) vmax= Aω
➢ Acceleration of S.H.M
Vertical a) a= Aω2sinωt
Horizontal b) a= –Aω2cosωt Maximum c) amax = Aω2

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SIMPLE PENDULUM
T2 g 4π2 L 𝐿
L= g= T= 2π√𝑔
4π2 T2

L= The Length of pendulum ( m )

CHAPTER TWO: WAVE MOTION

ALL FORMULAS
• STATIONARY WAVES
A) STRINGS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS
2L nv nλ
λn = fn = v= λn×fn L=
n 2L 2

n=1,2,3,4,5,6...............
λ= wavelength in meter L= length in meter
B) STRINGS FIXED AT ONE END
4L nv nλ
λn = fn = v= λn×fn L=
n 4L 4

n=1,3,5,7,9,11...............
• WAVE EQUATION
V v
v= λ×f λ= f= λ
f

v= velocity in m/s λ= wavelength in m f=

frequency in Hertz ( HZ)
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CHAPTER 3: SOUND WAVES

ALL FORMULAS
• Measuring the speed of sound
0.6𝑚/𝑠 v−330m/s
V=330m/s + ( )×T T=
1℃ 0.6m/s ℃

V= velocity in m/s T=Temperature in ℃

• Reflection of sound and echo
vt 2d 2d
𝑑= 𝑣= 𝑡=
2 2t v
d = distance in m t= time in seconds
• Intensity of sound

P P
𝐼=A 𝐼 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
I= intensity of sound in w/m2 P= power in Watt
A= Area in m2
r = radius in m
• Intensity Level
𝐼
β= 10dbLog 𝐼ₒ I= Iₒ×10β/10db
β= intensity level in db Iₒ= 1×10-12w/m2 or 1×10-16w/cm2

• PIPES WITH TWO OPEN ENDS

2L nv nλ
λn = fn = v= λn×fn L=
n 2L 2

n=1,2,3,4,5,6...............

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• PIPES WITH ONE OPEN AND ONE CLOSED END

4L nv nλ
λn = fn = v= λn×fn L=
n 4L 4

n= 1,3,5,7,9......................
• DOPPLER EFFECT
CASE 1: SOURCE MOVING
v
fˋ= f
v∓𝑣𝑠
fˋ= frequency heard by stationary observer ( Hertz HZ)
v= Speed of sound in m/s
vs = source velocity in m/s
f= source frequency in Hz
CASE 2: OBSERVER MOVING
v±vₒ
fₒ =f v
fₒ= frequency heard by an observer moving in hz
vₒ= observer velocity in m/s
CASE 3: OBSERVER AND SOURCE MOVING
v±vₒ
fₒˋ=f v∓vs

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CHAPTER FOUR: REFLECTION OF LIGHT

ALL FORMULAS
• Image Formed by two plane mirrors
360° 360°
n= −1 θ=
θ n+1

n= number of images θ=
the angle of inclination between two mirrors
• Mirror Formula
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= do+ di = f - di = f - do
f do di

R
f= 2 R= 2f

f= Focal length ( m or cm) R= radius of curvature ( m or cm)

do= distance of object/ position of object ( m or cm)
di= distance of image/ position of image ( m or cm)
• Magnification formula
di hi di
M= do = ho do = M di= M×do

hi
hi= M×ho ho= M

M= magnification (has no unit)

hi= Height of image / size of image ( m or cm)
ho= height of object / size of object ( m or cm)

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CHAPTER 5: REFRACTION OF LIGHT

ALL FORMULAS
• LAW OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT
sini sini
μ= sinr sini= μ×sinr sinr = μ

μ= refractive index ( has no unit)

sini= angle of incidence sinr = angle of refraction
• Refractive index and speed of light
c c
𝜇=v 𝑣=μ
v= speed of light in a material( m/s)
c= speed of light in a vacuum or air ( m/s)
c= 3×108m/s
• Critical angle
1 1
𝜇 = sinC 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 𝜇
sinC= critical angle
• Power of lenses
1m 100cm 1m 100cm
P= P= f= f=
f f p p
P= power of lenses / Power of combination ( Dioptre D)
P= P1+ P2 ...... P1= P - P2 P2= P – P1
Power of concave lenses is considered negative ( -D)
Power of convex lenses is considered Positive ( + D)

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CHAPTER SEVEN: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ALL FORMULAS
• MAGNETIC FLUX ( Ø )
Ø= BA, Ø=BAcosθ Ø= NBAcosθ
Ø= magnetic flux ( Tm2 or weber Wb )
B= Magnetic field strength ( Tesla T )
A= area of the loop ( m2 ) θ=
the angle between magnetic field directin and the
direction of the normal to the loop.

• INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)

ɛ V
ɛ = BLv(sinθ) ɛ = BLv I= R I=R

ɛ= Electromotive force/ Voltage ( Volt v)

L= the length of the wire ( m or cm)
v= speed ( m/s)
I= Current ( Ampere A)
R= resistance ( Ohm Ω )

• FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

Δφ
ɛ = -N ɛ = -NA𝜟B/𝜟t
Δt

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CHAPTER 8: ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)

ALL FORMULAS
• CURRENT AND VOLTAGE OF AC
I= Iosinωt I= Iosinθ I= Iosin2πft
I
Io= sinθ V=VOsinωt V=VOsinθ
V
V=VOsin2πft Vo = sinθ

Io = peak or maximum current (Ampere A)

Vo = peak or maximum voltage (Volt v)
ω= angular frequency ( rad/s)
f= frequency ( Hertz HZ)
t= time ( second s)
• Power dissipated by an alternating current
1
P= V2 /R P= I2R P= 2 I2oR P= V2o /2R
Io Vo
Ir.m.s= Io= Ir.m.s×√2 Vr.m.s=
√2 √2
Vo= Vr.m.s×√2

Ir.m.s= Root mean square Current /Main Current(Ampere A)

Vr.m.s= Root mean square Voltage /Main Voltage ( Volt V)

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CHAPTER 10: Modern physics

ALL FORMULAS
• Electron Kinetic Energy and the electron-volt
KE=QV, KE = eV
KE= Kinetic energy ( Joule J) Q=Charge ( Coulomb C)
V= Voltage ( Volt v) e= Number of electrons =1.6×10-19C
• Planck’s equation and photon energy
E E
E=hf f= h h= f
E=energy (Joule J) h= Planck constant = 6.63×10-34Js
f= frequency = (Hertz Hz)

• WORK FUNCTION
v v
Փ = hfₒ fₒ= λₒ λₒ = fₒ
Փ = work function ( Joule J)
λₒ= cut-off wavelength (meter m)
fₒ=cut-off or threshold frequency (Hertz Hz)
v = velocity ( m/s)
• EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION
Ek = hf-Փ

• De Broglie’s equation
h
λ = mv λ= wavelength (meter) m=mass ( kg )

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CHAPTER 11: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

ALL FORMULAS
• Atomic Structure

A
ZX ELEMENT

Z= atomic number or number of protons

A= Atomic Mass or Number of nucleons
N= Neutron number

A= Z+N N=A-Z

• Binding energy
Eb=𝜟mc2
Eb= Binding Energy ( Joule)
c= Speed of light, c=3×108m/s
𝜟m= change in mass or mass defect in kg
• MASS DEFECT
𝜟m=Zmp+(A-Z)mn-mnuc
𝜟m= change in mass or mass defect in kg
Zmp= the total mass of the protons
(A-Z)mn = the total mass of the neutrons

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mnuc = the mass of the nucleus

• HALF-LIFE( T1/2 )
0.693 0.693
T1/2 = λ= N= Nₒe-λt
λ T 1⁄2
T1/2 = Half-life ( second )
λ = decay constant
N= number of remaining radioactive atoms
Nₒ= original number of radioactive atoms
e= the natural number ( e= 2.718) approximately
t= elapsed time ( second)

END

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