DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A Research Seminar Topic Submitted To

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

Submitted by

SYED ABUL FAIZ – 21081A7236

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution Accredited with NAAC A+ & NBA)
PEERANCHERU, HYDERABAD-500086
(Affiliated to JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD)
Hyderabad-500086.

YEAR OF SUBMISSION: 2024– 2025

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

Database Management Systems (DBMS) serve as the backbone of modern information

management, facilitating the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data in an organized and
efficient manner. By providing a structured environment for handling data, DBMS ensures data
integrity, consistency, and security across various applications. Key components of DBMS include
relational, hierarchical, and NoSQL databases, each tailored to address diverse organizational needs.
DBMS has become indispensable in domains such as e-commerce, healthcare, finance, and
telecommunications, enabling real-time data processing and decision-making. However, challenges
like data scalability, security vulnerabilities, and the need for seamless integration with emerging
technologies such as cloud computing and big data analytics persist. Addressing these challenges is
essential to maximize the utility of DBMS and align it with the evolving demands of the digital age.

Keywords: Database Management Systems, Relational Databases, NoSQL, Data Integrity, Scalability,
Security, Big Data, Cloud Computing

I. INTRODUCTION ▪ Enhanced Decision-Making

By organizing and structuring data,
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are tools
DBMS provides reliable and easily
designed to efficiently store, organize, and manage
accessible information for decision-
data, enabling tasks like retrieval, insertion, and
making market analysis, financial
updates in a secure environment. Using models like
planning, and operational strategies.
relational, hierarchical, and NoSQL databases,
DBMS supports industries such as finance,
▪ Personalization
healthcare, and e-commerce by facilitating data
DBMS enables personalized services by
processing and analysis. Modern DBMS offers
storing and analysing customer
features like real-time processing and scalability
preferences. For example, loyalty programs
but faces challenges like ensuring data security and
and targeted marketing campaigns use
integration with emerging technologies. Despite
customer data to tailor offerings..
these challenges, DBMS remains a fundamental
technology for data-driven operations. ▪ Improving Healthcare

In healthcare, DBMS is essential for

maintaining patient records, tracking
II. IMPORTANCE OF DBMS
medical history, and managing data for
research and diagnostics ensuring quick
▪ Automation and Efficiency access to accurate information.
DBMS automates data storage, retrieval,
and management, reducing manual effort ▪ Solving Complex Problems
and minimizing errors. It ensures efficient DBMS handles complex queries and
handling of vast data volumes, which is large- scale data analysis, supporting
crucial in industries like banking, e- applications like scientific research,
commerce, and logistics. weather prediction, and fraud detection,
where vast datasets need to be processed
efficiently.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |1

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

III. KEY STAKEHOLDERS

A. Researchers and Academics:

 Role:
Advance the theoretical foundations and
 Activities:
develop innovative techniques for
o Develop frameworks for data protection
efficient data storage, retrieval, and
and privacy (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
processing.
o Fund national database and e-governance
 Activities:
projects.
o Conduct research on database structures,
o Promote open data and system
query optimization, and emerging
interoperability for innovation and public
technologies like NoSQL and distributed
services.
databases.
D. End Users and Consumers:
o Publish academic papers and contribute to
● Role:
open-source database management tools.
Utilize DBMS-based applications and provide
o Collaborate with industries on cutting-edge feedback to enhance functionality and usability.
DBMS innovations such as cloud databases
and AI-integrated data solutions. ● Activities:
o Use DBMS-enabled systems like banking
B. Technology Companies: apps, e-commerce platforms, and enterprise
 Role: software for daily tasks.
Drive the development, commercialization, o Raise concerns about data privacy, security, and
accessibility.
and widespread adoption of DBMS
o Advocate for transparent practices in
solutions. data storage, management, and usage
 Activities: policies.
o Design and build database products and
E. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and
platforms (e.g., Oracle DB, MySQL,
Advocacy Groups:
MongoDB).
● Role:
o Invest in R&D for scalable, secure, and
high-performance DBMS. Promote ethical data management, inclusivity,
o Offer cloud-based DBMS solutions and and awareness of best practices in database
enterprise-level support for database technologies.
management.
● Activities:
C. Government and Regulators: o Advocate for the responsible use of data to
 Role: address societal challenges such as digital
Establish policies, standards, and inclusion and resource allocation.
regulations to ensure secure and ethical o Collaborate with governments and
use of database technologies organizations to ensure data governance
frameworks align with public interest

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |2

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1 . COMMENCEMENT Additionally, the increasing

TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF DBMS complexity of data-driven business models
has underscored the need for more
DBMS has been recognized as a sophisticated database systems capable of
cornerstone technology across numerous handling massive volumes of structured and
industries, ranging from financial services unstructured data (Han & Kamber, 2006).
(Pervan, 2019; Liu & Wei, 2016; Zeng & Furthermore, the rise of artificial intelligence
Zhang, 2017) to healthcare (Jaiswal & Singh, and machine learning has led to a growing
2018; Gupta & Sharma, 2019; Saran & convergence between DBMS and these
Vassiliadis, 2016) to retail (Ray, Das, & technologies, enhancing the ability to automate
Tripathy, 2020). Studies have shown that data processing and improve data-driven
DBMS technologies offer opportunities to decision-making (Suresh & Kaur, 2018).
improve data storage, retrieval, and
management, as well as enable enhanced This research aims to examine the
decision-making and efficiency (Haug, 2020; evolving role of DBMS within the field of
Codd, 1970; Mistry, Patel, & Patel, 2021). With information systems (IS) and provide insights
the ever-growing importance of big data and into its current and future impact. A
analytics, DBMS technologies have become systematic literature review will serve as a
critical in supporting organizations' digital foundation to guide future research efforts
transformation (Chaudhuri & Dayal, 1997; (Kitchenham, Budgen, & Brereton, 2011;
Hevner & Chatterjee, 2010). Peterson et al., 2015).

The increasing interest in DBMS as a The goals of this review are to:
transformative force in businesses (Hernandez
& Jovanovic, 2016; Vassiliadis, 2018) is Identify the business value and
demonstrated by the significant investments contributions of DBMS in various
being made in the technology. The market for sectors.
database management software has been Analyse the practical implications of
projected to reach $116 billion by 2025, up DBMS technologies in real-world
from $48 billion in 2019 (Gartner, 2021). applications.
However, challenges remain in terms of Explore opportunities for future
scalability, security, and data privacy, and these research in the field of DBMS.
issues have been a central theme in DBMS
research (Kennes & Lang, 2019; Hwang, 2017).
The structure of this paper is as follows.
Several factors have contributed to An overview of related work on DBMS in
the surge in interest in DBMS technologies in Information Systems will be presented. Next,
recent years (Koch, 2020). Advancements in the methodology of the systematic literature
cloud computing have enabled organizations to review will be explained, including the
adopt scalable and cost-effective database limitations of the study. Following that, a
solutions, while innovations in distributed review of the current state of DBMS research,
databases and NoSQL technologies have including reported business value and
catered to the needs of big data applications contributions, will be provided. The paper
(Stonebraker et al., 2007). will conclude with a discussion of the
implications of these findings and a research
agenda for the future.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |3

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

2. TERMINOLOGY AND OVERVIEW itself or by

Formally, a "database" refers to a set of

related data accessed through the use of a
"database management system" (DBMS),
which is an integrated set of computer
software that allows users to interact with one
or more databases and provides access to all of
the data contained in the database (although
restrictions may exist that limit access to
particular data). The DBMS provides various
functions that allow entry, storage and
retrieval of large quantities of information and
provides ways to manage how that
information is organized.

Because of the close relationship between them,

the term "database" is often used casually to
refer to both a database and the DBMS used
to manipulate it.

Outside the world of professional information

technology, the term database is often used to
refer to any collection of related data (such as
a spreadsheet or a card index) as size and
usage requirements typically necessitate use
of a database management system.

Existing DBMSs provide various functions that

allow management of a database and its data
which can be classified into four main
functional groups:

Data definition – Creation,

modification and removal of
definitions that detail how the data is
to be organized.
Update – Insertion, modification, and
deletion of the data itself.[2]
Retrieval – Selecting data according
to specified criteria (e.g., a query, a
position in a hierarchy, or a position
in relation to other data) and
providing that data either directly to
the user, or making it available for
further processing by the database

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |4

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

other applications. The retrieved

data may be made available in a
more or less direct form without
modification, as it is stored in the
database, or in a new form
obtained by altering it or
combining it with existing data
from the database.
Administration – Registering and
monitoring users, enforcing data
security, monitoring
performance, maintaining data
integrity, dealing with
concurrency control, and
recovering information that has
been corrupted by some event
such as an unexpected system
failure.

Database servers are powerful computers

dedicated to running DBMS software and
storing databases. They often use
multiprocessor setups, large memory, and
RAID disks for stability. In high-volume
environments, hardware accelerators
enhance performance. While older DBMSs
used custom kernels, modern systems rely
on standard operating systems for
multitasking and networking.

Since DBMSs comprise a significant

market, computer and storage vendors
often take into account DBMS
requirements in their own development
plans.

Databases and DBMSs can be

categorized according to the database
model(s) that they support (such as
relational or XML), the type(s) of
computer they run on (from a server
cluster to a mobile phone), the query
language(s) used to access the database
(such as SQL or XQuery), and their
internal engineering, which affects
performance, scalability, resilience, and
security.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |5

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

3. HISTORY & BACKGROUND

The history of Database Management 3.2. 1960s:

Systems (DBMS) can be divided into distinct
eras, showcasing its evolution from basic data Hierarchical and Network Models
storage to complex, intelligent systems. Here's
The 1960s marked a shift from manual data
a simplified timeline:
storage to more structured data models as
computers and software systems evolved.

3.1. Pre-1960s: Manual Data Storage Hierarchical Model (IMS by IBM): The
hierarchical model, introduced by IBM with the
Before the advent of computers and formal IMS (Information Management System),
database management systems (DBMS), data represented data in a tree-like structure. In this
was stored manually using paper records, model:
files, or even simple mechanical devices like
punch cards and magnetic tapes. This was the Parent-Child Relationships: Data was
era of manual data management. organized hierarchically, where a parent
record could have multiple child records,
Paper Records: Information was recorded by resembling a tree structure.
hand on paper, which was stored in physical
filing systems. Each file represented a record Use Case: Ideal for hierarchical data like
or data entry. Retrieving or updating data was organizational charts or file systems, where a
slow, prone to human error, and difficult to department (parent) has multiple employees
manage, especially as data volumes grew. (children).

Magnetic Tapes: As technology advanced, Limitations: The model's rigidity limited it to

magnetic tapes were introduced. They provided one-to-many relationships, making it unsuitable
a way to store data in an electronic format, for more complex data scenarios.
allowing for faster data retrieval compared to Network Model (CODASYL): The network
paper records. However, magnetic tapes were model, as developed by the Conference on Data
still quite basic and could only hold sequential Systems Languages (CODASYL), introduced
data, meaning to find a specific record, you more flexibility compared to the hierarchical
had to scan the entire tape, which was model.
inefficient.
Graph-Like Structure: In this model, data was
Data Retrieval: Retrieving specific data from organized into a graph structure, where each
paper or tape records was time-consuming record could have multiple relationships with
and error-prone. The manual nature of the other records. Instead of a strict parent-child
process meant that data could easily be lost, relationship, records could be connected in
misfiled, or corrupted, leading to high levels of many-to-many relationships.
inefficiency.
Use Case: The network model was better for
No Formal DBMS: There were no formal complex relationships, such as those found in
Database Management Systems (DBMS) at this manufacturing, inventory systems, or
time, and the idea of structured data storage and
retrieval was not well developed. Data was telecommunications, where records might need
essentially stored as raw files or records with to be linked to multiple other records.
minimal organization beyond basic indexing.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |6

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Complexity: While more flexible, the network provided

model was also more difficult to manage. The
structure was complex, requiring more
advanced knowledge to navigate and
maintain, which made it harder for users and
administrators to work with efficiently.

3. 3. 1970s:

Relational Model Introduction

In the 1970s, Edgar F. Codd revolutionized data
management with his introduction of the
relational model. This model proposed
organizing data in tables, where rows
represent records and columns represent
attributes.

Codd also introduced relational algebra, a

set of operations for querying and
manipulating data, which formed the basis of
SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |7

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

a standardized language for interacting

with relational databases, enabling users
to query and manipulate data without
worrying about how it was stored,
making database management more
accessible.

SQL was declarative, meaning users

could specify what data to retrieve or
modify without needing to describe the
underlying process. This abstraction
made it easier for non- technical users to
manage data, contributing to SQL’s
widespread adoption as the standard
language for relational databases.

IBM's System R was one of the first

implementations of the relational model,
demonstrating its feasibility. Although
not released commercially, it influenced
the development of future systems.
Oracle, which became the first
commercial RDBMS based on the
relational model, helped establish the
relational database industry.

The relational model’s introduction

marked a significant shift in database
technology, simplifying database design,
improving data integrity, and fostering
the use of normalization to reduce
redundancy. These innovations laid the
foundation for modern database systems,
with the relational model continuing to
shape the landscape today.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |8

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

3.4. 1980s: Rise of Relational DBMS RDBMS technology also evolved to support
more complex **business applications**,
including accounting, inventory management,
In the 1980s, relational database management and customer relationship management
systems (RDBMS) became the dominant (CRM) systems. The ability to handle large
technology in the database world due to their datasets while maintaining data consistency
simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency. The and supporting high-performance queries
relational model, which structured data into made relational databases the preferred choice
tables with rows and columns, provided an for enterprises looking to manage their critical
intuitive way to organize and query data. The business information. The 1980s marked the
introduction of **SQL** as a standardized transition of RDBMS from an academic
query language made these systems easier to concept to a commercial technology that
use, and businesses quickly realized the powered the modern business world.
advantages of managing data in a relational
format over older hierarchical or network
models.

Major technology companies, including

**IBM**, **Oracle**, and **Microsoft**,
released powerful relational database systems
during this period, which played a crucial role
in the rise of RDBMS. **IBM DB2**,
Oracle, and **Microsoft SQL Server**
became key players in the database industry,
offering scalable, reliable systems for
handling large amounts of data. These
systems were not only suitable for academic
and research purposes but also adapted well to
business needs, driving widespread adoption
across industries. 3.5. 1990s:
The focus in the 1980s shifted toward Object-Oriented and Distributed Databases
improving **transaction processing**—
ensuring that database transactions were In the 1990s, the rise of Object-Oriented
handled efficiently, securely, and reliably. DBMS (OODBMS) was a significant step
Concepts like **ACID (Atomicity, forward in database technology. Traditional
Consistency, Isolation, Durability)** became relational databases struggled to handle
crucial for RDBMS, as businesses required complex data types such as multimedia
systems capable of processing multiple (images, audio, video) and large-scale,
transactions simultaneously without unstructured data. OODBMS addressed this
compromising data integrity. This was limitation by incorporating object-oriented
particularly important for financial institutions, programming principles into database design.
retail, and other sectors that needed to manage
In this model, data is stored as objects—
real-time business operations.
much like in object-oriented programming
languages (e.g., C++, Java). These objects
can represent
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET Page |9
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

complex data types with both attributes and

3.6. 2000s: NoSQL and Big Data
methods, making OODBMS ideal for
handling multimedia and other complex data. The emergence of NoSQL databases in the mid-
2000s addressed the need for handling
OODBMS efficiently managed multimedia
unstructured and semi-structured data that
content, supporting real-world entities as
relational databases couldn't manage. NoSQL
objects with properties and behaviours, ideal
systems like MongoDB and Cassandra offer
for graphics, audio, and video. Unlike relational
flexible, schema-less structures, making them
databases, it avoided flat tables.
ideal for storing complex data types like
In the 1990s, distributed databases emerged, JSON and supporting diverse data
storing data across multiple locations, offering requirements in e- commerce, IoT, and social
redundancy, scalability, fault tolerance, and media.
high availability, especially for global
The rise of big data, driven by e-commerce,
businesses expanding operations.
IoT, and social media, accelerated the
The growth of the internet further accelerated adoption of NoSQL databases. These
the need for more complex data management industries generate large volumes of
solutions. As the internet connected more unstructured data that relational databases
users and enabled new forms of can't efficiently process. NoSQL databases
communication, e- commerce, and digital scale horizontally, enabling businesses to
content, the demands on databases grew. handle vast datasets and run real- time
Companies required systems capable of analytics, helping companies make data-
handling large amounts of diverse, often
unstructured data while ensuring that
information could be accessed quickly and
reliably. Object-oriented and distributed
databases emerged as key solutions to address
these evolving challenges, providing the
scalability, flexibility, and power needed to
support the increasingly data-intensive online
world.

driven decisions, personalize experiences, and

improve outcomes.

Integrating NoSQL databases with cloud

services like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud
enhanced scalability and accessibility. Cloud
platforms offered managed services, allowing
businesses to scale storage and processing
dynamically. This combination of horizontal
scaling and cloud elasticity made NoSQL
databases ideal for handling large, growing
datasets without heavy infrastructure
investments.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 10

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

nodes, ensuring transparency and security. This

3.7. 2010s-Present :

AI and Cloud Integration

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
and Machine Learning (ML) with Database
Management Systems (DBMS) has brought
significant advancements, particularly in
predictive analytics and automation. By
incorporating AI algorithms into databases,
businesses can analyze vast amounts of data
and predict trends, customer behaviors, and
operational inefficiencies. ML models within
DBMS help automate decision-making
processes, improving efficiency and accuracy. decentralized model prevents unauthorized
This AI-powered capability enhances data alterations and enhances data integrity,
processing, enabling businesses to gain making it ideal for applications like
actionable insights and streamline operations. cryptocurrency transactions, supply chain
management, and secure digital contracts.
The rise of cloud-based DBMS has
Blockchain technology also offers
revolutionized data storage and management.
immutability, meaning once data is recorded,
Platforms like AWS RDS, Google BigQuery,
it cannot be tampered with, ensuring a high
and Microsoft Azure SQL Database provide
level of trust and reliability.
scalable, fully managed database services in the
cloud. These cloud-based solutions eliminate The combination of AI, cloud computing, and
the need for on-premise infrastructure, blockchain is transforming the way databases
offering easy access to data, real-time are designed, managed, and utilized. With AI
processing, and robust backup and recovery and ML enhancing analytics and automation,
options. Businesses can scale their database cloud-based DBMS providing scalable
systems dynamically based on demand, storage solutions, and blockchain offering
ensuring cost efficiency and seamless secure, decentralized data storage, businesses
performance without worrying about are equipped with cutting-edge tools to handle
hardware limitations. modern data challenges. This integration is
paving the way for more intelligent, efficient,
Blockchain databases are emerging as a new
and secure data management systems that can
solution for decentralized and secure data
support a wide range of industries, from finance
storage. Unlike traditional centralized
and healthcare to e-commerce and beyond.
databases, blockchain databases use a
distributed ledger to store data across multiple These innovations are not only improving
database performance but also enabling
businesses to stay competitive in a data-driven
world. The adoption of AI, cloud, and
blockchain technologies in DBMS is helping
organizations unlock new opportunities,
enhance security, and make more informed,
data-driven decisions, all while maintaining
flexibility and scalability in a rapidly evolving
technological landscape.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 11

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

4 . DATABASE LANGUAGES: 4.2. Data Definition Language (DDL):

Purpose: DDL is used to define and manage the

Database languages are special-purpose structure of database objects such as tables,
languages, which allow one or more of the schemas, views, indexes, and constraints.
following tasks, sometimes distinguished as Key Commands:
sublanguages:
CREATE: Creates a new table or database
object.
▪ Data control language (DCL) – ALTER: Modifies an existing database object.
controls access to data;
▪ Data definition language (DDL) – DROP: Deletes an existing database object.
defines data types such as creating, TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table
altering, or dropping tables and the without removing the table structure.
relationships among them;
▪ Data manipulation language (DML) Example:
– performs tasks such as inserting,
CREATE TABLE Employees (ID INT, Name
updating, or deleting data
VARCHAR(100), Salary DECIMAL);
occurrences;
▪ Data query language (DQL) – ALTER TABLE Employees ADD Department
allows searching for information and VARCHAR(100);
computing derived information.
DROP TABLE Employees;
Here’s an expanded explanation of each type
Usage: DDL is used to create and manage the
of SQL language:
framework that holds and organizes the data
4.1. Data Control Language (DCL): in the database.

Purpose: DCL is used to control access to 4.3. Data Manipulation Language (DML):
data in a database. It manages permissions
Purpose: DML deals with manipulating data in
and security levels for users.
existing tables. It is used to insert, update,
Key Commands: delete, and retrieve data.

GRANT: Provides specified users access Key Commands:

privileges to database objects.
INSERT: Adds new rows of data into a table.
REVOKE: Removes user access privileges
UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table.
from database objects.
DELETE: Removes data from a table.
Example:
Example:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Employees
TO user1; INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary)
VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 50000);
REVOKE INSERT ON Employees FROM
user1; UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 55000
WHERE ID = 1;
Usage: DCL helps define who can view,
modify, or administer the data in the database, DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;
ensuring data security and privacy.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 12

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

4.4. Data Query Language (DQL): XQuery is a standard XML query language
Purpose: DQL is used to query and retrieve implemented by XML database systems, by
data from the database. It allows users to relational databases with XML capability
search for specific information and compute such as Oracle and Db2, and also by in-
derived results. memory XML processors such as Saxon.

Key Command: SQL/XML combines XQuery with SQL.

SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more A database language incorporates several
tables based on specified criteria. features to efficiently manage and manipulate
data. It allows DBMS-specific configuration
Example: and storage engine management, enabling fine-
SELECT Name, Salary FROM Employees tuning of settings like data storage, indexing,
WHERE Department = 'HR'; and performance optimization. For example,
it may allow the selection of different storage
SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees; engines based on specific use cases.
Usage: DQL is mainly used for retrieving and The language also supports advanced
presenting data, allowing users to search for computations to modify query results, such as
specific records, compute aggregates, or filter counting, summing, averaging, sorting,
results based on conditions. grouping, and cross-referencing. These
computations help aggregate data, for example,
These SQL languages together provide the tools
by counting the number of products in a
needed for defining, managing, manipulating,
category or summing total sales for a month,
and querying the data in a relational database
making it easier to derive insights from raw
system.
data.
Database languages are specific to a particular
Additionally, database languages enforce
data model. Notable examples include:
constraints to ensure data integrity.
SQL combines the roles of data definition, Constraints like unique, foreign key, check,
data manipulation, and query in a single and domain constraints prevent invalid or
language. It was one of the first commercial inconsistent data entries. For instance, in an
languages for the relational model, although it automotive database, a constraint could
departs in some respects from the relational enforce that a car model can only have one
model as described by Codd (for example, the engine type, ensuring logical consistency.
rows and columns of a table can be ordered).
Finally, many databases offer an API version of
SQL became a standard of the American the query language, which abstracts SQL
National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, syntax and allows developers to interact with
and of the International Organization for the database using familiar programming
Standardization (ISO) in 1987. The standards languages. This API simplifies tasks such as
have been regularly enhanced since and are query construction, error handling, and data
supported (with varying degrees of management, improving the speed and
conformance) by all mainstream commercial maintainability of applications.
relational DBMSs.

OQL is an object model language standard

(from the Object Data Management Group). It
has influenced the design of some of the
newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB
QL.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 13

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

5 . DATABASE ARCHITECTURE: methods. This ensures that data is stored in a

manner that allows for efficient access,
retrieval, and management, which is essential
Database architecture typically follows a three- for the database's overall performance.
tier structure, which is designed to provide
abstraction and organization of data for One of the primary responsibilities of the
effective management and access. These three internal level is indexing. Indexing improves
levels are: the speed of data retrieval by creating access
paths, such as B-trees or hash indexes, that
make it possible to locate specific records
quickly without scanning the entire table. In
addition to indexing, the internal level also
incorporates data compression techniques to
reduce storage space. Compressing data helps
save on storage costs and speeds up read and
write operations by minimizing the amount of
data that needs to be processed.

Another critical function of the internal level

is managing backup and recovery processes.
It ensures that periodic backups of data are
taken, which can be used to restore the
database in case of a failure or data loss. This
level also takes care of data encryption,
which protects sensitive information from
unauthorized access. By encrypting data
before storing it, the internal level ensures that
even if the storage medium is compromised,
the data remains secure.

Despite its crucial role in managing physical

data storage, the internal level operates behind
the scenes and is not directly interacted with
by users or application programs. The higher
levels of the database architecture, such as the
logical and external levels, provide users with
an abstracted view of the data, ensuring that
INTERNAL LEVEL (PHYSICAL LEVEL): they don't need to understand the complexities
of how data is physically stored. This
The internal level of database architecture is abstraction allows the internal level to focus
the lowest layer that handles the physical on optimizing performance, ensuring security,
storage of data within the database system. It and managing storage efficiency without
is concerned with how data is physically stored disrupting user experience.
on storage devices such as hard drives, SSDs,
or cloud storage. At this level, the system
determines the organization of data, defining
how records are stored in files, whether
sequentially, indexed, or using hash-based

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 12

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

CONCEPTUAL LEVEL (LOGICAL Additionally, the conceptual level plays a

LEVEL):
crucial role in ensuring data consistency across
the entire database. Since the database schema
The conceptual level of database architecture defines the structure and relationships of the
provides an abstract representation of the data, it ensures that data is stored in a manner
database, focusing on the logical structure that adheres to predefined rules and constraints.
rather than physical storage details. It defines For example, it ensures that foreign key
the database schema, which includes the relationships are maintained, so that data
tables, relationships, views, and constraints that integrity is not compromised when records are
describe how data is logically organized. This inserted, updated, or deleted. This logical
level ensures that the database is designed to layer thus provides a structured, reliable view
meet the requirements of the users and of the data, allowing users to query and
applications, offering a unified view of the manipulate data without worrying about its
data that is independent of any hardware or physical organization.
storage specifications. By doing so, it creates
a consistent, cohesive model of the database
that can be understood and accessed EXTERNAL LEVEL (VIEW LEVEL):
regardless of underlying physical changes.

At the conceptual level, the database schema The external level is the topmost layer in the
is created, specifying entities, attributes, and database architecture, primarily focused on how
their relationships. The schema is the data is presented to users. This level is designed
foundation for the DBMS to perform operations to provide a customized view of the data,
such as queries, joins, and integrity checks. making it more relevant and easier to
For example, when a user requests data, the understand for different user roles. For
DBMS will utilize the schema to determine example, a user in the finance department
how to retrieve the required information, may only see financial records, while an HR
ensuring that the relationships between employee may only access employee-related
different tables are respected and that the data data. The external level allows for these
retrieved is logically consistent. The conceptual specialized data views, ensuring that each
level also manages the constraints that user interacts with the database in a way that
enforce rules on the data, such as primary meets their specific needs.
keys, foreign keys, and check constraints,
One of the key features of the external level is
ensuring that only valid and consistent data is
its ability to provide personalized views of
stored.
the data. These views can be tailored to show
One of the main advantages of the conceptual specific subsets of the database, depending on
level is that it abstracts the complexities of the user's role or requirements. For instance, a
physical storage, allowing users and manager may have a broader view that
applications to interact with the database includes summary reports, while an individual
without needing to understand how data is contributor may have access only to their own
stored on disk. For example, users may query data. This customization ensures that users
the database for customer information or can focus on the data that is most relevant to
employee records without being concerned their tasks, improving productivity and user
about whether that data is stored on SSDs, experience.
cloud storage, or another medium. This
separation simplifies the development process
and makes it easier to maintain and update the
system without affecting users’ experience.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 13

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

In addition to customization, the external

6 . DATABASE MODELS
level plays a crucial role in data security. By
controlling access to specific data views, it Database Models define the logical
helps protect sensitive information from structure and organization of data within a
unauthorized users. The external level allows database.
the creation of multiple views that restrict They determine how data is represented,
access to particular data, ensuring that only stored, and manipulated in the system,
those with the necessary permissions can view providing the framework for database design
or modify certain records. This helps and operations. Different database models
organizations meet compliance requirements offer different ways to organize and relate
and maintain confidentiality, without data, and the choice of model depends on
compromising the accessibility of the data for the nature of the data and the requirements
authorized users. of the application.

Another significant aspect of the external

level is that it does not alter the underlying
TYPES OF DATABASE MODELS
database schema or data organization. The
logical and physical structures of the database
INCLUDE :
remain unchanged, allowing the external level  Hierarchical Model:
to function as an abstraction layer. Users
interact with customized views without
affecting the integrity of the data or the
performance of the database. This flexibility
makes the external level crucial for both
security and user-specific data access,
providing an efficient and secure way to
manage database interactions across different
roles and departments.

KEY CONCEPTS IN DATABASE

ARCHITECTURE INCLUDE:

DATA INDEPENDENCE: One of the main

goals of the three-level architecture is data
independence, which allows changes at one In the hierarchical model, data is organized
level (e.g., physical storage) without affecting into a tree-like structure, where each record
other levels (e.g., the way users access data). has a single parent and possibly multiple
children. The relationship between data
PHYSICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE:
entities is represented in a hierarchy,
Changes in physical storage or the internal level
resembling a tree structure with root and leaf
(e.g., changes in indexing) should not affect
nodes. This model follows a strict parent-
the conceptual or external levels.
child relationship, meaning each child node is
LOGICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE: connected to one and only one parent node,
Changes in the conceptual level (e.g., adding but a parent can have multiple child nodes.
or removing attributes in tables) should not
Use Case: This model works well for
affect the external level or user views.
applications that deal with a clear,
defined hierarchy such as
organizational structures, file systems,
or product categories

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 14

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 Network Model:  Relational Model :

The network model is an extension of the The relational model is the most popular and
hierarchical model, allowing for many-to- widely used database model today. It
many relationships between data entities. In organizes data into tables (also called
this model, data is represented as a graph relations), where each table consists of rows
structure where nodes (entities) are (tuples) and columns (attributes). Each table
connected by relationships (edges). Each represents a single entity, and the
entity can have multiple parents and multiple relationships between entities are established
children, providing greater flexibility than using keys.
the hierarchical model. Tables are connected through primary keys
Use Case: This model is ideal for (unique identifiers) and foreign keys
applications that involve complex (attributes that link to primary keys in other
relationships, such as telecommunications or tables).
transportation systems where many-to-many Use Case: Relational databases are used in a
relationships need to be modelled. wide range of applications, from simple
applications like contact management to
complex ones like e-commerce and banking

The relational model allows for efficient

querying and data manipulation, supporting
operations like joins, aggregations, and
complex queries. Its popularity stems from its
simplicity, scalability, and the ability to
handle a variety of data relationships, making
it the most commonly used type of DBMS.

Despite its advantages in representing complex

relationships, the network model is more
complex to implement and maintain compared
to the hierarchical model. It also lacks the ease
of use found in the relational model, which is
why it is less commonly used today.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 15

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 Entity Relationship Model :

 Object-Oriented MODELS : The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is used
to represent data as entities and their
The object-oriented model in database
relationships in a database. Entities are
design represents data as objects, similar to objects such as Employee or Department,
how data is structured in object-oriented each defined by attributes like Employee_ID
programming (OOP). In this model, data and Salary.
attributes (properties) and the methods Relationships between entities, such as
(functions or behaviors) that operate on "works_in," represent how they interact with
that data are bundled together into a single each other. For example, an Employee works
entity called an object. This encapsulation in a Department.
allows complex relationships and
behaviors to be modeled in a way that is
more aligned with real-world systems, ER diagrams visually illustrate this model,
making it easier to handle and manipulate using rectangles for entities, ovals for
attributes, and diamonds for relationships.
complex data structures.
They help in conceptual database design by
The object-oriented model excels in clearly showing how different entities are
storing complex data types like connected and ensuring a logical structure for
multimedia, documents, and images as the database. The diagram shown demonstrates
objects, unlike relational databases that use this with an Employee entity linked to a
tables. This capability makes it ideal for Department through a one-to-many
relationship.
applications such as CAD software,
multimedia tools, and scientific research,
where handling intricate data is essential.
It also supports OOP concepts like
inheritance and polymorphism, enabling
flexible and efficient data management.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 16

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

7 . FEATURES OF DBMS  Concurrency Control:

A DBMS allows multiple users to access and

THE FEATURES OF DATABASE modify the database simultaneously without
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INCLUDE interfering with each other’s work. It uses
techniques like locking, transaction
 Data Integrity: management, and isolation levels to ensure
A DBMS ensures that the data is accurate, that concurrent access does not lead to data
consistent, and reliable. It enforces constraints corruption or inconsistency.
like primary keys, foreign keys, and data
types to maintain data integrity. For instance,
it ensures that no invalid or duplicate data is  Backup and Recovery:
entered, and relationships between tables are DBMS provides mechanisms to back up data
consistent. regularly and recover it in case of failure. It
ensures that data can be restored to its last
consistent state in the event of a system crash,
 Data Security: hardware failure, or other disasters.
A DBMS provides mechanisms to control
access to data, ensuring that only authorized
users can view or modify it. Features like user  Transaction Management:
authentication, role-based access control, and DBMS supports transaction processing, which
encryption are used to protect sensitive ensures that a series of operations (insert,
information from unauthorized access and update, delete) are executed as a single unit.
tampering. The properties of transactions, known as
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability), ensure that the database remains in
 Data Redundancy Control: a valid state, even in cases of system failure.
A DBMS minimizes data redundancy by
organizing data efficiently in tables and
enforcing normalization rules. This reduces  Data Querying and Reporting:
the chances of having duplicate data, which A DBMS provides powerful query languages
can lead to storage inefficiencies and data like SQL (Structured Query Language) to
inconsistencies. retrieve, modify, and manipulate data. It also
 Data Independence: supports reporting tools for generating
summaries, statistics, and other insights from
Data independence refers to the ability to the data stored in the database.
change the database schema at one level
without affecting the other levels. This is
achieved through the separation of the  Data Abstraction:
physical and logical levels of data storage.
There are two types of data independence:
logical data independence (changing the DBMS offers levels of abstraction to simplify
logical schema) and physical data user interaction with the data. The three
independence (changing how data is stored). common levels are:

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 17

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

o Physical Level: Describes how data is

8 . APPLICATIONS OF DBMS
stored.
o Logical Level: Describes what data is
stored and the relationships between
 Banking Systems:
data entities.
o View Level: Defines how data is - Usage: Banks handle vast amounts of
presented to users, often through financial data, such as customer
customized views. accounts, transactions, loans, and credit
card information. A DBMS is used to
store and process this data efficiently.
 Multi-User Support:
- Example: Every time a customer makes
A DBMS is designed to handle multiple users a transaction, such as transferring money or
accessing the system simultaneously. It withdrawing from an ATM, the DBMS
provides mechanisms for handling multiple records and updates the account balance. It
user sessions, managing user queries, and also ensures data security by maintaining
ensuring data consistency across different users' access controls and encryption to prevent
transactions. unauthorized access.

 Airline Reservation Systems:

 Centralized Control: - Usage: Airlines need to manage a large

number of bookings, flight schedules,
A DBMS provides centralized control over
customer information, and seat availability. A
the database, enabling administrators to
DBMS allows the airline to store and access
manage and monitor the data environment.
this information in real-time, ensuring that
This includes tasks such as database
users can book flights seamlessly.
maintenance, performance tuning, and
troubleshooting, all from a single control -Example: When a customer books a flight,
point. the DBMS updates the seat availability in
real- time, ensuring no overbooking. It also
stores passenger details and booking history,
 Scalability and Flexibility: helping airlines with customer service and
future bookings.
DBMS systems are designed to scale with
increasing data volumes and user loads. They  Telecommunication Systems:
can handle both small databases and large,
- Usage: Telecommunication companies
enterprise-level systems. DBMSs also support
handle millions of customer records, call
flexible data models (e.g., relational, object-
data, billing details, and network
oriented, NoSQL) to suit various application
performance metrics. A DBMS helps store,
needs.
process, and analyse this data for efficient
These features make DBMSs essential for customer service and billing.
managing large amounts of data in a
- Example: When you make a call or send a
structured, efficient, and secure manner across
message, the DBMS records the time,
many industries.
duration, and cost of the communication. It
also manages subscriber details, network
usage, and billing history for monthly bills
and services.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 18

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 Healthcare Systems:

 Inventory Management: - Usage: In healthcare, DBMS manages

patient records, medical histories, treatments,
- Usage: Businesses use DBMS to track
prescriptions, and appointments. This enables
stock levels, sales, order placements, and
healthcare professionals to access accurate
supply chain management. This helps
and timely information for diagnosis and
them keep track of inventory in real-time,
treatment.
reduce stockouts, and optimize
procurement. - Example: In a hospital, a DBMS stores
patient details, test results, doctors' notes, and
- Example: Retailers use DBMS to
treatment plans. When a patient visits, the
monitor product availability in stores. When
doctor can quickly access the patient’s
a product is sold, the system automatically
medical history, leading to more accurate
updates the stock, and if the stock is low, it
diagnoses and better care. It also supports
triggers a restocking process, ensuring that
billing and insurance processing.
the business never runs out of popular items.
 Educational Institutions:
 E-Commerce Platforms:
- Usage: Schools and universities use
-Usage: Online retailers need to manage
DBMS to store and manage student records,
product listings, customer data, transactions,
grades, courses, and attendance. This helps
and order fulfillment. A DBMS is used to
institutions run efficiently and ensures
keep track of these components efficiently
students’ data is secure and easily accessible.
and ensure the seamless operation of online
stores. - Example: In a university, the DBMS
stores student information (admissions,
- Example: In an e-commerce website like
grades, course registration), faculty data
Amazon, the DBMS stores product
(courses taught, schedules), and academic
information (prices, descriptions, images),
performance. When a student enrolls in a
customer data (personal details, purchase
course, the system updates their records,
history), and order status (shipped, delivered,
grades, and attendance in real-time.
etc.). It ensures a smooth shopping
experience for customers and helps
businesses make data- driven decisions.
 Social Media Platforms:
 Library Management Systems:
- Usage: Social media platforms store vast
- Usage: Libraries use DBMS to manage amounts of data such as user profiles, posts,
large collections of books, journals, and likes, comments, and interactions. DBMS
other resources. It helps in cataloging and helps manage this data at a scale that
retrieving items quickly, tracking borrowed ensures performance and reliability.
books, and managing library members.
- Example: On platforms like Facebook
- Example: In a library, when a member or Instagram, the DBMS stores user-
borrows a book, the DBMS updates the generated content such as photos, statuses,
inventory and tracks the borrowing date, and comments. It also manages
due date, and any fines. It also helps staff connections between users (friends,
search for books based on title, author, or followers) and their activity (likes, shares),
genre, making the system more efficient. ensuring that everything is presented in
real-time in an efficient manner.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 19

 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

9. DISCUSSION : 10. REFERENCES

This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) "database, n". OED Online. Oxford University
examines DBMS research from 2000 to 2023, Press. June 2023. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
identifying key trends and emerging themes (Subscription required.)
within the field. The review highlights the
evolution from relational databases to IBM Corporation (October 2019). "IBM
NoSQL, NewSQL, and distributed Information Management System (IMS) 13
databases. It also addresses challenges like Transaction and Database Servers delivers
performance optimization, data security, high performance and low total cost of
and integrating DBMS with big data and ownership". Retrieved Feb 20, 2024.
cloud environments. By analyzing 1,500
Date, C. J. (2023). An Introduction to
studies, with 120 selected for deeper analysis,
Database Systems (8th ed.). Pearson.
the review demonstrates a clear shift in focus
ISBN 978-0321197849.
towards scalability, real-time applications, and
cloud solutions. Halder, Raju; Cortesi, Agostino (2017). "Abstract
Interpretation of Database Query Languages"
The review uncovers inconsistencies in DBMS
(PDF). Computer Languages, Systems &
definitions, particularly in distinguishing
Structures. 38 (2): 123–157.
relational databases from newer technologies.
doi:10.1016/j.cl.2011.10.004. ISSN 1477-
Early research concentrated on optimizing
8424.
relational databases, while more recent
studies emphasize distributed databases and Hershey, William; Easthope, Carol (1972). A set
cloud- native solutions for handling larger theoretic data structure and retrieval
and more complex data sets. The increasing language. Spring Joint Computer
importance of data security, especially in Conference, May 1972. ACM SIGIR Forum.
cloud environments, is another key finding, as Vol. 7, no. 4.
businesses must comply with global pp. 45–55. doi:10.1145/1095495.1095500.
regulations like GDPR to ensure data
Nelson, Anne Fulcher; Nelson, William Harris
privacy.
Morehead (2021). Building Electronic
Looking ahead, the review identifies several future Commerce: With Web Database
research directions, such as the integration of Constructions. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-
DBMS with emerging technologies like IoT 0201741308.
and AI/ML. It also highlights the need for
North, Ken (10 March 2020). "Sets, Data Models
more energy-efficient database systems to
and Data Independence". Dr. Dobb's.
reduce environmental impacts and explores
Archived from the original on 24 October
ethical issues around data privacy and access
2012.
in multi-tenant cloud systems. Overall, the
review emphasizes the ongoing evolution of Tsitchizris, Dionysios C.; Lochovsky, Fred H.
DBMS research and the need for further (1982). Data Models. Prentice–Hall. ISBN
practical exploration of its theoretical 978-0131964280.
advancements.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE , SCET P a g e | 20