Assignment No.

ICT WORKSHOP

RUSHIK RATHOD
20TDCS122 DEPSTAR CSE
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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Difference between Hardware and Software.

Hardware Software
Hardware is the physical component of the Software can be seen but we can’t actually
computer which is tangible. touch them.

These physical components which make up These programs can govern the computer
the body of the computer. system and process the hardware
components.
Hardware can’t be affected by the computer Software can be affected by the computer
viruses. viruses.

Hardware can’t perform any task without Software can’t be executed without
software. hardware.
It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.

It can’t be transferred from one place to It can be transferred from one place to
another electrically through network. another with the help of network.

If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with If software is damaged, its backup copy can
new one. be reinstalled.

It has four main categories: input device, It is mainly divided into System software,
output devices, storage, and internal Programming software and Application
components. software.
Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Ex: MS Word, Excel, Power Point,
CPU, Hard disk, RAM, ROM etc. Photoshop, MySQL etc.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Explain in detail about the Generation of Computer.

1. FIRST GENERATION :

 1946-1959 is the period of the first generation computer.

 J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented the first successful electronic computer called
ENIAC, ENIAC stands for “Electronic Numeric Integrated And Calculator.
 The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic
valve machine.
 The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the output
was displayed on printouts.
 The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-1).
 Ex. ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650, etc.

2. SECOND GENERATION :

 1959-1965 is the period of second generation computer.

 Second generation computers were based on Transistor instead of vacuum tubes.
 In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.
Additionally, the computing time taken by the second generation computers was also
lesser.
 Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
 Ex. Honeywell 400, IBM-7094, CDC-1604, CDC-3600, UNIVAC-1108, etc.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

3. THIRD GENERATION :

 1965-1971 is the period of third generation computer.

 These computers were based on Integrated circuits.
 IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby in 1958-1959.
 IC was a single component containing number of transistors.

 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the
third generation was smaller.
 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the
computers of the third generation was lesser. Moreover, third generation computer
consumed less power and also generated less heat.
 The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.
 The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial
use.
 Ex. PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370, etc.

4. FOURTH GENERATION :

 1971-1980 is the period of fourth generation computer.

 This technology is based on Microprocessor.
 A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and arithmetic function to be
performed in any program.
 Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to
users.
 By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.

 The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.
 It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.
 The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.
 It became available for the common people as well.
 Ex. IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11, etc.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

5. FIFTH GENERATION :

 The period of the fifth generation in 1980-onwards.

 By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only,
but the fifth generation technology also included software.

 The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.

 Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed
simultaneously.

 Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial
intelligence, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

 The aim of the fifth generation is to make a device which could respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
 This generation is based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology resulting
in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic component.
 Ex. Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, Chromebook, etc.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 What are the advantages and disadvantages of Computer?

 Advantages of a Computer:

 Multitasking
Multitasking is one of the major advantage of computer. Person can perform multiple task,
multiple operation, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform
trillion of instructions per second. For instance, one moment it helps the user to take hard copy
the same time it supports the same user to browse the internet and the same user can play the
game for entertainment.

 Increases productivity

Computers help increase user’s productivity, and users become more productive at everything
that one can do on the software running on the computer with a good understanding. To make it
clear, when a person has work on an Excel worksheet with a basic understanding, one can create,
edit, delete, store, calculation, and print documents and letters. With all pre-existing
technologies, all of these things were either impossible or much slower.

 Speed
Now computer is not just a calculating device. Nowadays computer plays very important role in
human life. One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human
to complete their task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because
of its speed otherwise it takes a long time to perform the task.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Remembrance Capacity
It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget. Centralized database of
storing information is the major advantage that can reduce cost. In computer, we can store any
type and any amount of information and we can retrieve the same information after the several
years because of its storage capability. Therefore, the remembrance capacity of computer is so
high.

 Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with
accuracy. Accuracy means the computers are working with the great perfection and making error
is the rare scenario for them.

 Helps sort, organize, and search through information

A computer system can use its stored information more appropriately as compared to another
device. As it is described earlier that a computer can store thousands of books. The stored books
on the computer can be organized into alphabetized categories, which help users to find
information correctly in less than a minute. If humans try to find certain information manually
from hundreds or thousands of books, it will take much time or months.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Disadvantage of a Computer:
As we know pros come with cons.

 Virus and hacking attacks

Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit
purpose. Virus is being transferred from email attachment, viewing an infected website
advertisement, through removable device like USB etc. once virus is transferred in host computer.
It can infect the files, overwrite the files, etc. To cite an example, huge portion of internet was
going down including Twitter, Netflix, Reddit and CNN in October 2016 because the largest
DDoS attack was launched on service provider DYN using IoT Botnet.

 Online Cyber Crimes

Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit crime. Cyber
stalking and Identity theft are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes. To demonstrate,
one may get the access of the shopping account of a particular company, that person will be able
to know one’s personal details like debit card or credit card number which can be then misused.

 Reduction in employment opportunity

Mainly past generation was not used to with the computer or they do not have the appropriate
knowledge of computer that’s why they have faced many problems when computer came in field.
To make it clear, in the banking sector, senior bank employees are facing big problems operating
computers. Above were the main disadvantage of computer, no IQ, Dependency, No feeling,
Break down are the basic disadvantages of computer.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Short attention span

Today's almost all people have become hooked on instant gratification with computers, computer
devices, and the Internet. It has become a reason to use a computer every day. As a person surfs
the Internet on the computer or computer devices and asks any question, it gives immediate
answers to the questions that become habituated to getting quick dopamine fix. One can get
frustrated easily by not getting answers in a timely manner, or something does not work speedily.

 Improves employment options

If a person has a computer and knows how to use a computer, then one can improve employment
options and also, one can work from home. For example, sometimes it may be a condition for
any organization to allow work from home to their employees. To exemplify, many companies
needed their employees to work from home in the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak. Even during the
crisis, having a computer at home and knowing how to operate a computer, one can earn easily
with adequate skills at home.

 Can limit learning and create a dependency

Computer with an Internet connection can be a perfect place to get information about any topic.
Getting knowledge about anything makes a person dependent on the computer and other
electronic devices. For instance, to find spelling errors, an auto-correct or spell checker is a
perfect tool that offers the benefit of finding mistakes and make the correct spelling of a word.
On the contrary, if a person always depends on the spell checker or auto-correct tools and never
learn the proper spelling of a word, then he/she is more likely to make spelling errors. Also, there
are many other helpful tools available, such as GPS, grammar checkers, and calculators.
However, a person might be helpless when they are not working if he/she is overly dependent on
these tools.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Write in detail about the basic components of computer.

There are five basic components of the computer:

1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Memory Unit
4. Control Unit
5. Arithmetic & Logical Unit

 Input Unit
A computer will only respond when a command is given to the device. These commands can be
given using the input unit or the input devices.

For example: Using a keyboard we can type things on a Notepad and the computer processes the
entered data and then displays the output of the same of the screen.

The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc. We enter the information
using an input device, the processing units convert it into computer understandable languages
and then the final output is received by a human-understandable language.

 Output Unit
When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts back for the action performed and
gives us a result. This result is called output. There are various output devices connected to the
computer. The most basic of which is a monitor. Whatever we write using a keyboard or click
using a mouse, is all displayed on the monitor.

Thus, the output unit gives us the final result once the entire processing is done within the
mechanism of a device.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

For example: when we visit an ATM, we enter our details like language, pin, amount to be
withdrawn, etc. and then the final money which the cash dispenser releases is our outcome. In
this case, the cash dispenser acts as an output unit.

To get a list of computer input and output devices and the function of the various I/O devices,
visit the linked article.

For better understanding and more interactive analysis of the components of computer,
candidates can check the video given below and get detailed information reading the five major
components responsible for the functioning of a computer device.

 Memory Unit
When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, the entered information
immediately gets saved in the memory unit of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Because of the
presence of some existing programming, the Memory Unit transmits the data further to the other
parts of the CPU.

Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by the computer, it is saved in the
memory unit before giving the output to the user.

 Control Unit
This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the computer device. It is one of the
most essential components of the computer system.

The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit, leads it on for processing and
once that is done, receives the output and presents it to the user. It can be said to the centre of all
processing actions taking place inside a computer device.

Basically, the instructions taken, interpretation of entered data, issuing signals to execute the data
and then finally retrieving the data is all done in the Control Unit.

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ICT WORKSHOP RUSHIK RATHOD (20TDCS122)

 Arithmetic & Logical Unit

As the name suggests, all the mathematical calculations or arithmetic operations are performed in
the Arithmetic and Logical Unit of the CPU.

It can also perform actions like a comparison of data and decision-making actions. The ALU
comprises circuits using which addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other numerical
based calculations can be performed.

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