MATHS COMPLETE

HIGHSCHOOL NOTES
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COMPLETE MATHEMATICS NOTES
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS

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 About the book:
Education is a key for a country’s development, but it
becomes a hindrance when it is unequally distributed. This
big problem of disparity in Education system can be solved
through technology. Hence it’s high time we embrace
technology in Education sooner than later.

Teachers will therefore use the book in their laptops to teach

and even give students notes to read online after revision.
The book is divided into two parts:
Part one – paper one
Part two – paper two

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Acknowledgment:
We would like to acknowledge K.L.B for using some
of their examples and illustration. We would also
like to acknowledge K.N.E.C for using their past
papers or revision questions.

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Table of Contents
Format for mathematics paper one------------------------------------------------10
Natural Numbers ----------------------------------------------------------------------11
Factors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Divisibility test -------------------------------------------------------------------------23
G.C.D -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
L.C.M -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Integers-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Fractions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Decimals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
Square and square roots -------------------------------------------------------------63
Algebra and algebraic expressions ------------------------------------------------69
Rates, Ratio, proportion and percentages----------------------------------------79
Length ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
Area ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------98
Volume and capacity -----------------------------------------------------------------113
Mass, weight and density------------------------------------------------------------119
Time ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------124
Linear inequalities ---------------------------------------------------------------------129
Commercial arithmetic ---------------------------------------------------------------140
Co-ordinates and graphs -------------------------------------------------------------150
Angles and Plane Figures-------------------------------------------------------------155
Geometric construction----------------------------------------------------------------167
Scale drawing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------180
Common solids --------------------------------------------------------------------------195
Cubes and cube roots ------------------------------------------------------------------209
Reciprocal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------212
Indices and logarithms-----------------------------------------------------------------216
Gradient and Equation of a straight line-------------------------------------------227
Reflection and congruence-------------------------------------------------------------235
Rotation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------241
Similarity and Enlargement -----------------------------------------------------------245
The Pythagoras theorem ---------------------------------------------------------------256
Trigonometric ratios ---------------------------------------------------------------------259
Area of a triangle ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 267
Area of quadrilateral -------------------------------------------------------------------- 270
Area part of a circle ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 277
Surface area of solids ---------------------------------------------------------------------288

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Volume of solids ---------------------------------------------------------------------------302
Quadratic equations and expressions -------------------------------------------------315
Linear inequality ----------------------------------------------------------------------------322
Linear motion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------333
Statistics 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------342
Angle properties of a circle---------------------------------------------------------------354
Vectors -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------364
Format for paper two -----------------------------------------------------------------------376
Quadratic expressions and equations ------------------------------------------------- 377
Approximation and error----------------------------------------------------------------- 392
Trigometry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------401
Surds -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------420
Further logarithms-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 427
Commercial arithmetic II ------------------------------------------------------------------439
Circles ,chords and Tangents------------------------------------------------------------- 460
Matrices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------489
Binomial expansion--------------------------------------------------------------------------528
Graphical methods---------------------------------------------------------------------------546
Probability -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------567
Vectors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------583
Statistics II--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------623
Three dimensional Geometry------------------------------------------------------------- 642
Longitudes and latitudes -------------------------------------------------------------------665
Linear programming-------------------------------------------------------------------------682
Locus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------694
Calculus: Differentiation, integration and area approximation -------------------707

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 MATHEMATICS (121)
PAPER ONE

ALTERNATIVE A

INTRODUCTION

✓ Questions in this paper will mainly test topics from Form 1 and 2.
✓ The time allocated for this paper is 2 ½ hours
✓ The paper consist of a total of 100 marks
✓ The paper shall consist of two section: : Section 1 and II

Section I
This section will have 50 marks and sixteen (16) compulsory short- answer questions

Section II
This section will have 50 marks and a choice of eight (8) open ended question, for candidates to
answer any five (5).The students should note that any attempted questions in this section will be
marked if they are not cancelled

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 CHAPTER ONE
NATURAL NUMBERS

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a.) Identify, read and write natural numbers in symbols and words;
b.) Round off numbers to the nearest tens, hundreds, thousands, millions and billions;
c.) Classify natural numbers as even, odd or prime;
d.) Solve word problems involving natural numbers.
Content
a.) Place values of numbers
b.) Rounding off numbers to the nearest tens, hundreds, thousands, millions and billions
c.) Odd numbers
d.) Even numbers
e.) Prime numbers
f.) Word problems involving natural numbers

Introduction

Place value
A digit have a different value in a number because of its position in a number. The position of a
digit in a number is called its place value.

Total value
This is the product of the digit and its place value.

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 Example
Number Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thousands Hundred Tens ones
Millions Millions Thousands Thousands
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
345,678,901

7 6 9 3 0 1 8 5 4
769,301,854

9 0 2 3 5 0 4 0 9
902,350,409

A place value chart can be used to identify both place value and total value of a digit in a number.
The place value chart is also used in writing numbers in words.

Example
✓ Three hundred and forty five million, six hundred and seventy eight thousand, nine
hundred and one.
✓ Seven hundred and sixty nine million, Three hundred and one thousand, eight hundred
and fifty four.

Billions
A billion is one thousands million, written as 1, 000, 000,000.There are ten places in a billion.

Example
What is the place value and total value of the digits below?

a.) 47,397,263,402 (place value 7 and 8).

b.) 389,410 ,000,245 ( place 3 and 9)
Solution
a.) The place value for 6 is ten thousands. Its total value is 60,000.
b.) The place value of 3 is hundred billions. Its total value is 300,000,000,000.
Rounding off
When rounding off to the nearest ten, the ones digit determines the ten i.e. if the ones digit is 1,
2, 3, or 4 the nearest ten is the ten number being considered. If the ones digit is 5 or more the
nearest ten is the next ten or rounded up.

Thus 641 to the nearest ten is 640, 3189 to the nearest is 3190.

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When rounding off to the nearest 100, then the last two digits or numbers end with 1 to 49 round
off downwards. Number ending with 50 to 99 are rounded up.

Thus 641 to the nearest hundred is 600, 3189 is 3200.

Example
Rounding off each of the following numbers to the nearest number indicated in the bracket:

a.) 473,678 ( 100)

b.) 524,239 (1000)
c.) 2,499 (10)
Solution
a.) 473,678 is 473,700 to the nearest 100.
b.) 524,239 is 524,000 to the nearest 1000
c.) 2,499 is 2500 to the nearest 10.
Operations on whole Numbers

Addition

Example
Find out:

a.) 98 + 6734 + 348

b.) 6349 + 259 +7954

Solution
Arrange the numbers in vertical forms

98

6734

+ 348

7180

6349

259

+ 79542

86150

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Subtracting

Example
Find: 73469 – 8971

Solution
73469

- 8971
64498

Multiplication
The product is the result of two or more numbers.

Example
Work out: 469 x 63

Solution
469

X 63

1407

+ 28140

29547

Division
When a number is divided by the result is called the quotient. The number being divided is the
divided and the number dividing is the divisor.

Example
Find: 6493 14

Solution
We get 463 and 11 is the remainder

Note:
6493 = (463 x 14) + 11

In general, dividend = quotient x division + remainder.

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Operation Words

sum
plus
Addition added
morethan
increased by

difference
minus
subtractedfrom
Subtraction lessthan
decreasedby
reducedby
deducted from

productof
multiply
Multiplication times
twice
thrice

quotientof
Division
divided by

equalto
Equal resultis
is

Word problem
In working the word problems, the information given must be read and understood well before
attempting the question.

The problem should be broken down into steps and identify each other operations required.

Example
Otego had 3469 bags of maize, each weighing 90 kg. He sold 2654 of them.

a.) How many kilogram of maize was he left with?

b.) If he added 468 more bags of maize, how many bags did he end up with?
Solution
a.) One bag weighs 90 kg.

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 3469 bags weigh 3469 x 90 = 312,210 kg

2654 bags weigh 2654 x 90 = 238,860 kg

Amount of maize left = 312,210 – 238,860

= 73,350 kg.

b.) Number of bags = 815 + 468

=1283
Even Number
A number which can be divided by 2 without a remainder E.g. 0,2,4,6 0 or 8

3600, 7800, 806, 78346

Odd Number
Any number that when divided by 2 gives a remainder. E.g. 471,123, 1197,7129.The numbers ends
with the following digits 1, 3, 5,7 or 9.

Prime Number
A prime number is a number that has only two factors one and the number itself.

For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19.

Note:
i.) 1 is not a prime number.
ii.) 2 is the only even number which is a prime number.
End of topic

Did you understand everything?

If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand
before going to sleep!
Past KCSE Questions on the topic
1.) Write 27707807 in words
2.) All prime numbers less than ten are arranged in descending order to form a number
a.) Write down the number formed
b.) What is the total value of the second digit?
c.) Write the number formed in words.

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 CHAPTER TWO
FACTORS

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a.) Express composite numbers in factor form;

b.) Express composite numbers as product of prime factors;
c.) Express factors in power form.
Content
a.) Factors of composite numbers.
b.) Prime factors.
c.) Factors in power form

Introduction

Definition
A factor is a number that divides another number without a remainder.

Number Factors

1,2,3,4,6,12
12

1,2,4,8,16
16

1 ,3,13,39
39

A natural number with only two factors, one and itself is a prime number. Or any number that
only can be divided by 1 and itself. Prime numbers have exactly 2 different factors.

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Prime Numbers up to 100.

2 3 5 7 11

13 17 19 23 29

31 37 41 43 47

53 59 61 67 71

73 79 83 89 97

Composite numbers
Any number that has more factors than just itself and 1.They can be said to be natural number
other than 1 which are not prime numbers.They can be expressed as a product of two or more
prime factors.

9=3x3

12 = 2 x 2 x 3

105 = 3 x 5 x 7

The same number can be repeated several times in some situations.

32 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 =

72 =2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 =

To express a number in terms of prime factors ,it is best to take the numbers from the smallest
and divide by each of them as many times as possible before going to the next.

Example
Express the following numbers in terms of their prime factors

a.) 300
b.) 196

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Solution
a.)
2 300
2 150
3 75
5 25

5 5
1
300 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 5

b.)

2 196
2 98
7 49
7 7

196 = 2 x 2 x 7 x 7

Exceptions
The numbers 1 and 0 are neither prime nor composite. 1 cannot be prime or composite because
it only has one factor, itself. 0 is neither a prime nor a composite number because it has infinite
factors. All other numbers, whether prime or composite, have a set number of factors. 0 does not
follow the rules.

End of topic

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If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand
before going to sleep!

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Past KCSE Questions on the topic
1.) Express the numbers 1470 and 7056, each as a product of its prime factors.
Hence evaluate: 14702

7056

Leaving the answer in prime factor form

2.) All prime numbers less than ten are arranged in descending order to form a number
(a) Write down the number formed

(b) What is the total value of the second digit?

CHAPTER THREE
DIVISIBILITY TEST
DDDBUSINEJJGJS
Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

The learner should be able to test the divisibility of numbers by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

48

Content
Divisibility test of numbers by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11

Introduction
Divisibility test makes computation on numbers easier. The following is a table for divisibility
test.

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Divisibility Tests Example

A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 168 is divisible by 2 since the last
6 or 8. digit is 8.

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits 168 is divisible by 3 since the sum of
is divisible by 3. the digits is 15 (1+6+8=15), and 15 is
divisible by 3.

A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by 316 is divisible by 4 since 16 is

the last two digits is divisible by 4. divisible by 4.

A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is either 195 is divisible by 5 since the last
0 or 5. digit is 5.

A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 168 is divisible by 6 since it is

AND it is divisible by 3. divisible by 2 AND it is divisible by
3.

A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by 7,120 is divisible by 8 since 120 is

the last three digits is divisible by 8. divisible by 8.

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits 549 is divisible by 9 since the sum of
is divisible by 9. the digits is 18 (5+4+9=18), and 18 is
divisible by 9.

A number is divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0. 1,470 is divisible by 10 since the last
digit is 0.

A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of its digits 8,260,439 sum of 8 +6 +4 +9 =27:

in the odd positons like 1st ,3rd ,5th ,7th 2 + 0 +3 = 5 ;
Positions, and the sum of its digits in the even 27 – 5 = 22 which is a multiple of 11
position like 2nd , 4th ,6th ,8th positions are equal or
differ by 11,or by a multiple of 11

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 End of topic

Did you understand everything?

If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand
before going to sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on the topic

CHAPTER FOUR

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a.) Find the GCD/HCF of a set of numbers.

b.) Apply GCD to real life situations.
Content
a.) GCD of a set of numbers
b.) Application of GCD/HCF to real life situations

Introduction
A Greatest Common Divisor is the largest number that is a factor of two or more numbers.

When looking for the Greatest Common Factor, you are only looking for the COMMON factors
contained in both numbers. To find the G.C.D of two or more numbers, you first list the factors
of the given numbers, identify common factors and state the greatest among them.

The G.C.D can also be obtained by first expressing each number as a product of its prime factors.
The factors which are common are determined and their product obtained.

Example
Find the Greatest Common Factor/GCD for 36 and 54 is 18.

Solution
The prime factorization for 36 is 2 x 2 x 3 x 3.

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The prime factorization for 54 is 2 x 3 x 3 x 3.

They both have in common the factors 2, 3, 3 and their product is 18.

That is why the greatest common factor for 36 and 54 is 18.

Example
Find the G.C.D of 72, 96, and 300

Solution
72 96 300
2 36 48 150
2 18 24 75
3 6 8 25

End of topic

Did you understand everything?

If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand
before going to sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on the topic

1.) Find the greatest common divisor of the term. 144x3y2 and 81xy4
b) Hence factorize completely this expression 144x3y2-81xy4 (2 marks)

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 For Complete Notes and Similar
Resources:
Order online at:

www.kenyaeducators.co.ke
or
Contact:

Mr Machuki – 0724333200
[email protected]
KENYA EDUCATORS CONSULTANCY

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Tel 0724333200 E-mail [email protected]. ORDER COMPLETE NOTES & SIMILAR RESOURCES AT
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