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KINETIC THEORY
[Document subtitle]

CLASS: - 11TH
PHYSICS
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 Chapter – 13
Kinetic Theory
• Kinetic theory of gases: - The kinetic theory of gases provides a microscopic explanation
for the macroscopic behaviour of gases. It's based on the premise that gases consist of a
large number of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) that are in constant, random
motion.
Kinetic theory of gases is based on the molecular picture of matter. It correlates
the macroscopic properties (e.g., pressure and temperature) of gases to microscopic
properties (e.g., speed and kinetic energy) of gas molecules.

• Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases

(a) A given amount of gas consists of a very large number of molecules (of the order of
Avogadro's number 1023) and all molecules are identical in all respect. The molecules
are rigid, elastic, spheres identical in all respect for given gas.

(b) The molecules of a gas are in a state of random

motion in all directions with different speeds,
move freely in straight lines following Newton's
first law.

(c) The size of a molecule is much smaller than the

average separation or distance between the molecules. At ordinary pressure and
temperature, the average distance between molecules is about 20 Å whereas size of
a molecule is 2 Å.

(d) There are no intermolecular forces between molecules of gas except during collision.

(e) The collision between molecules among themselves or between molecules and walls
are perfectly elastic (i.e., total momentum and total kinetic energy of molecules are
conserved, however only their velocities will change).

(f) The duration of collision between two molecules is negligible as compared to time
interval of two successive collisions, i.e., collisions are instantaneous.

(g) The density and the distribution of molecules is uniform throughout the gas.

(h) Between two collisions a molecule moves in a straight path with a uniform velocity.
This average distance between two successive collisions is called mean free path.
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• Degree of Freedom: -
The term degree of freedom refers to the number of possible independent ways
in which a system can absorb energy. It can also be defined as the total number of
independent quantities or coordinates required to describe position and configuration of
the system.
e.g.,
(a) Block has one degree of freedom, because it is confined to move in a
straight line and has only one translational degree of freedom.

(b) The projectile has two degrees of freedom because it is

confined to move in a plane and so it has two translational
degrees of freedom.

(c) The sphere has two degrees of freedom one rotational and
another translational. Similarly, a particle free to move in space will
have three translational degrees of freedom.

• Degree of Freedom of Gas Molecules: -

A gas molecule can have the following types of energies: -
1. translational kinetic energy
2. rotational kinetic energy
3. vibrational energy (potential + kinetic)

Mathematically, we can say the number of degrees of freedom of a system is

equal to the total number of coordinates required to specify the positions of the
constituent particles of the system minus the number of independent relations existing
between the particles.

If N = number of particles in the system,

k=number of independent relations between the particles, then the number of
degrees of freedom of the system is
f=3N-k

• Degree of Freedom of Monoatomic Gas

A monoatomic gas molecule (like He) consists of a single atom. It can have
translational motion in any direction in space. Thus, it has 3 translational degrees of
freedom.
f=3 (all translational)
It can also rotate but due to its small moment of inertia, rotational kinetic energy
is neglected. For monoatomic,
 here, N = 1, k = 0,
so, f = 3x1-0 = 3.

• Degree of Freedom of a diatomic and linear polyatomic Gas

The molecules of a diatomic and linear polyatomic gas (like O2, CO, and H2) cannot
only move bodily but also rotate about any one of the three coordinate axes. However,
its moment of inertia about the axis joining two atoms (x-axis) is negligible. Hence, it can
have only rotational degrees of freedom. Thus, a diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of
freedom, for diatomic molecule

N = 2, k = 1
f = 3N – K
f = 3x2 – 1 = 5

if f=5
(3 translational + 2 rotational) at room temperatures
And
If ƒ =7
(3 translational + 2 rotational + 2 vibrational) at high temperatures.

• Degree of Freedom of Non-linear Polyatomic Gas

A non-linear polyatomic molecule (such as NH3) can
rotate about any of three coordinate axes. Hence, it has 6
degrees of freedom 3 translational and 3 rotational. At room
temperatures, a polyatomic gas molecule has vibrational
energy greater than that of a diatomic gas. But at high
enough temperatures it is also significant. So, it has 8 degrees
of freedom 3 rotational, 3 translational and 2 vibrational.

At room temperature (f = 6)
At high temperature (f = 8)
Mean Free Path (λ)
Every gas consists of a large number of molecules undergoing frequent collisions.
These molecules are in a perfectly elastic collision against one another. The zig-zag path
of different lengths is called free path and their mean state of continuous random
motion. They undergo called mean free path.

λ= 𝟏⁄
√𝟐𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝒏
𝑹𝑻
λ=
√𝟐𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝒑

n = number of molecules per unit volume.

d = diameter of molecule
T = temperature (K)
P = pressure of the gas
K = Boltzmann constant
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