‫مقاييس التشتت‬

Dispersion Measurement
Dispersion measures : goal to know the extent of the difference between its

arithmetic mean . the most important Dispersion measures

1.Middle deviation 2.Variance 3.Standard deviation 4.Coefficient of variation
1. Middle deviation:The Middle deviation is calculated from the raw data follows

X Arithmetic mean
X : The different data items
n: Number of data

Example: If the capacity of five health centres is as follows, find the Middle deviation
of the capacity for the following data: 4 , 5 , 2 , 7 , 10
Solution : Law

We find the arithmetic mean. X 

 X
n
= 28 = 5.6 X
5
The following table is Created:
X Deviations Absolute deviations
( X - X ) ( X – 5.6 ) Σ I ( X – 5.6 ) I
4 4 – 5.6 = 1.6 1.6
5 5 – 5.6 = 0.6 0.6
2 2 – 5.6 = 3.6 3.6
7 7 – 5.6 = 4.4 4.4
10 10 – 5.6 = 4.1 4.1
28 11.6

So Average deviation = = 11.6 = 2.3

5
Advantages and disadvantages of the Middle deviation:
One of the advantages of the Middle deviation is that it takes all values into account,
but one of its disadvantages is that it is affected by outliers and is difficult to deal with
mathematically.
2/ Variance : Variance is calculated from raw data and grouped data as follows:
A : Variance from raw data : The variance for the sample is calculated from the
following law :

𝟐 ∑ ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )𝟐
𝐬 =
𝒏−𝟏

X Arithmetic mean
X : Different observations
n: Sample size or number of observations
Example: The following data represents the number of malaria parasites in the field of
a lens with a diameter of 2 mm . Find the variance ?
50 , 40 , 20 , 30 , 70 ,60 , 80 , 10 , 30 , 20 , 10
Solution: Law
∑( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )𝟐
𝐬𝟐 =
𝒏−𝟏

We find the arithmetic mean : X 

 X
n

= 50+40+20+30+70+60+80+10+30+20+10 = 420 = 42 X
11 - 1 10

We find the result of subtracting the arithmetic mean from the data as follows:
50 - 42 = 8
40 - 42 = - 2
20 - 42 = - 22
30 - 42 = - 12
70 - 42 = 28
60 - 42 = 18
80 - 42 = 38
10 - 42 = - 32
30 - 42 = - 12
20 - 42 = - 22
10 - 42 = - 32
We find the square of the result of subtracting the arithmetic mean from the terms as
follows:
64
4
484
144
784
324
1444
1024
144
484
1024
We find the sum of the squares of the arithmetic mean subtracted from the terms as
follows:
64 + 4 + 484 + 144 + 784 + 423 + 1444 + 1024 + 144 + 484 + 1024 = 6023

We find the variance by dividing the square of the mean of the items by the number of
data - 1

𝟐 ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )𝟐
𝐬 = = 6023 = 602.3
𝒏−𝟏
10

The standard deviation can be found by finding the square root of the variance follows

S = √𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟑 = 24.5

B/ Variance of raw data in the populations case is calculated from the follow law

( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )𝟐
=
𝒏
X Arithmetic mean
X : Different observations
n: Sample size or number of observations
Applying the variance in the case of the populations is the same as applying it in the
case of the sample, but the only difference is not subtracting 1 from the denominator
of the equation, and also when taking the square root of the variance, we get the
standard deviation of the populations.

C/ Variance from grouped data: The variance from grouped data can be calculated
from the following law :

𝟐 𝒇 ( 𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
𝐬 =
𝒇
X Arithmetic mean
X : Categories Centers
f : frequencies

Steps to find variance from grouped data:

- Find the arithmetic mean if it is not given in the question.

- Find the Categories centers

- Subtract the arithmetic mean from any Categories center

- Square the result of subtracting the arithmetic mean from any Category center

- We multiply the frequencies by the square of the subtraction of the arithmetic

mean from the Categories centers.

- summing the result of multiplying the frequencies by the square of subtracting

the mean from the Categories centers

- summing the frequencies of the frequency table

- Find the variance by dividing the result of multiplying the frequencies by the

square of subtracting the arithmetic mean from the Categories centers by the

result of summing the frequencies

Example: Find the variance and then the standard deviation of lead concentration in
urine if the arithmetic mean of lead concentration in urine It equals 2.18 for a sample
of 140 children shown in the following frequency table.

Categories (Lead concentration in urine) Frequencies (number of children)

0.0 - 0.4 2
0.4 - 0.8 7
0.8 - 1.2 10
1.2 - 1.6 16
1.6 - 2.0 23
2.0 - 2.4 28
2.4 - 2.8 19
2.8 - 3.2 16
3.2 - 3.6 11
3.6 - 4.0 7
4.0 - 4.4 1
sum 140

Solution :
- We follow the following steps to calculate the variance from the tabulated data:
- We find the arithmetic mean, which is given and equals 2.18
- We find the Categories centers by adding the minimum of the Category + the
maximum limit divided by 2 . This step is shown in the third column in the
solution table
- We subtract the arithmetic mean from each Categories centers as shown in the
fourth column of the solution table
- We square the result of subtracting the arithmetic mean from the Categories
centers as shown in the fifth column of the solution table
- We multiply the frequencies by the square of subtracting the arithmetic mean
from the Categories centers as shown in the sixth column of the solution table
- We add the result of multiplying the frequencies by the result of squared
arithmetic mean - Categories centers
- We find the variance by dividing the result of multiplying the frequencies by the
result of squared arithmetic mean - Categories centers by the result of summing
the frequencies
 The steps are shown in the following table:
Categories Lead Frequencies Categories Arithmetic mean - square the result of subtracting Frequencies in square subtracting
concentration (number of centers Categories centers arithmetic mean from Categories the arithmetic mean from the
in urine children) X X- X centers Categories centers
f ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 𝑓( 𝑥 − 𝑥 )2
0.0 - 0.4 2 0.2 - 1.98 3.9204 7.8408
0.4 - 0.8 7 0.6 - 1.58 2.4964 17.4748
0.8 - 1.2 10 1.0 - 1.18 1.3924 13.924
1.2 - 1.6 16 1.4 - 0.78 0.6084 9.7344
1.6 - 2.0 23 1.8 - 0.38 0.1444 3.3212
2.0 - 2.4 28 2.2 0.02 0.0004 0.0112
2.4 - 2.8 19 2.6 0.42 0.1764 3.3516
2.8 - 3.2 16 3.0 0.82 0.6724 10.7584
3.2 - 3.6 11 3.4 1.22 1.4884 16.3724
3.6 - 4.0 7 3.8 1.62 2.6244 18.3708
4.0 - 4.4 1 4.2 2.02 4.0804 4.0804
140 105.24

𝒇 ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )𝟐
Variance = 𝐬 𝟐 = = 105.24 = 0.75
𝒇
140
Note : to find category center X = minimum + maximum
2
3 . Standard deviation (s) : To find the standard deviation, we find the square root

of the variance :

S = √𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 = 0.86

4. Coefficient of variation (CV) : The coefficient of variation is known as relative

dispersion ) There are several measures to determine the degree of deviation of data
from the average value, and they are called dispersion measures ( . The coefficient of
variation for the sample and the population is calculated as follows:
A. Coefficient of variation for the sample : is calculated as follows:

𝑺
𝐂𝐕 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑿

𝑆 : the standard deviation of the sample

X : the arithmetic mean of the sample

Example : If the mean number of malaria parasites in a sample field of 100 oil lenses
with a diameter of 2.1 mm It equals 35 and the standard deviation It equals 11.6 , find
the coefficient of variation ?

𝑺
Solution : 𝐂𝐕 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑿

𝟏𝟏.𝟔
= 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟓

= 33.14 %

B. Coefficient of variation for the pupations :is calculated as follows :

𝛔
𝐂𝐕 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑿
𝛔 : the standard deviation of the pupations
X : the arithmetic mean of the pupations

Example: Find the coefficient of variation for a population of women who were
vaccinated against tetanus during pregnancy if the arithmetic mean It equals 56 and
the standard deviation It equals 8.5.

𝛔
Solution : 𝐂𝐕 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑿

𝟖.𝟓
= 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟔

= 15.2 %