Lab Record

of

Programming for Problem Solving

(CSN101)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Session 2023-24

Submitted to: - Submitted by: -

Dr. Prabhjot Kaur Name: Divyanshi Chauhan

Assistant Professor Roll No.:
School of Computing Sap ID: 1000024473
DIT University, Dehradun Class/Section: P1

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
DIT UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN
(State Private University through State Legislature Act No. 10 of 2013 of Uttarakhand and approved by UGC)
Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248009, India.

August-December 2024
 INDEX

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 CONDUCTION INSTRUCTOR’s
S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
DATE SIGNATURE
Write a C program to demonstrate the programming
environment in C. Explain each basic entity required
1
to build a program, including the compilation and run
process.
Write the C programs to demonstrate the use of the
following operators:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
2
• Shorthand Assignment
• Unary Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Comma Operator
Write a C program to convert a floating-point number
3
into the corresponding integer and vice versa.
Write a C program to convert degrees Fahrenheit into
4
degrees Celsius.
Write a C program to print the ASCII value of a
5
character.
Write a C program to find the greatest of three
6
numbers using && and if-else-if.
Write a C program to show the use of isalpha(),
7
isdigit(), isprint() and isspace() functions with if.
Write a C program to enter numbers from 1 to 7 and
8 display the corresponding day of the week using a
switch case statement.
Write a C program to calculate the sum of numbers
9
from m to n using a while loop.
Write a C program to display the square and cube of
10
first n natural numbers using the do-while loop.
Write the C programs to print the following patterns
using the for loop:
(i) (ii)
* 1
11
** 12
*** 123
**** 1234
***** 12345
Write the programs to demonstrate the use of break,
12
continue, and goto statements.
Develop a program to calculate the sum of n array
13
elements in C.

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Develop a program to find the largest array element in
14
C.
Develop a program to perform the multiplication of
15
two matrices.
Write the C programs to demonstrate the use of the
following string functions:
16
gets(), puts(), strlen(), strcmp(), strcpy(), strcat(),
strchr(), strstr(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr().
WAP to calculate the Power of a Number using a
17
function.
18 WAP to find the factorial of a number using recursion.
Write a C program to calculate the sum of two
19
numbers using a pointer.
Create a function to swap the values of two variables
20 demonstrating a call-by-value and a call-by-reference
concept.
Write a C program to
 Write a string in a file.
 Print contents in the reverse order of a file.
21
 Compare the contents of two files.
 Convert all characters in the UPPER CASE of
a File.
Write a program to read and display student
22
information using structure.

Experiment-01
Objective: Write a C program to demonstrate the programming environment in C.
Explain each basic entity required to build a program including the compilation and
run process
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Code:
//FIRST C PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();t
/*Printing address of
DIT University*/
printf("DIT University\n");
printf("Mussorie Diversion Road\n");
printf("Makkawala, Dehardun\n");
printf("Uttarakhand\t248009\tINDIA");
getch();
}

Output:

Experiment -02

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Objective: Write the C programs to demonstrate the use of the following operators:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Shorthand Assignment
• Unary Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Comma Operator

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {

//1. Arithmetic Operators

int a = 10, b = 5;

printf("Addition: %d + %d = %d\n", a, b, a + b);

printf("Subtraction: %d - %d = %d\n", a, b, a - b);
printf("Multiplication: %d * %d = %d\n", a, b, a * b);
printf("Division: %d / %d = %d\n", a, b, a / b);
printf("Modulus: %d %% %d = %d\n", a, b, a % b);

//2. Relational Operators

int c = 10, d = 5;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 printf("c == d: %d\n", c == d);
printf("c != d: %d\n", c != d);
printf("c > d: %d\n", c > d);
printf("c < d: %d\n", c < d);
printf("c >= d: %d\n", c >= d);
printf("c <= d: %d\n", c <= d);

//3. Logical Operators

int e = 10, f = 5, g = 0;

// Using logical AND (&&) with if

if (e > f && f > g) {
printf("Both conditions are true: e > f and f > g\n");
}

// Using logical OR (||) with if-else

if (e > f || f < g) {
printf("At least one condition is true: e > f or f < g\n");
} else {
printf("Both conditions are false: e <= f and f >= g\n");
}

// Using logical NOT (!) with if

if (!g) {
printf("g is zero, which is considered false, so !g is true\n");
}

//4.Shorthand Assignment Operators

int h = 10;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 printf("Initial value of h: %d\n", h);
h += 5; // equivalent to h = h + 5
printf("After h += 5: %d\n", h);
h -= 3; // equivalent to h = h - 3
printf("After h -= 3: %d\n", h);
h *= 2; // equivalent to h = h * 2
printf("After h *= 2: %d\n", h);
h /= 4; // equivalent to h = h / 4
printf("After h /= 4: %d\n", h);
h %= 3; // equivalent to h = h % 3
printf("After h %%= 3: %d\n", h);

//5.Unary Operators

int i = 5;
int j = -i;

printf("Initial value of i: %d\n", i);

printf("Negation of i: %d\n", j);
printf("Increment of i: %d\n", ++i); // Pre-increment
printf("Decrement of i: %d\n", --i); // Pre-decrement

//6. Conditional Operator

int k = 15, l = 5;
int max;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 max = (k > l) ? k : l; // Ternary operator
printf("Max of %d and %d is %d\n", k, l, max);

//7. Bitwise Operators

int m = 15; // Binary: 1111

int n = 9; // Binary: 1001

printf("m & n: %d\n", m & n); // Bitwise AND

printf("m | n: %d\n", m | n); // Bitwise OR
printf("m ^ n: %d\n", m ^ n); // Bitwise XOR
printf("~m: %d\n", ~m); // Bitwise NOT
printf("n << 1: %d\n", n << 1); // Bitwise left shift
printf("n >> 1: %d\n", n >> 1); // Bitwise right shift

//8.Comma Operator

int o,p;

o = (p = 3, p + 2); // Comma operator

printf("Value of o: %d\n", o);

printf("Value of o: %d\n", p);

return 0;
}
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-03
Objective: Write a C program to convert a floating-point number into the corresponding
integer and vice versa.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
int choice;
float floatNum;
int intNum;
printf("Choose the conversion:\n");
printf("1. Convert float to int\n");
printf("2. Convert int to float\n");
printf("Enter your choice (1 or 2): ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice) {

case 1:
printf("Enter a floating-point number: ");
scanf("%f", &floatNum);
intNum = (int)floatNum;
printf("Converted integer: %d\n", intNum);
break;

case 2:
printf("Enter an integer number: ");
scanf("%d", &intNum);
floatNum = (float)intNum;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
printf("Converted floating-point number: %.2f\n", floatNum);
break;

default:
printf("Invalid choice!\n");
break;

}
return 0;
}

Output

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 04
Objective: Write a C program to convert degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float elsiusit, elsius;
printf(“Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &elsiusit);
elsius = (elsiusit – 32) *5/9;
printf(“%.2f Fahrenheit is equal to %.2f Celsius\n”, elsiusit, elsius);
return 0;
}
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-05
Objective: Write a C program to print the ASCII value of a character.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

char character;

printf("Enter a character: ");

scanf("%c", &character);

printf("The ASCII value of '%c' is %d\n", character, (int) character);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-06
Objective: Write a C program to find the greatest of three numbers using && and if-else-if

Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter three numbers:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);
if (num1 >= num2 && num1 >= num3) {
printf("The greatest number is: %d\n", num1);
} else if (num2 >= num1 && num2 >= num3) {
printf("The greatest number is: %d\n", num2);
} else {
printf("The greatest number is: %d\n", num3);
}
return 0;
}
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-07
Objective : Write a C program to show the use of isalpha(), isdigit(), isprint() and isspace()
functions with if.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main() {
char ch;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c", &ch);
if (isalpha(ch)) {
printf("The character '%c' is an alphabet.\n", ch);
} else {
printf("The character '%c' is not an alphabet.\n", ch);
}
if (isdigit(ch)) {
printf("The character '%c' is a digit.\n", ch);
} else {
printf("The character '%c' is not a digit.\n", ch);
}
if (isprint(ch)) {
printf("The character '%c' is printable.\n", ch);
} else {
printf("The character '%c' is not printable.\n", ch);
}
if (isspace(ch)) {
printf("The character '%c' is a whitespace character.\n", ch);
} else {
printf("The character '%c' is not a whitespace character.\n", ch);

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-08
Objective : Write a C program to enter numbers from 1 to 7 and display the corresponding
day of the week using a switch case statement.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int day;

printf("Enter a number (1-7): ");

scanf("%d", &day);

switch (day) {

case 1:

printf("Sunday\n");

break;

case 2:

printf("Monday\n");

break;

case 3:

printf("Tuesday\n");

break;

case 4:

printf("Wednesday\n");

break;

case 5:

printf("Thursday\n");

break;

return 0;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
}

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment-09
Objective: Write a C program to calculate the sum of numbers from m to n using a while
loop.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int m, n, sum = 0;

printf("Enter the starting number (m): ");

scanf("%d", &m);

printf("Enter the ending number (n): ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int current = m;

while (current <= n) {

sum += current;

current++;

printf("The sum of numbers from %d to %d is: %d\n", m, n, sum);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 10
Objective: Write a C program to display the square and cube of first n natural numbers using
the do-while loop.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, i = 1;
printf("Enter the value of n: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
do {
int square = i * i;
int cube = i * i * i;
printf("Number: %d, Square: %d, Cube: %d\n", i, square, cube);
i++;
} while (i<= n);
return 0;
}

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 11
Objective: Write the C programs to print the following patterns using the for loop:

(i) (ii)
* 1
** 12
*** 123
**** 1234
***** 12345
Code:

i)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i, j;

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

printf("*");

printf("\n");

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
ii)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i, j, k;

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (j = 1; j <= 5 - i; j++) {

printf(" ");

for (k = 1; k <= i; k++) {

printf("%d", k);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 12
Objective: Write the programs to demonstrate the use of break, continue, and goto
statements.

Code:

//Use Of Break

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 7) {

break;

printf("%d\n", i);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
//Use Of Continue

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

continue;

printf("%d\n", i);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
//Use Of Goto

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i = 1;

printf("Demonstrating goto statement:\n");

while (i <= 10) {

if (i == 5) {

printf("Using goto to skip to the end of the loop at i = %d\n", i);

goto end;

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

end:

printf("\nLoop ended using goto.\n");

return 0;

}
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 13
Objective: Develop a program to calculate the sum of n array elements in C.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int n, i, sum = 0;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);

for (i = 0; i< n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

for (i = 0; i< n; i++) {

sum += arr[i];

printf("The sum of the array elements is: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 14

Objective: Develop a program to find the largest array element in C.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int n, i, largest;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);

for (i = 0; i< n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

largest = arr[0];

for (i = 1; i< n; i++) {

if (arr[i] > largest) {

largest = arr[i];

printf("The largest element in the array is: %d\n", largest);

return 0;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 15
Objective: Develop a program to perform the multiplication of two matrices.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of the first matrix: ");

scanf("%d %d", &r1, &c1);

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of the second matrix: ");

scanf("%d %d", &r2, &c2);

if (c1 != r2) {

printf("Matrix multiplication is not possible!\n");

return 0;

int mat1[r1][c1], mat2[r2][c2], result[r1][c2];

printf("Enter elements of the first matrix:\n");

for (i = 0; i< r1; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < c1; j++) {

scanf("%d", &mat1[i][j]);

printf("Enter elements of the second matrix:\n");

for (i = 0; i< r2; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < c2; j++) {

scanf("%d", &mat2[i][j]);

}
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 }

for (i = 0; i< r1; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < c2; j++) {

result[i][j] = 0;

for (i = 0; i< r1; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < c2; j++) {

for (k = 0; k < c1; k++) {

result[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];

printf("The result of matrix multiplication is:\n");

for (i = 0; i< r1; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < c2; j++) {

printf("%d ", result[i][j]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 16
Objective: Write the C programs to demonstrate the use of the following string functions:
gets(), puts(), strlen(), strcmp(), strcpy(), strcat(), strchr(), strstr(), strrev(), strlwr(), and
strupr().

Code:

i) gets() & ii) puts()

#include<stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main(){

char name[50];

printf("Enter your name: ");

gets(name); //reads string from user

printf("Your name is: ");

puts(name); //displays string

return 0;

Output:

iii) strlen()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char a[20]="Divyanshi";
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 printf("Length of string a = %d \n",strlen(a));

return 0;

}
Output:

iv) strcmp()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str1[50] = "apple";

char str2[50] = "orange";

if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0)

printf("The strings are equal.\n");

else

printf("The strings are not equal.\n");

return 0;

}
Output :

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
v) strcpy()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str1[20] = "Divyanshi Chauhan";

char str2[20];

// copying str1 to str2

strcpy(str2, str1);

puts(str2); // C programming

return 0;

Output:

vi) strcat()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str1[100] = "This is ", str2[] = "lab file of divyanshi chauhan.";

// concatenates str1 and str2

// the resultant string is stored in str1.

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 strcat(str1, str2);

puts(str1);

return 0;

Output:

vii) strchr()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str[] = "Divyanshi Chauhan";

char *ptr = strchr(str, 'y');

if (ptr != NULL) {

printf("'%c' found at position %ld.\n", *ptr, ptr - str);

} else {

printf("'%c' not found.\n", 'o');

return 0;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

viii) strstr()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str1[] = "Lab file of Divyanshi Chauhan";

char str2[] = "Divyanshi";

char *result = strstr(str1, str2);

if (result != NULL) {

printf("Substring found at index %d\n", result - str1);

} else {

printf("Substring not found\n");

return 0;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

ix) strrev()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main() {

char str[50] = "divyanshi";

strrev(str);

printf("Reversed string: %s\n", str);

return 0;

Output:

x) strlwr()

#include<string.h>

int main()

char str[ ] = “DIVYANSHI CHAUHAN”;

// converting the given string into lowercase.

Printf(“%s\n”,strlwr (str));

return 0;

}
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

xi) strupr()

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

char str[ ] = “divyanshi hauhan”;

// converting the given string into uppercase.

Printf(“%s\n”,strupr (str));

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 17
Objective : WAP to calculate the Power of a Number using a function.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int power(int, int);

void main()

int num, pow, res;

printf("Enter any number : ");

scanf("%d", &num);

printf("Enter power of number : ");

scanf("%d", &pow);

res = power(num, pow);

printf("%d's power %d = %d", num, pow, res);

int power(int n, int p)

{ int r = 1;

while (p >= 1)

r = r * n;

p--;

return r;

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 18
Objective : WAP to find the factorial of a number using recursion.

Code:

#include<stdio.h>

int factorial(int n);

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, factorial(n));

return 0;

int factorial(int n) {

if (n>=1)

return n*factorial(n-1);

else

return 1;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 19
Objective: Write a C program to calculate the sum of two numbers using a pointer.

Code :

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int first, second, *p, *q, sum;

printf("Enter two integers to add\n");

scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);

p = &first;

q = &second;

sum = *p + *q;

printf("Sum of the numbers = %d\n", sum);

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 20
Objective : Create a function to swap the values of two variables demonstrating a call-by-
value and a call-by-reference concept.

Code:
i) Call By Value
#include <stdio.h>

void swapByValue(int a, int b) {

int temp = a;

a = b;

b = temp;

printf("Inside swapByValue - a: %d, b: %d\n", a, b);

int main() {

int x = 5, y = 10;

printf("Before swapByValue - x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y);

swapByValue(x, y);

printf("After swapByValue - x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y); // x and y remain unchanged

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
ii) Call By Reference

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void swapByReference(int *a, int *b) {

int temp = *a;

*a = *b;

*b = temp;

printf("Inside swapByReference - a: %d, b: %d\n", *a, *b);

int main() {

int x = 5, y = 10;

printf("Before swapByReference - x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y);

swapByReference(&x, &y);

printf("After swapByReference - x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y); // x and y are swapped

return 0;

Output :

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 21
Objective: Write a C program to

 Write a string in a file.

 Print contents in the reverse order of a file.

 Compare the contents of two files.

 Convert all characters in the UPPER CASE of a File.

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#include <string.h>

#define FILE1 "file1.txt"

#define FILE2 "file2.txt"

// Function to write a string to a file

void writeStringToFile(const char *filename, const char *content) {

FILE *file = fopen(filename, "w");

if (file == NULL) {

perror("Error opening file for writing");

return;

fputs(content, file);

fclose(file);

printf("Successfully wrote to %s\n", filename);

// Function to print the contents of a file normally

void printFileContents(const char *filename) {

FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 if (file == NULL) {

perror("Error opening file");

return;

int ch;

while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF) {

putchar(ch);

putchar('\n');

fclose(file);

// Function to print the contents of a file in reverse order

void printFileInReverse(const char *filename) {

FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");

if (file == NULL) {

perror("Error opening file");

return;

fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);

long fileSize = ftell(file);

printf("File contents in reverse order:\n");

for (long i = fileSize - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

fseek(file, i, SEEK_SET);

putchar(fgetc(file));

putchar('\n');

fclose(file);
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
}

// Function to compare the contents of two files

int compareFiles(const char *file1, const char *file2) {

FILE *f1 = fopen(file1, "r");

FILE *f2 = fopen(file2, "r");

if (f1 == NULL || f2 == NULL) {

perror("Error opening file(s) for comparison");

return -1;

int ch1, ch2;

int areEqual = 1;

while ((ch1 = fgetc(f1)) != EOF && (ch2 = fgetc(f2)) != EOF) {

if (ch1 != ch2) {

areEqual = 0;

break;

if (fgetc(f1) != EOF || fgetc(f2) != EOF) {

areEqual = 0;

fclose(f1);

fclose(f2);

return areEqual;

// Function to convert all characters in a file to uppercase

void convertFileToUpper(const char *filename) {

FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r+");

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 if (file == NULL) {

perror("Error opening file");

return;

int ch;

while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF) {

if (islower(ch)) {

fseek(file, -1, SEEK_CUR); // Move back one position

fputc(toupper(ch), file);

fseek(file, 0, SEEK_CUR); // Move forward to continue reading

fclose(file);

int main() {

// 1. Write a string to a file

const char *content = "Divyanshi Chauhan";

writeStringToFile(FILE1, content);

printf("Content written to %s: %s\n", FILE1, content);

// 2. Print contents in reverse order

printFileInReverse(FILE1);

// 3. Compare contents of two files

writeStringToFile(FILE2, content); // Creating file2 with the same content for testing

int result = compareFiles(FILE1, FILE2);

if (result == 1) {
Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 printf("The files %s and %s are identical.\n", FILE1, FILE2);

} else if (result == 0) {

printf("The files %s and %s are different.\n", FILE1, FILE2);

// 4. Convert all characters to uppercase in file1

convertFileToUpper(FILE1);

printf("File %s after converting to uppercase:\n", FILE1);

printFileContents(FILE1); // Display contents in normal order

return 0;

Output:

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 Experiment – 22

Objective: Write a program to read and display student information using structure.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Student {

char name[50];

int SAPID;

char section[50];

char subject[50];

float marks;

};

int main() {

struct Student student;

// Read student information

printf("Enter name: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]s", student.name);

printf("Enter SAP ID: ");

scanf("%d", &student.SAPID);

printf("Enter Section: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]s", student.section);

printf("Enter subject: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]s", student.subject);

printf("Enter marks: ");

scanf("%f", &student.marks);

// Display student information

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing
 printf("\nStudent Information:\n");

printf("Name: %s\n", student.name);

printf("SAP ID: %d\n", student.SAPID);

printf("Section: %s\n", student.section);

printf("Subject: %s\n", student.subject);

printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student.marks);

return 0;

Output :

Student’s Name: Divyanshi Chauhan SAP ID: 1000024473 B. Tech (1st Semester, Section P1)
School of Computing