DIGESTER

F
Rapid Revision Notes

PD
MODULE - 3

E
PL
M
SA
C
D
G

YOUR GATEWAY TO SUCCESS

GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER

GPAT | NIPER | DRUG INSPECTOR | PHARMACIST
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -4
MULTIFUNCTIONAL EXCIPIENTS

CO-PROCESSED
COMPONENTS CLAIMED BENEFITS
EXCIPIENTS
StarCap1500® Maize Starch, Pregelatinized Starch Better flow and low
compression force.

F
PanExceaTM MCC-89% Hydroxypropyl methyl Enable direct compression
MC200G® cellulose-2%, Crospovidone- 9% with high speed tableting.
Pharmatose DCL40 ß-Lactose- 95%, Lactitol- 5%
® High compressibility,

PD
Low lubricant
sensitivity.
Ludiflash Mannitol-90% , Kollidon CL-SF- Rapidly disintegrating,
5%, Kollicoat SR 30D- 5% mechanically stable
tablets.
Pharmaburst 500TM Mannitol, Sorbitol, crospovidone, Rapidly disintegrating with
silica, aspartame and magnesium superior organoleptic

E
stearate. properties.
Avicel® Ce15 MCC- 85%, Guar- 15% Less grittiness, improved
PL tablet palatability.

DIGESTER -5
COMPRESSIBILITY AND FLOWABILITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS
M

S. NO. MATERIAL % COMPRESSIBILITY FLOWABILITY

1. Celutab 11 Excellent
2. Emcompress 15 Excellent
SA

3. Star X-1500 19 Fair-passable

4. Lactose monohydrate 19 Fair-passable
5. Maize starch 26-27 Poor
6. Dicalcium phosphate 27 Poor
dehydrate (coarse)
7. Magnesium stearate 31 Poor
C

8. Titanium dioxide 34 Very poor

9. Dicalcium phosphate, 41 Very, Very poor
dehydrate (fine)
D

10. Talc 49 Very, Very poor

G

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2
 DIGESTER : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DIGESTER

DIGESTER -21
HLB RANGE OF SOME AMPHIPHILIC AGENTS

S. NO SUBSTANCE HLB VALUE

1. Oleic acid 1
2. Polyoxyethylene sorbitol beeswax derivative 2.0
3. Sorbitan tristearate 2.1

F
4. Glyceryl monostearate 3.8
5 Sorbitan mono-oleate (Span 80) 4.3
6 Diethylene glycol monostearate 4.7

PD
7 Glyceryl monostearate, self-emulsifying (Tegin) 5.5
8 Diethylene glycol monolaurate 6.1
9 Sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20) 8.6
10 Polyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30) 9.5
11 Gelatin (Pharmagel B) 9.8
12 Methyl cellulose 10.5
13 Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether 10.8

E
14 Polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45) 11.1
15 Triethanolamineoleate 12.0
16 Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol 12.8
17
PL
Polyethylene glycol 400 monolaurate 13.1
18 Tragacanth 13.2
19 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate (Tween 80) 15.0
20 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) 16.7
21 Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 35) 16.9
M
22 Sodium oleate 18.0
23 Potassium oleate 20
24. Sodium lauryl sulfate 40
SA

DIGESTER -22
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN O/W AND W/O EMULSION

S.NO. O/W W/O

1. Non greasy and easily removable from More greasy and not washable with
C

the skin Surface water

2. Generally for internal use as bitter Generally for external use like creams
taste of oil an be masked
D

3. Externally applied emulsion e.g. Externally applied emulsion prevent

vanishing cream provide cooling evaporation of moisture from the
effect surface of skin
G

4. Water soluble drug are more quickly Oil soluble drug are more quickly
released from O/W emulsion released from W/O emulsion
5. Show a +ve conductivity test Show a –ve conductivity test
6. Example –Vanishing cream Example – Cold cream

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9
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -27
IMPORTANT NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

NON-IONIC SURFACTANT CHEMICAL NAME

Span 20 Sorbitan monolaurate
Span 40 Sorbitan monopalmitate
Span 60 Sorbitan monostearate

F
Span 80 Sorbitan monooleate
Tween 20 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate

PD
Tween 40 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate
Tween 60 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate
Tween 80 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
MYRJ 45 Polyoxylethylene monostearate
BRIJ 30 Polyethylene lauryl ether
BRIJ 35 Polyoxylethylene lauryl ether

E
PLURONICS Combination of polyoxyethylene and polypropylene
Promulgens D Ceteryl alcohol and ceteareth 20
Promulgens G
PLStearyl alcohol and ceteareth 20

DIGESTER -28
TYPES OF SUSPENSION
M

FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION

Settles as flocs Particles settles as a separately due to low
SA

particle size
Supernatant liquid is clear Supernatant liquid is cloudy
Suspending agent settles down Suspending agent remains suspended for long
rapidly time
Uniform dose distribution, hence Non-uniform dose distribution, hence
pharmaceutically acceptable, but not pharmaceutically unacceptable, but used is in
recommended for parenterals. parenteral preparations.
C

Exhibits plastic or pseudoplastic flow. In low concentration it exhibits Newtonian flow,

where as in high concentration it exhibits
dilatant behavior.
D

DIGESTER -29
G

TYPES OF SUSPENSION BASED ON SIZE OF SOLID PARTICLES

SUSPENSION PARTICLE SIZE

Colloidal suspension < 1 mm
Coarse suspension > 1 mm
Nano suspension 10 nm

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12
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -65
DISINTEGRATION TIME OF DIFFERENT TABLETS

TYPES OF DISINTEGRATION MEDIA DISINTEGRATION TIME (MIN)

TABLET/CAPSULE IP USP
Dispersible tablet Water (24-26C) 3 or less 3 or less
Effervescent tablet Water (250 ml at 20-30C) 5 or less 5 or less

F
Uncoatedtablet Water 15 or less 30 or less
Filmcoatedtablet Water or 0.1 N HCL 30 or less 30 or less
Vaginal tablet Water 30 or less 30 or less

PD
Sugar coated tablet Water 60 or less 60 or less
Enteric coated tablet 0.1 N HCL 120 or less 60 or less
Phosphated buffer 60 or less 120 or less
Hardgelatincapsule Water 15 or less 15 or less
Soft gelatin capsule Water 60 or less 60 or less

DIGESTER -66

E
TYPES OF DISSOLUTION APPARATUS

APPARATUS TYPE IP
PL USP B.P
TYPE I Paddle Apparatus Basket Apparatus Basket Apparatus
TYPE II Basket Apparatus Paddle Apparatus Paddle Apparatus
TYPE III Reciprocating Cylinder Flow Through Cell
TYPE IV Flow Through Cell
M
TYPE V Paddle Over Disc
TYPE VI Rotating Cylinder
TYPE VII Reciprocating Disc
SA

DIGESTER -67
TYPES OF DISSOLUTION APPARATUS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

USP APPARATUS TYPE DRUG FORMULATION TESTED

Apparatus I Rotating Basket Conventional tablet, Chewable tablet,
C

apparatus Controlled release formulation

Apparatus II Rotating Paddle Orally disintegrating tablet, Chewable
apparatus tablet, Capsule, Suspension, Controlled
D

release formulation
Apparatus III Reciprocating Controlled release formulation,
Cylinder apparatus Chewable tablets
G

Apparatus IV Flow Through Cell Poorly soulbe drugs, Powder, granules ,

apparatus Microparticles, Implants
Apparatus V Paddle Over Disc Transdermal patch
apparatus
Apparatus VI Cylinder apparatus Transdermal patch
Apparatus VII Reciprocating disc Controlled release formulation(non-
apparatus disintegrating oral formulation and
transdermal formulation)

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26
 DIGESTER : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DIGESTER

DIGESTER -124
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MATRIX AND RESERVIOR SYSTEM

MATRIX SYSTEM RESERVIOR SYSTEM

Achievement of zero order is difficult Achievement of zero order is easy
Suitable for both degradable and non- Degradable reservoir systems may be
degradable systems difficult to design

F
No danger of dose dumping Rupture can result in dangerous dose
dumping

PD
Not all drugs can be blended with a given Drug inactivation by contact with the
polymeric matrix polymeric matrix can be avoided
Can deliver high mol. Wt. compounds Difficult to deliver high mol. Wt.
compounds

DIGESTER -125

E
RETARDANTS USED IN MATRIX TABLET FORMULATION
PL
S. NO. MATRIX CHARACTERISTICS MATERIAL
1. Insoluble, Inert Polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Methylacrylate-methacrylate copolymer
Ethylcellulose
M
2. Insoluble, Erodible Carnauba wax
Stearyl alcohol
Stearic acid
Polyethylene Glycol
SA

Castor wax
Polyethyleneglycol monostearate
Triglycerides

DIGESTER -126
CLASSIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
C

DRUG DELIVERY
S. No. DEFINITION
STSTEM
D

1. Liposomes Liposomes are small vesicles in bilayer form composed of

phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, but may
G

also include other lipids, such as egg

phosphatidylethanolamine, so long as they are compatible
with lipid bilayer structure.
2. Niosome Niosomes are promising vehicle for drug delivery and
being non-ionic.
Niosome have better stability than liposome.
Their physical properties are similar to liposomes.

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51
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -137
DIFFERENT ACTS AND SECTIONS

Acts Chapters Sections

Pharmacy act 5 46
Drug and Cosmetic Act 5 38
Narcotic Drug and Psychotics Subs. 6 83

F
Drug Price Control Order 32
Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act 9 143

PD
Patent Act 23 163
Factories Act 11 120
Trade and Merchandise Act 11 136
Industries Act 6 31
Medical Termination & Pregnancy Act 8
Insecticide Act 38
Minimum Wages Act 31

E
PLDIGESTER -138
OFFENCES AND PENALTIES OF DIFFERENT ACTS

S.No. Offence First Second

conviction conviction
I Pharmacy Act
M
1. Penalty for falsely claiming to be registered pharmacist 6M /500
2. Dispensing by unregistered persons 6M /1000
3. Falling to surrender certificate of registration 50
SA

II. Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules

A. Manufacture and sale of drugs
1. Any adulterated or spurious drug 5Y/ 10000 10Y /20000
2. Adulterated drug but not containing toxic substances 1-3Y/5000 2-4Y/ 10000
3. Without licence ------,,------- ------,,-------
4. Spurious drugs but not manufactured under the name 3-5Y/ 5000 6-10Y/10000
C

of any other drug

5. Any other contravention of this act 1-2Y /fine 2-4Y/ 5000
6. Not disclosing name of manufacture or place of 3 Y/ 1000
D

manufacture
7. Not keeping records of manufacture or sale of drugs ------,,-------
8. Using report of Government Analyst for advertising drug 500 10 Y
G

B. Manufacture and sale of Cosmetics

1. Any adulterated or spurious cosmetic 3Y
2. Any other contravention of this act 1 Y/ 1000
3. Not disclosing name of manufacture or place of ------,,-------
manufacture

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60
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -145
LIST OF DIFFERENT SCHEDULES OF DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT

SCHEDULE SCHEDULE RELATED WITH THE INFORMATION

A Preforma for the application for getting licenses, issue and renewal of
licenses or sending memoranda under the act.
Preforma for forms no. 1 to 50 (Application, issue, renewal, etc.)

F
B Rate of fee for test or analysis by the Central Drugs Laboratory or the
Government Analyst.
C List of biological and other special products (Injectable) whose import,

PD
sale, distribution and manufacture are governed by special provisions.
Ex. Sera, Vaccines. Penicillin, etc.
C1 List of other special products (non-parenteral) whose import, sale,
distribution and manufacture are governed by special provisions.
Ex. Digitalis, Hormones, Ergot.
D List of drugs that are exempted from the provisions of import.
E1 List of poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani

E
systems of the medicine.
F Part XII B-Requirement for the functioning and operation of blood
PL
bank and/ or for the preparation of blood bank or Provisions applicable to
blood **Licence to operate "Blood Bank" is granted by Drug Licencing
Authority of state
F1 Part-I Provision applicable to the production of bacterial and viral
vaccine.
M
Part-II Provision applicable to the production of all sera from living
animals.
Part- Provision applicable to the manufacture and standardization of
III diagnostic agents (bacterial origin).
SA

F2 Standards for Surgical dressings.

F3 Standards for Sterilized umbilical tapes.
FF Standards for Ophthalmic preparations.
G List of substances that are required to be used only under medical
supervision and which are labelled accordingly.
H List of prescription drugs which are sold by retail and only on
prescription of registered Medical Practitioner.
C

J List of diseases and ailments which a drug may not purport to prevent or
cure Ex. Cancer, AIDS, Cataract, Diabetes, etc.
K List of drugs that are exempted from certain provisions regarding
D

manufacture.
M Requirements of manufacturing premises, GMP requirements of factory
premises, plants and equipments.
G

Part -I GMP for premises and material : Specific requirement for manufacturing of
A Sterile products, parenteral preparations (Small volume injectable
and large volume parenteral) and sterile ophthalmic preparations.
B Oral solid dosage forms (tablets and capsule).
C Oral liquids (Syrup, elixirs, emulsion, suspension).
D Topical (external) products (creams, ointments, pastes, emulsions,
solutions, dusting powders and identical products).
E Metered dose inhalators (MDI).

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66
1. METAL ION COMPLEXES (A) Inorganic types [ Co(N
(B) Chelates
 DIGESTER : PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE DIGESTER

DIGESTER -148
FORMS (1 TO 50) IN D & C ACT AND RULES

For retail & • For drugs other than those specified in schedules c, c(1) and x: 19,
wholesale of 20, 20b, 20bb (sale on motor vehicle), 19a, 20a
drugs • For drugs specified in schedules x: 19c, 20f, 20g
• For homeopathic drugs: 19b, 20c, 20d, 20e
•

F
For drugs specified in schedules c and c(1): 21, 21a, 21b, 21bb (sale
on motor vehicle), 21c, 21cc
For • For blood bank: 27c, 28c, 26g

PD
manufacturing • For large volume parenterals/ sera and vaccine / recombinant DNA
of blood (r-DNA) derived drugs: 27d, 28d, 26h, 27da, 28da, 26j
products • For blood products: 27e, 28e, 26i
• For umbilical cord: 27f, 28f, 26-j
For Drug • 1 (Memorandum to CDL)
Inspector • 1a (Memorandum to PLIM)
• 18 (Memorandum to GA)

E
• 18a (Intimation to person from whom sample is taken)
• 15 (Order to a person not to dispose of stock in his possession)
• 16 (Receipt for stock of object seized)
PL
• 35 (inspection book)
For • For manufacturing of allopathic drugs: 24, 25, 26, 24a, 25a, 26a,
manufacturing • For repacking of drugs: 24b, 25b, 26b
of drugs • For manufacturing of homeopathic drugs: 24c, 25c, 26c
• For manufacturing of ayurvedic/siddha or unani drugs: 24d, 25d, 26d,
M
24e, 25e, 26e, 26e1
• For manufacturing of schedule x drugs: 24f, 25f, 26f
• For manufacturing of schedules c and c (1) drugs: 27, 28, 27a, 28a
SA

• For manufacturing of schedules c, c (1) and x drugs: 27b, 28b

• For manufacturing of drugs for purposes of examination, test or
analysis: 30, 29
• For manufacturing of cosmetics: 31, 32, 33, 31a, 32a, 33a
• For manufacturing of new drug and raw material (new bulk drug): 46,
46a
For import of • For undertaking to accompany import: 9
C

drugs • For import of drugs except schedule x: 8, 10,

• For import of drugs specified in schedule x: 8a, 10a,
• For import drugs for purpose of examination, test or analysis: 12, 11
D

• For import drugs for treatment of patients by a government hospital

or autonomous medical institution: 11a
• For import drugs for personal use: 12a, 12b
G

• For import new drugs for treatment of patients by a government

hospital or autonomous medical institution 12aa,
• For import or manufacture a new drug or to undertake clinical trial: 44
• For import of finished formulation of a new drug: 45
• For import of raw material (new bulk drug substance): 45a
• For import of drugs: 40, 41,
• For import of cosmetics: 42, 43

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DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

211.196 Distribution records

211.198 Complaint files
Subpart K- Returned and salvaged drug product
211.204 Returned drug product
211.208 Drug product salvaging

F
PD
E
PL
M
SA
C
D
G

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DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

4 Slope = Mobility

Rate of Shear 

G
G
f = yield value

Shearing stress  F F

F
5 Equn  Equn  Equn 
F-f F = ’G
N
FN = ’G
U=

PD
G
U = Plastic viscosity N = 1 (Newtonian flow) N<1 = degree of dilatency
f = Yield value [N/m2] N > 1 (Non-newtonian flow) ses
G = Rate of shear [S] N=1 = Newtonian flow
F = Shear stress [N/m 2]
N>1 = Non-newtonian
6 Known as Bingham bodies SHEAR THINNING SHEAR THICKENING

E
SYSTEM SYSTEM
7 It doesn’t flow until shearing H2O
Stress
H2O H2O Rate of
stress is extended as yield H2O H2O ing
value
PL
Polymer at rest
H2O
Polymer under
Closed
packed
Shear Open
packed
random arrangement flow. alignment particle particle
water is bound on Long axis
water is released Minimum Maximum
void volume void volume
Low High
consistency consistency
M
8 Viscosity is linearly Viscosity of pseudoplastic Viscosity of dilatant
increase with increase substance decrease with substance increases with
in rate of shear increase rate of shear increase in stress
SA

9 Eg : Flocculated particles in Eg : Liquid dispersion of Eg:

concentrated suspension natural and synthetics gums  Suspension containing high
(tragacanth, Sodium alginate, concentration of solids,
 Suspension of starch in water,
Methyl cellulose, Sodium  Inorganic pigments in water,
carboxy methyl cellulose) kaolin in water, zinc oxide in
water

DIGESTER -188
C

TYPE OF FLOW
D

TYPE OF FLOW EXAMPLE

Newtonian Water, Glycerin, Benzene, Alcohol, Syrup solution, Very
dilute colloid solution
G

Plastic (Bingham body) Suspension of ZnO2 in mineral oil point, Printing inks and
Firm jellies Flocculated suspension (1.10% solid content)
Pseudoplastic Natural and synthetic gums, Polymers such as MC, CMC,
Tragacanth, Sodium alginate, gelatin
Dilatant De Flocculated suspension (more than 50% solid content)
e.g. Concentrated titanium dioxide suspension

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94
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

BIOPHARMACEUTICS

DIGESTER -253
MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION

F
1. Transcellular / intracellular – Most common pathway for drug transport
• Non saturable

PD
Follow first order kinetic
Passive Expressed by: Fick's law of diffusion
diffusion dQ DAK o / w
 (C  C )GIT
dt h
Pore Also known as connective transport, bulk flow, and
Passive transport filtration.

E
transport Suitable for low molecular weight.
Ion-pair Based the charge of membrane.
transport Unionised ˃ anions ˃ cations
Carrier
PL
Structure specific carrier (lock-key arrangement)
mediated Saturated transport
diffusion Mixed order kinetics
Ion transport Responsible for transportiong ions in or
Active Primary out.
M
transport active ABC ATP binding cassette
transport Transport small foreign molecules
Symport (Co- Involve movement of both the molecule in
SA

transport) the same direction.

Secondary Example: Na+ glucose symporter
active Antiport Involve moment of molecule in the
(Counter- opposite direction. Example: Expulsion of
transport) H+ ions using the Na+ gradient in the
kidney
2. Para cellular/ intercellular
C

Permeation Basically through an openings.

through tight Example: Insulin and cardiac glycoside taken by this mechanism.
junction of
D

epithelial cells
Persorption Permeation of drug through temporary opening cell into lumen.
G

3. Vesicular transport - Energy dependent process

Pinocytosis Uptake of fluids. Example: Sabin polio vaccine, Botulism toxin
Phagocytosis Absorption uptake of solids
Example: Vitamin A, D, E, K, insulin

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124
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -264
BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTION

Phase – I reaction
Oxidative • Most abundant & most common metabolic reaction
reaction • For oxidation reaction require molecular oxygen (O2), reducing
agent NADPH (mixed function oxidases) & Cyt.P450

F
• Mixed function oxidases – located in ER of hepatic cells, it is
composed of electron transport chain consisting of components

PD
1. A heme protein-k/a Cytochrome P450(terminal oxidase)
2. Flavoprotein k/a Cytochrome P450 reductase (electron
carrier)
3. Phosphatidylcholine -heat stable
 Mg ion also required for maximal activity of mixed function
oxidases
Reductive  Reductive reactions generate metabolites with polar

E
reaction functional group which undergo further conjugation or
biotransformation.
 These are reversible reactions leading to conversion of
PL
inactive metabolite to active drug removal and hence results
in prolongation of action
Hydrolytic In this the functional groups like esters, ethers, amides, hydrazides
reaction are hydrolyzed and results in loss in large fragments of molecules
Phase – II reaction
M
 Phase-II reaction involve transfer of glucuronic acid, sulfate, glycine to drugs or
metabolite of phase-I reaction to form polar, rapidly excretable
pharmacologically inert conjugates.
SA

 Real drug detoxification pathways

 The moieties transferred are simple, endogenous molecules with large
molecular size.
 Strongly polar or ionic in nature and make the substrate water soluble.
 Conjugation reactions are capacity limited.
 Capacities of important conjugation
C

 Glucuronidation >Amino Acid Conjugation > Sulfation >Glutathione

Conjugation
Conjugation • Most common & most important phase-II reaction
D

with Glucuronic • Conjugating moiety-D-glucuronic acid (derived from D-glucose)

acid
Conjugation • Sulfation is conjugated by non-microsomal enzymes
G

with Sulphate • It is a saturable process

moiety
Conjugation • Conjugation with -amino acids like glycine, glutamine and less
with extent to aspartic acid, taurine, serine are observed
-amino acid • Extensively occurs in liver mitochondria
• Reaction can be used in estimation of liver function

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130
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

Cl d
Q=
Cl cr
CId = Renal clearance of drug
Clcr = Renal clearance of creatinine
Renal clearance Question: What is the renal clearance ratio of a drug if its renal
ratio clearance value is 300? Given: Renal clearance of creatinine = 150
ml/min)
Cl 300
Solution: Q  d 

F
Clcr 150
So renal clearance ratio was 2.

PD
R + R s - Rr
cl r = f
C
Rf = Rate of filtration
Rs = Rate of secretion
Rr = Rate of reabsorption
C = Total plasma drug concentration
Renal clearance Question: The rate of filtration of paracetamol is 10 mg/ml the rate of

E
secretion is 8 mg/ml and rate of reabsorption is 6 mg/ml. What will be
renal clearance of paracetmol if its plasma concentration is 2 mg/ml.
PL
Solution: cl r = R f + R s - R r = 10 + 8 - 6 = 12
C 2
so renal clearance is 12 ml/min.
NI
DI =
M
RF
NI = Normal interval in hours
RF = Renal function
Dosing interval in Question: Calculate the dosing interval in renal failure patient normal
SA

renal failure dosing Interval is 3 hours and renal function value is 0.70.
NI 3
Solution: DI =  = 4.28
RF 0.70
So dosing interval in renal failure patient is 4.28 hours.
Q(Cin - Cout )
C

Cl d =
Cin
Q = Blood flow to dialyzer
D

Cin = Concentration of drug in blood entering the dialyzer

Cout = Concentration of drug in blood leaving the dialyzer
Dialysis clearance Question: What is the dialysis clearance when the blood flow rate to the
G

dialyzer is 20 ml/min and concentration of drug entering and leaving the

dialyzer is 60 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml respectively?

Q(Cin - Cout ) 20(60  10)

Solution: Cl d =  = 16.66
Cin 60
So dialysis clearance is 16.66 ml/min.

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DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

DIGESTER -292
PHARMACOGNOSY

Wa
%Total ash Value = ×100
Wd
Wa = Weight of ash
Wd = Weight of drug
%Total ash

F
Question: when 200 gm crude drug was incinerated, 90 gm ash was
value
produced. What is %Total ash value?

PD
Wa 90
Solution: = ×100   100 = 45%
Wd 200
We
% soluble extractive = ×100
% Soluble Wd
extractive We = Weight of extractive
Wd = Weight of drug

E
 S 
S.I. =   ×100
E+S
S = Number of stomata per unit area
PL
E = Number of epidermal cells in the same unit area
Stomatal index Question: If number of stomata per cm is 20 and number of epidermal
cells per cm is 31 of a leaf, then what is the Stomatal Index of that leaf?
 S   20 
Solution:   ×100     100 = 39.21
M
 E+S   20  31 

 N × W × 94000×100 
% Purity of drug =  
SA

 S×M×P 

N = Number of characteristic structures in 26 fields

W = Weight in mg of lycopodium taken
S = Number of lycopodium spores in the same 25 fields
Lycopodium M = Weight in mg of the sample dried at 105°C
C

spore method Р = 286000 in case of ginger starch grains powder

Question: When 1 gm lycopodium was taken; 2400 lycopodium spores
were observed in 25 fields. When 2 gm ginger starch grain powder was
D

taken; 600 characteristic structures were observed in same 25 fields.

What is the % purity of ginger starch grain powder sample?
 600  1000  94000  100 
G

Solution: % Purity of drug     82 %

 2400  1000  28600 

1000
Foming index =
a
Foaming index
Where, a = Volume in ml of the decoction in the test tube showing 1 cm
foam height

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152
DIGESTER GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY

dC D.S
= (Cs - C)
dt V.h
Where, D = Diffusion coefficient
Modified Noyes
S = Surface area of exposed solid
and whitney
V = Volume of solution
equation
h = Thickness of diffusion layer
C = Solubility of solid drug
C = Solubility of the drug at time 't'

F
W01/3 - Wt1/3 = K × t
Hixon and

PD
Where,
Crowell’s root law
W0 = Original mass of the drug
of dissolution
W = Mass of the drug remaining to dissolve at
K = Dissolution rate constant
dC
V. = A  Cs - Cb  . γ.D
dt
dC

E
= Dissolution rate of the drug
dt
Danckwert’s
Where,
model
PL
A = Surface area of solid
= Constant
(Cs - C) = Concentration gradient
V = Volume of diffusion medium
M
D = Diffusion Coefficient
G = K i (Cs - Cb )
Interfacial barrier Where,
model of G = Dissolution rate per unit area
SA

dissolution Ki = Effective interfacial transport constant

(Cs-Cb) = Concentration gradient
KAΔP
V=
ηl
Where,
V = volume
Darcy’s law
C

K = Permeability coefficient
P= Pressure difference
= Viscosity of the liquid
D

l = thickness of filter cake

dW q
=
Rate of dθ τ
G

evaporation in Where,
drying q = Overall rate of heat transfer
t = Latent heat of vaporization of water

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160