ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 2.

LASWELL’S MODEL
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Harold Dwight Laswell was a political scientist and
communications theorist from the United Sates. He is also a law
MODEL professor from Yale University. Harold Laswell is best known
Is a three-dimensional representation of a for his linear model of communication that he developed in 1948
thing or a proposed structure, typically on a smaller He believes that a convenient way to describe an act of
scale than the original. Models of communication communication is to answer the following questions.
provide a graphical and logical representation of a
communication process. They show the sequence
and relationship which occur between various
elements of communication.

THREE GENERAL TYPES:

1. LINEAR MODEL
PROS:
✓ Good at audience persuasion 3. SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL
✓ Used in public speaking Claude Elwood Shannon was a mathematician, and
✓ One-way Warren Weaver was a scientist. They were primarily interested in
CONS: “machine translation”, and how early computers, radios and
o The communication is not continuous televisions transmit information. This model of communication
o No feedback / Not interactive is a linear process consisting of 5 elements. The source, which is
o Difficult to identify if communication was the producer of the message, the transmitter which is
effective. considered as the encoder of the message into signal. Channel,
this is the signal adapted for transmission and the next is the
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL receiver who is the decoder of the message from the signal and
PROS: the destination. This is known as the mother of all
✓ There is feedback. communication models.
✓ Follows Give and Take relationship
✓ Field of communication is considered.
CONS:
o The sender and receiver might not know who the
other person is.

3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
PROS:
✓ Simultaneous and instant feedback
✓ Sender and receiver play the same role
CONS: 3. BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
o Encourages non-verbal communication David Kenneth Berlo was an American
o More noise due to communicators talking at the
communications theorist. Berlo’s model believes that for
same time
effective communication to take place, the source and the
receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication
KINDS OF MODEL IN EACH TYPE
will happen or take place properly.
LINEAR MODELS

1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
Aristotle is a great philosopher who initiates the earliest
mass communication model called Aristotle’s Model of
Communication. It has 5 primary elements : Sender, Speech,
Occasion, Audience, and Effect

Source – carefully puts their thoughts into words and transfers

the message to the receiver.

Aristotle even identified three elements that have the power to Message – The speaker creates the message when they
improve communication: transform their thoughts into words.
1. Logos – symbolizes by the brain/mind, signifies logical
argument Channel – identifies all our senses are the channels that help us
2. Ethos – symbolizes by the hands, signifies credibility communicate with one another.
3. Pathos – symbolizes by the heart, signifies the ability to
Receiver – the destination of the conveyed message, should
connect
involve the same elements as the source.
INTERACTIVE MODEL each cycle, making it possible for us to expand our circle as
depicted in the model by circles that continuously increase in
their width. The upward movement in the spiral denotes that
1. SCHRAMM’S MODEL every communication practice is new and unique as
This s the most commonly taught and widely used theory of
communication doesn’t ever perfectly repeat itself.
communication proposed by Wilbur Schramm in the late 1940s.
In the Schramm model the sender encodes the message which
is then transmitted in the form of a signal to the receiver who
decodes the message and responds by encoding it in another
signal even before the sender has completely sent the message.
It contains field of experience which includes our cultural
background, ethnicity, general and personal experience. Various
kinds of noise can possibly distort the message, the feedback
helps to solve the problem because it allows the sender to
modify the information from what he or she observes or hears
from the receiver.

KEY FEATURES TO REMEMBER!

1. LINEAR MODELS
• It is one way process of communication
• Sender sends the message
• Receiver receives only
• NO FEEDBACK
• In the concept of noise – the choice of channel
selected may affect the way a receiver interprets a
message.
• Also, several distractions may occur at any point.
TRANSACTIONAL MODELS
2. INTERACTIVE MODELS
• It is a two-way communication process
1. BARNLUND’S MODEL • Slower FEEDBACK in turns
Dean C. Barlund is a communication theorist. He is one • Interactive but not simultaneous
of the theorists who developed the transactional model in the • Concept of field of experience
late 1960s. Later, he developed his owm model of transactional
communication in the 1970s. 3. TRANSACTIONAL MODELS
• Sender and receiver both are communicators- they are
equal
• Communication is simultaneous
• Non-verbal gesture is part of feedback
• Context of environment and noise

The Barnlund’s transactional model emphasizes the role of cues

in impacting your communication. It sheds light on public cues
(environmental cues) and private cues (your own personal
thoughts and background). Essentially, this model shows us the
factors that influence what we think and say.

2. DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL

Frank Dance is a n American communication professor
and theorist. He proposed the helical model of communication
in 1967 to depict communication as a dynamic and non-linear
process. This model builds on circular models (a helix structure)
and explains how we improve our messages over time by using
feedback. The feedback received for one message influences our
next statement. This helps us become more knowledgeable with