Unit-3(Illumination in Residential installations)

Solid Angle: It is the angle subtended in space by an area. The unit of solid angle is
steradian(Sr.)

Let a cone have an apex at O and let a sphere of radian r cut the cone in an area equal to A.
Then the solid angle of the cone is w= A/r2

One complete solid angle is 4π steradian.

Luminous flux: This is the light energy radiated per second from a luminous body. The unit
of luminous flux is lumen (lm).

Luminous intensity: It is the luminous flux radiated per unit solid angle by a point of
source in any direction. The unit of luminous intensity is candela (cd) or lumen/ steradian. 1cd.
= 4π lumen.

Illumination: The illumination at a point on a surface is defined as the luminous flux falling
on the surface per unit area at that point and it unit is lm/m2 or lux or meter-candle.

Brightness or luminance: It is defined as the flux emitted per unit area of the light
source in a direction perpendicular to the surface.

Luminance efficiency: This is the ratio of the luminance flux obtained to the power
intake of the light source. The unit of luminance efficiency is lumen per watt (lm/w).

Laws of illuminations:
(i) The illumination is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the source
(E I).
(ii) The illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the
source and the surface to be illuminated. (E  1/r2). This is called the ‘Inverse
Square Law’.
(iii) The illumination is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the
normal at the point of the surface and direction of the incident flux. (E  cosθ). This
is called the ‘Lambert’s Cosine Law’.
List of illumination level for various applications:
Type of work Illumination level in Lux
1. Domestic work
i. Living room/Bed room 300
ii. Study room 300
iii. Kitchen room 200
iv. Stair 100
2. School/College 300 – 450
i. Library (book selves) 100
3. Office work
i. General office work 300
ii. Drawing room 450
4. Hospitals
i. Patient ward 100
ii. Operation table 3000
5. Roads
i. Main road 15 – 30
ii. Secondary road 4-8

Type of lighting schemes: The lighting scheme may be classified as

i. Direct lighting
ii. Semi-direct lighting
iii. Semi-Indirect lighting
iv. Indirect lighting
v. General lighting

Direct lighting: It is the most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this lighting
scheme more than 90 percent of the total flux is made to fall directly on the working plane.
Although it is most efficient but causes hard shadows and glare. It is mainly used for industrial
and general outdoor lighting purpose.

Semi-direct lighting: In this system, semi-reflectors are used. As a result 60 to 90 percent

of the total flux is made to fall on the working plane and remaining light is used to illuminate
the ceiling and walls. Such a light scheme is best suited to room with ceiling where a high level
of uniform distributed illumination is desirable.

Semi -Indirect lighting: In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of the total flux is
thrown upward to the ceiling for reflection and the remaining light reaches the work plane
directly except for some absorption by the reflector. This lighting scheme is with soft shadows
and glare free. It is mainly used for indoor light decoration purposes.

Indirect lighting: In this lighting scheme more than 90 percent of the total flux is thrown
upward to the ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors. This lighting
scheme is soft, glare free and diffused. This type of lighting is used for decoration purposes in
cinemas, hotels theatres etc.

General lighting: The basic requirement of general lighting is to obtain uniform diffused
and glare free lighting. This can be obtained by using fluorescent lighting or by using lamps
made of diffusing glass.

Good lighting scheme: The aim of good lighting scheme is to

i. Provide adequate quantity of light
ii. Provide uniform light
iii. Provide light free from objectionable shadows
iv. Provide the light of suitable color.

Factor considered for lighting scheme: The factors that are to be considered of for
a lighting scheme are:

i. Illumination level
ii. Contrast
iii. Glare
iv. Shadows
v. Color of light
vi. Duration
vii. Color surrounding walls

Illumination level: This is the most vital factor because a sufficient illumination is that
basic means whereby we are able to see our surroundings.

Contrast: The contrast is the difference in luminance that makes an object distinguishable.
Too much contrast is however likely to cause discomfort.

Glare: It may come directly from the light source or it may be reflected brightness such as
from a desk top, nickelled machine parts, or calendered paper.
Shadows: Formation of long and hard shadows causes fatigues of eyes which is said to be
improper illumination design. The shadow less light can be obtained by

(i) Installing more number of small luminaries mounted at height not less than 2.5m
(ii) Using indirect light.

Color of light: The object lighted should appear of normal color.

Duration of Task: The lighting which is good enough for a short duration work may be
unstable for prolonged performance of the same task, as it may cause mental and physical
strain.

Color of surrounding walls: The illumination in any room depends upon the light
reflected from the walls and ceiling. White walls and ceilings reflect more light as compared to
colored ones.

Properties of general lighting: Good general lighting should have the following
properties.

i. Provide proper illumination

ii. Avoid glare and hard shadows
iii. Provide as far as possible uniform illumination throughout the work place

Space/Height Ratio: This is the ratio given by the Horizontal distance between lamps to
the mounting height of the lamps above working plane.
Horizontal distance between lamps
Space/Height ratio = Mounting Height of lamps above working plane

Lesser the space/height ratio more uniform will be the illumination. For general indoor lighting
the space/height ratio may be 0.5 to 2.

Utilization Factor (U.F) or Co-efficient of Utilization: This is the ratio of the

actual lumen utilized on the working plane to the total lumen emitted by the lamp, that is
total lumen utilised on working plane
U.F or C.U = total lumen emitted by the lamp

Maintenance Factor (M.F): The reciprocal of depreciation factor is called maintenance

factor.
 1
M.F = Depreciation factor

The depreciation of the lamp efficiency is referred to as the depreciation factor. Its value varies
from 1.25 to 1.6

General requirements of lighting:

1. Domestic lighting
(a) Bed rooms
(b) Drawing rooms
(c) Dining rooms
(d) Kitchen
(e) Bathrooms
(f) Stair case
2. Industrial lighting
3. Street lighting

Design procedure of lighting:

If E = Required illumination

A = Area of work place

U.F = Utilization Factor

M.F = Maintenance Factor

 = lumen

Therefore total lumens required is

EA
 = U.F  M.F

If N = no. of lamp, then lumen per lamp

EA
 = N  U.F  M.F

Problem1: A workshop 20m x 10m is illuminated by forty 40w fluorescent lamps.

Assuming a utilization factor of 0.5 and a depreciation factor of 1.20, determine the average
illumination produced. The mean average lumen of the 40w lamp is 2400 lm.
Soln : N = 40

 = 2400 lm

A = 20x10 sq.m

MF = 1/DF = 1/1.20 = 0.833

Therefore,
EA
 = N  U.F  M.F

2400  40 x 0.5 x 0.833

E= 20 x 10

= 199.9 lux (Ans)

Problem2: A seminar hall 18m x 12m is to be illuminated with general lighting. The
average illumination required is 120 lux. The mounting height of the light fitting is 3m.
Assuming the space/height ratio is unity. Find out the number and wattage of lamps to be
used. Assume efficiency of lamp = 15 lm/w, U.F = 0.5, M.F = 0.8

Soln: E = 120 lux

A = 18x12 = 216 sq.m

EA 120  216
 = U.F  M.F = = 54000 lm
0.6  0.8

Luminous efficiency 15 lm/w

54000
Hence, total wattage required = = 3600 watt
15

Since, space/height ratio is unity, space = height = 3m

Therefore no. of lamp length wise 18/3 = 6

And breadth wise 12/3 = 4

Total no. of lamp required 6x4 = 24 nos (Ans)

 Wattage of each lamp is 3600/24 = 150 watt (Ans)

Problem3: The illumination required for a drawing office 10mx6m is 300 lux. Assuming a
maintenance factor of 0.8 and the U.F is 0.6, find the no. of 40w fluorescent lamps required
for the drawing office. The mean average lumen of 40w fluorescent lamps is 1720 lumens.
Draw the dimensioned layout plane of the lighting scheme.

Soln: E = 300 lux

A = 10x6 = 60sq.m

/lamp = 1720 lm
EA
 lumen/lamp = N  U.F  M.F

EA 300  60
N= = = 21.8 nos
N  U.F  M.F 1720  0.8  0.6

 21 nos lamp are take as 37

Space between lamps length wise = 10/7 = 1.43m and 1.43/2 = 0.71m

Space between lamps breadth wise 6/3= 2m and 2/2 = 1m

Problem4: A workshop of 50mx12m is to be illuminated with twin 40w fluorescent lamp

fixtures. The minimum illumination required is 80lm/m2. Calculate the number of lamp
required and draw the layout plane of the lighting scheme showing the position of the
fixtures with dimension. Assume D.F = 1.4, C.U = 0.52, luminous efficiency of lamp = 40lm/w.

Soln: E = 80lux

A = 50x12 = 600sq.m

The total lumen required is

 EA 80  50x12
 = U.F  M.F = 0.52  1/1.4 = 129230 lm

The efficiency of the lamp = 40lm/w

129230
 Total no. of wattage = = 3230.75watt
40

3230.75
 Total no. of lamp = = 81nos
40

Therefore 80nos of lamp are taken as 20x4

Length wise 20 and breadth wise 4

 Space between lamp length wise 50/20 = 2.5m, 2.5/2 = 1.25m

And space between lamp breadth wise 12/4 = 3m, 3/2 = 1.5m

Problem5: Estimate the number and wattage of lamps which would be required to
illuminate a workshop space 60mx15m of lamps mounted 5m above the working plane. The
average illumination required is about 100lux. U.F = 0.4, luminous efficiency = 16lm/w.
Assume a space/height ratio of unity and a candle power depreciation of 20%

Soln: E = 100 lux

A = 60x15 sq.m
EA 100  60x15
 = U.F  M.F = 0.4  (1−0.2) = 281250 lm

Since, luminous efficiency = 16lm/w

281250
 Total wattage = = 17578.13 watt (Ans)
16
Since, space/height ratio is unity, space between lamps is 5m

No. of lamp length wise 60/5 = 12 nos

And No. of lamp breadth wise 15/5 = 3 nos

 Total no. of lamps are 12x3 = 36nos (Ans)

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