Wiring method and Wring layout (Unit -4)

Factor for selecting wiring method:Some of the main consideration for selecting a particular type of
wiring.

i. Safety: The safety aspect will have to be looked into while selecting the type of wiring.
ii. Cost: The cost factor may be important factor but it will have to be ignored while
selecting the type of wiring to be applied in a particular building.
iii. Durability: The type of wiring selected for installation in consumer’s premises should be
durable.
iv. Appearance: The main aspect in appearance is that it should not spoil the beauty of the
building.
v. Future extension: The type of wiring should be so selected that its extension should be
suitable.
vi. Life: The system adopted should have good life
vii. Maintenance cost: As far as possible the maintenance cost should low

Wiring Rules for L.V. and M.V Installations: The relevant I.E rules for wiring of single phase (240V)
and three phase (415V) installations are given below:

i. The cable and apparatus used are to be of sufficient rating (Rule 29)
ii. Electrical installation is to be carried out only by a licensed electrical contractor (Rule 45)
iii. A suitable link switch with fuse must be placed at point of commencement of supply
(Rule 50)
iv. Every individual circuit is to be protected against excess current by means of a suitable
fuse, switch or circuit breaker (Rule 50)
v. No fuse or switch are to be placed on the earthed or neutral conductor (Rule 32)
vi. All conductors of three phase, 415V installation are to be enclosed in metal conduit or
rigid PVC conduit. All metal coverings are to be earthed (Rule 51)
vii. The light and fan sub-circuit are to be kept separate from power sub-circuit
viii. All sockets are to be of 3-pin type and third pin of the socket to be connected to earth.
All sockets are to be controlled by individual switch.
ix. The load in each light and fan sub-circuit is to be restricted to 800watt or 10 points.
x. The load in each power sub-circuit is to be restricted to 3000watt or not more than two
socket outlets.
xi. The main switch and other switches are to be installed at a height of 1.5m from the
floor.

Type of wiring:Following arethetypes of wiring usually employed.

i. Cleat wiring
ii. Wooden casing capping wiring
iii. PVC casing capping wiring
iv. Batten wiring
v. MS wiring
 vi. Surface conduit wiring
vii. Concealed conduit wiring

Cleat wiring:This type of wiring is used for temporary installation and consists of P.V.C.
cables run on porcelain cleats. The cost is very small. This system must not be used in damp
places.

Advantages:

i. It is the cheapest type of wiring

ii. Can be easily and quickly installed
iii. Materials can be recovered when necessary
iv. Easy inspection, addition and alternation are possible
v. Skilled laboured is not required.

Disadvantages:

i. Appearance is not good

ii. Exposed to mechanical injury

PVC Casing Capping Wiring:Now-a-days PVC casing and capping is being extensively used
for house wiring. The casing is fixed to the wall with wood screws over or PVC plugs. The
cable is placed in the casing and covered by the capping. The capping is fitted over the
casing by pressing it over the capping. The casing and capping are available in different sizes
15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 35mm. etc. This system is suitable for low voltage domestic
and commercial installation.
Advantages:

i. Cost is low
ii. Moderately neat appearance
iii. Easy to inspect by opening the capping

Disadvantages:

i. Affected by damp
ii. Not fire resistance

Conduit wiring system:The conduit wiring system is the best system of wiring from many
points of view. In general, the conduits can be classified as:

i. Concealed conduit
ii. Surface conduit
iii. Flexible conduit

The steps for wiring:

Step 1: Laying the electrical conduits in the slab

Step 2: Laying the electrical conduits in the wall

Step 3: Installation of Switch Boards Back Boxes

Step 4: Installation of Distribution Boards

Concealed conduit: The conduits are embedded along walls or ceiling in plaster at the time
of construction. The PVC cables are drawn into conduits after the conduit is placed in walls.
The wires are pulled into the conduits by means of steel wire of size 18 SWG. In order to
facilitate drawing of wires, a number of inspection boxes and other fittings are provided.
The conduit should be electrical and mechanically continuous and connected to earth at
some suitable places through earth wire. The minimum size of the conduit should be 16mm
dia.

Surface conduit: The conduit is placed on the surface of the wall and held with the help of
conduit saddles. The system of wiring is applied in industrial wiring. It is very rarely used in
domestic wiring as it does not give good look. In damp situation the conduits can be spaced
from the wall by wooden spacers at regular interval. The size of 15mm, 20mm and 25mm
are commonly used for domestic wiring and 30mm is used for power wiring.
Flexible conduit:The flexible conduit is a pipe which can bend or twist without the change in
its diameter. It is used where straight run of rigid conduit is not possible or where the wires
are to be bent and twisted several times before final connections. The flexible conduits are
not used for general electrical wiring system. It is used for connecting rigid conduit with
machine terminal box in case of motor wiring, energy meter and main switch in case of
industrial and domestic wiring.

Conduit Accessories:the numerous types of fittings are used for jointing or terminating the
conduits.
Advantages of Conduit Wiring:

i. It has very long life

ii. It provides protection against mechanical injury
iii. It provides protection against moisture
iv. It provides protection against fire

Disadvantages of Conduit wiring:

i. It is very costly
ii. Installation takes time
iii. Requires skilled labour and supervision.

Comparison of various wiring system:

Specification Cleat PVC Batten M.S. Conduit

i. Voltage Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 650V
ii. Longevity Short Fairly long Quite Long Long Very long
iii. Cost Very low Medium Medium High High
iv. Mechanical Nil Fair Good Better Very good
protection
v. Protection
against fire Poor Poor Poor Good Very good
vi. Protection Nil Nil Very good Very Good Fair
from
dampness
vii. Labour Semi- Semi-skilled Skilled Very skilled Highly
required skilled skilled
viii. Reliability Not good Good Good Good Very good
Ceiling Fan and Light wiring circuit diagram
A single fan and light control using an individual switch is a very commonly
used wiring circuit in house, offices, etc.

In the circuit, the phase line is connected parallel to the one pole of the two
SPST switches and the neutral line is connected parallel to the neutral
terminal of both fan and light. The terminal of switch S2 is connected
directly to the phase terminal of the bulb.

From the terminal of switch S1, a regulator is connected in series with the
fan for speed regulation.
Earthing to the fan shown in the circuit is optional, most of the wirings for
ceiling fans are two-wire without an earth connection. Because a chance of
human contact with the metallic body of a ceiling fan is very rare. If there is
a leakage it will be through the ceiling and in modern wirings with sensitive
RCCB’s it will trip instantly in event of such earth leakages. An earthing just
offer extra safety that eliminates all the possible chance of earth leakage
through the ceiling and other metallic or conductive materials.

Materials Required
Component specification Quantity
MCB/Fuse 230V, 50Hz 1
Lamp 230V, 50Hz 1
Fan 230V, 50Hz 1
Switch SPST, 230V, 5A 2
Regulator 230V, 50Hz 1

Staircase Wiring circuit diagram & working

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light
switching connection; one light two switches wiring. Here one lamp is
controlled by two switches from two different positions. That is to operate
the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase,
from inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch, etc.

The Staircase wiring diagram in a Traveller system or common

system method is shown below,
A Staircase wiring makes the feasibility for the user to turn ON and OFF the
load from two switches placed apart from each other.
Staircase wiring circuit arrangement
The first pole and second pole of the SPDT switch S1 is connected to the
corresponding first and the second pole of the SPDT switch S2. That is
similar poles of both two switches are connected to each other.
The phase of the supply line is connected to the common pole of a
switch. And the phase line to the load is taken from the common pole of the
next switch. It makes an arrangement that, to close the circuit both the
switches should be in the same position in order to make the two common
poles in contact to achieve a closed circuit. Changing the ON & OFF
condition of a single switch can determine whether the circuit is closed or
open. Thus, in staircase wiring, we can control the load from both positions.
If a truth table is made for the above traveller system output, it will have a
result similar to an XNOR gate. That is the light ON’s when both the
switches are in the same position.
Similarly, if the connections between the switch s1 and s2 have
interchanged, the load will ON when the switches have opposite positions

components required
Component specification Quantity
MCB 250V, 50Hz, 5A 1
Switch SPDT , 250V , 5A 2
Lamp 230V 1

Go down Wiring Circuit Diagram and its Working

Go down wiring circuit is needed in tunnel like structures, warehouses, long
passages, big go downs having lots of rooms and different portions.
It was the best choice to save electricity and energy consumption where only one
load i.e., light bulb can be operated at a time. Nowadays, as CFL and LED bulb
which consumes low energy, this type of wiring is avoided due to its complexity
ignoring the power consumption.
In this wiring installation tutorial, we will be going to control three lights bulbs using
one SPST (Single pole single throw or single way) and two SPDT (Single pole
double throw or two way) switches.
 Requirements:

Component Rating Quantity

MCB 120V or 230V, 5A 1

One – Way Switch SPST, 5A 1

Two – Way Switch SPDT, 5A 2

Light Bulb 40 W 3

Wire Size 1.2mm PVC 2

Procedure:
• First of all, turn off the main breaker to ensure the main supply is switched OFF.
• Connect all the switches to the earthing / grounding terminals (not shown in the fig)
• Connect the Neutral wire from MCB directly to all the three lamps as shown in fig.
• Connect the Line (Phase or Live) wire to the first terminal of SPST switch.
• Connect the first SPDT switch common (middle) terminal to the second terminal of SPST
switch.
• Connect the upper terminal of first SPDT switch to the first lamp.
• Connect the lower terminal of first SPDT switch to the common (middle one) of second
SPDT switch.
• Connect the upper and lower terminals of second SPDT switch to the second and third
lamps respectively.

Working:
It is a linear sequence of switching i.e. When a person enter the first room or portion,
all lighting points are switched OFF as the first SPST switch is at OFF position.
When he
• switch ON the SPST, the first lamp switches ON.
• Switch ON the first SPDT, the second lamp switch ON and the previous one switch OFF.
• Switch ON the second SPDT, the third lamp switch ON and the previous (second one)
lamp switch OFF.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Go down Wiring
Advantages
• It saves energy as only one load point is turned ON at a time.
• The previous light bulb will switch off when turn on the next one.
• It can save the power as well as time.
Disadvantages
• Two or more lighting points can’t be turn on at once.
• It is a complicated wiring

Bed-room Lighting: -

In bed-rooms a light is required at the dressing table which may be a single

switch circuit, and another light provided near the bed must be controlled by
two 2-way switches. One of the two-way switches used should be a tumbler
switch and the other should be a pendant type, suspended from a 3-plate
ceiling rose. The circuit for such type of lighting is as shown in Fig. 15.9.
Corridor Lighting Circuits: -
Let the corridor have a number of lamps and let each lamp be controlled by
two switches. For such a scheme the circuit is as shown in Fig. 15.14. In this
case L1, L2, L3 and L4 are different lamps having controls at S1, S1, S2, S2, S3,
S3, S4, S4 respectively.

Series Parallel Circuits: -

Series parallel circuits are used to either provide dim lights or full bright lights. Such lights
are required in hospitals, bedrooms, hotels, railway carriages etc. The dim lights are usually
obtained by connecting the parallel lamps of the circuit in series. The following are the
methods of obtaining such lights.

With Two-way ON and OFF Switch: -

In the circuit shown the lamp No. L1 is lighted to full brightness when the switch position is
on theterminal No. 1. When the switch position is on terminal No. 2, the whole of the circuit
is off. When the Switch is on position No. 3 the lamps No. L1 and L2 are connected in series
so as to give dim light. Thus, with which an arrangement either lamp no L1 can be lighted to
full brightness or lamp No L1 and L2 are connected is series for dim lighting.
ii) Circuit for either lamp full bright or two lamps is series
First assume that the single-way switch of circuit shown in Fig. 15.16 is in the ON' position.
When the two-way switch is on terminal 1, the lamp no L1 is short circuited and lamp No L2
is full bright. Alternatively, when the two-way switch is on terminal 3 the lamp No. L2 is
short circuited while the lamp no L1 is full bright. When the two-way switch is on the OFF
position both the lamp are made in series for dim lighting. The purpose of single way switch
is to control both the lamps.
MASTER SWITCH CIRCUIT: -
The master switch is just an ordinary standard switch either single way or two-way, but it
has attained its name due to its function. Following are the main objects of the master
switch:

1. To put off the lamps irrespective of the position of the individual switches
and to prevent anybody switching on the lamps, such a control is also called
as ‘Master Off’.
2. To switch on the lamps and to prevent anybody switching them off with
individual switches; such a control is also called as ‘Master On’.
3. To control either switching on or off of the circuit, i.e., its function is as in (1)
or in (2), so it is called as variable master control.

a) “Master On” switch Circuits. (1) Fig. 15.21 represents the two-way control of
the 3 lamps in the corridor, but when a single way switch is connected across
terminals 1 and 2 of the two-way and is switched on, then the independent control
of the 3 lamps by the two-way switches goes away. Whatever be the positions of the
two-way switches, the lamps will remain lighted.
B) “Master off” circuit: -

Figure 15.24 shows three lamps being controlled by three single -way switches
independently. Across the main supply is connected a double -pole switch and when this
switch is made off, then the complete circuit is isolated from the mains and the lamps
cannot be lighted until and unless the main switch is made on.