Embedded System on AVR Microcontroller

(ATMEGA32)

Exp1: Introduction of Microchip Studio, SimulIDE

and Hardware Programming Tool(Khazama AVR
Programmer) with LED Blink

Submitted by
Ronit Dutta, MS in IOT and Signal Processing
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

Under the guidance of

Aurobinda Routray, Professor, Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
January, 2024
 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Embedded System Lab Experiments

Experiment Title of the Experiment Week

No.
Exp1 Introduction of Microchip Studio, SimulIDE and Hardware 1
Programming Tool(Khazama AVR Programmer) with LED
Blink
Exp2 Changing of Duty Cycle of LED Blink; 2
Digital Output through 7 segment LED display to increment
and decrement the number with SRAM memory mapping
Exp3 Accepting Digital Inputs through PUSH Button 3
Pull Up Network (Internal Pull Up/ External Pull Up)
Pull Down Network (External Pull Up)
Exp4 Interrupts in AVR (ATMEGA32): INT0, INT1 4
Exp5 Write library for 16x2 LCD & display text on it 5
Exp6 Waveform generation through Digital to Analog Converter 6
DAC0808 and LM358
(i) Sawtooth (+ve slope, -ve slope)
(ii) Sine, Miscellaneous
Exp7 Timer and Counter: PWM 7
Exp8 Analog to Digital Conversion (Internal 10bit ADC) of 8 & 9
sinusoidal: Aliasing Effect
Exp9 Communication Protocols: UART, SPI & I2C 10
Exp10 Filter Design (Hardware and Software) 11 & 12

 Essential Requirements of the course

 Windows platform is needed
 3 Software are required
I. Microchip Studio: This is required to write the code
for the ATMEGA32 microcontroller
II. SimulIDE: An open source simulation platform of
ATMEGA32
III. Khazama AVR Programmer: This is required to flash
the code in the Hardware Platform of ATMEGA32

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Few main features of ATMEGA32 for the Embedded

System course
 High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit
Microcontroller
 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
 32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program
memory
 1024Bytes EEPROM
 2Kbytes Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and
Compare Modes
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare
Mode, and Capture Mode
 Four PWM Channels
 8-channel, 10-bit ADC- 8 Single-ended Channels
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega32
 0 - 16MHz for ATmega32

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Setup for Coding Environment on Microchip Studio

Step 1:
Install Microchip Studio from the below link to setup coding environment.
https://www.microchip.com/en-us/tools-resources/develop/microchip-studio#Downloads

Install with web installer or offline installer as your choice.

Step 2:
Click on the Microchip Studio icon to run the IDE(Integrated Development Environment)

Now we can go for Assembly Coding or C/C++ Coding.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Experiment: LED Blinking

Assembly coding for LED Blinking on ATMEGA32
Step 1:
Click on File then New then Project

Step 2:
Then click on Assembler and then AVR Assembler Project and then rename it then
click Ok.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 3:
Select the device ATMEGA32 then click OK.

Step 4:
Write the assembly code in the main.asm

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 5:
After writing the assembly code go to the build menu then build solution to generate
the HEX file.

// LED Blink Assembly Code

.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.ORG 0
SBI DDRB,PINB0

LDI R16, HIGH(RAMEND)

OUT SPH,R16
LDI R16, LOW(RAMEND)
OUT SPL, R16

MAIN: SBI PORTB,PINB0

CALL Delay
CBI PORTB,PINB0
CALL Delay
JMP MAIN

Delay:
LDI R16,0xFF //Loop 1
L1: LDI R17,0xFF // Loop 2
L2: LDI R18,0x07 // Loop 3
L3: NOP
DEC R18
BRNE L3 //Loop 3 End
DEC R17
BRNE L2 //Loop 2 End
DEC R16
BRNE L1 // Loop 1 End
RET

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

C coding for LED Blinking on ATMEGA32

//C code for LED Blink

#include <avr/io.h>
#define F_CPU 1000000L
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{
DDRB=0xFF; //DDRB=0X01;
/* Replace with your application code */
while (1)
{
PORTB=0xFF; //PORTB=0X01;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB=0X00;
_delay_ms(500);

}
}

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Simulation on SimulIDE
SimulIDE Download Link: https://simulide.com/p/downloads/
Make the below circuit on SimulIDE

Then right click on the microcontroller and upload the HEX file on it. Set the proper
clock frequency then simulate it.

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Attach an oscilloscope to observe the generated square wave signal (LED Blink Signal).

Right click on the microcontroller and click on “Open Mcu Monitor”. Check the RAM status.

To check the simulation less than Real-Time speed then click on settings and decrease the
simulation speed.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

 Setup for Program Flashing Environment

For the flashing of ATMEGA32, we have required two software
I. Zadig tool
II. Khazama AVR Programmer
Zadig tool:
Zadig tool is required for the installation of the USBASP AVR Programmer driver.
Step 1:
https://zadig.akeo.ie/
Click on the above link and download the software package.

Step 2:
Double Click on the the zadig file and select USBasp from the dropdown menu

Select libusb-win32 driver for the USBasp programmer then click on install driver to
install successfully.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 3:
Go to device manager and check the USBasp under the Microchip/libusb-win32
Tools dropdown menu to verify.

Now, we are going to install Khazama AVR Programmer.

Khazama AVR Programmer
Khazama AVR Programmer is required to flash any AVR Group microcontroller. Here
we are going to flash ATMEGA32 as our target microcontroller.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 1:
http://khazama.com/project/programmer/
Click on the above link and download the latest software package.

A .rar file will be downloaded.

Step 2:
Extract the .rar file and click on the .exe file to install the Khazama AVR Programmer.
Step 3:
We have to setup Fuses bits and Lock bits.
Fuse bits and Lock bits are master registers whose values directly affects functioning
of microcontroller.
ATmega32 microcontroller has two fuse bytes namely high fuse and low fuse. Both of them
are 8 bits.
In fuse bits 0 means programmed and 1 means not programmed.
The default value of ATmega32 fuse bit is 0x99E1 i.e. high fuse =0x99 and low fuse =0xE1.

OCDEN : This pin is used to enable or disable on chip debugging. On chip debugging provides
a real time emulation of microcontroller when running in target system. By default it is
disabled as 1 means not programmed.
JTAGEN : There is a built in JTAG interfaces for debugging. It is enabled in new microcontroller.
This is the reason why some newbies say “PORTC of ATmega32 not working!!” Disable it if
you are not using JTAG by making JTAGEN bit 1(high).

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SPIEN : 0 value (programmed) means Serial programing of ATmega32 is enabled. Don’t

change this unless you have a parallel programmer! Because once disabled ATmega32 can’t
be programmed using serial programmer.
EESAVE : If programmed (0) it will save EEPROM from erasing during chip erase else EEPROM
would also be erased with flash.
BOOTSZ0 and BOOTSZ1 : These are used to set the boot loader size.
CKSEL [3-0] : These bits are used to select different clock options available.

The default value of CKSEL3..0 is 0001 i.e. internal RC oscillator running at 1 MHz. If you want
to add external crystal you need to change these values according to the table above. Some
common fuse bits values are given in the end of the article.
CKOPT : The CKOPT Fuse Selects between two different oscillator amplifier modes. When
CKOPT is programmed, the oscillator output will oscillate with a full rail-to-rail swing on the
output. When not programmed, the oscillator has a smaller output swing. If you are using
external crystal oscillator it is better to program CKOPT i.e. CKOPT=0.
BODEN : ATmega32 has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the VCC
level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. When the BOD is enabled
(BODEN programmed), and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level, the Brown-out
Reset is immediately activated. When VCC increases above the trigger level, it starts the
microcontroller again.
BODLEVEL : The trigger level for the BOD can be selected by this fuse bit. When programmed
(0) the trigger level is 4V and when not programmed (1) the trigger level is 2.7V.
BOOTRST : If BOOTRST bit is programmed (0), the device will jump on first address boot-
loader block.
Some fuse bits values are

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Lock Bits: These bits are very important to lock the microcontroller for the further
programming. We have to choose these very carefully.

Run Khazama AVR Programmer and go to command & click on Fuses and Lock Bits for setting
the bits.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 4:
Select the Lock Bits as the following fashion

Step 5:
Set H-Fuse and L Fuse as our desired manner. Then click on Write All tab.

Note: To check the previously set Fuse bits and Lock bits just click on Read All tab
Step 6:
Then to load .hex file into Khazama AVR Programmer click on file & then click on Load FLASH
file to Buffer and then select your .hex file.

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 Embedded System on AVR ATMEGA32:Exp1

Step 7:
To flash the .hex file into the targeted microcontroller just click on command & then Write
FLASH Buffer to Chip

After flashing the code Just press on the Reset button at your Hardware setup to run the
Embedded System.

Assignment: Change the duty cycle of the LED Blink with 25% duty cycle and 75% duty
cycle.

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