Project Report On

MILITARY VEHICLE FOR NIGHT SPYING OPERATIONS

Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

In partial fulfilment for the requirement of the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
Ch. Ramesh 20831A0313
K. Shravan Kumar 20831A0329
Rangaraju Rohan 20831A0355
Y. Santhosh Reddy 20831A0369
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mrs. K.Deepika
Assistant professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, NBA accredited & Affiliated to JNTU
Hyderabad)

Ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy Dist-501506(T.S)

2023-2024
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project stage-I entitled “MILITARY VEHICLE FOR NIGHT
SPYING OPERATIONS ” is being presented with report by CH RAMESH (20831A0313),
K. SHRAVAN KUMAR (20831A0329), RANGARAJU ROHAN (20831A0355), Y.
SANTHOSH REDDY (20831A0369) in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to Guru Nanak Institute of Technology
(Autonomous) affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the
academic Year 2023-2024.

INTERNAL GUIDE PROJECT CO-ORDINATER

Mrs. K.Deepika Mrs. P. Varalakshmi
Assistant professor Assistant professor

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DR.B. VIJAYA KUMAR
Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

‘Task successful’ makes everyone happy. But the happiness will be gold without glitter
if we don’t state the person who have supported us to make it a success.

We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our principal, DR.
SREENATHA REDDY and Head of the Department PROF. DR.B. VIJAYA
KUMAR, Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GURU NANAK
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for having guided us in developing the requisite
capabilities for taking up this project.

We thank Mrs. P. VARALAKSHMI, Asst. Professor, B.tech Project Coordinator, ME-

GNIT for providing seamless support and right suggestions that are given in the
Development of the project.

We specially thank our internal guide Mrs. K. DEEPIKA, Asst. Professor for her
constant guidance in every stage of the project. We would also like to thank all oue
lecturers for helping us in every possible way whenever the need arose.

On a more personal note we thank our beloved parents and friends for there moral
support during the course of our project

Ch. Ramesh (20831A0313)

K. Shravan Kumar (20831A0329)
Rangaraju Rohan (20831A0355)
Y. Santhosh Reddy (20831A0369)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PREFACE

The word robot was first used by Czechoslovakian dramatist, Karel capek, in
his 1921 play “Rossum’s Universal Robots”. The Merriam – Webster Dictionary
defines robot as

1. A machine that looks and cuts like a human being.

2. An automatic apparatus.
3. Something guided by automatic controls.

Our project is represented the most by the third definition.

The robot that we have designed is guided by controls that take input from a
human and perform certain actions based on these inputs. Our project is a robotics
project. It is a combination of different engineering fields namely

1. Mechanical Engineering
2. Electrical Engineering
3. Electronics Engineering
4. Computer Engineering

These four fields combine to form the field of mechatronics, of which Robotics is a
part. The famous science fiction writer Isaac Asimov introduced the term Robotics. He
defined it as the science of robots. Robotics is not a very new field as generally thought
of great research has been done in this field.

The result can be seen in the form of “Asimo”. “Asimo” is a Robot developed by
Honda, Japan. According to scientists, the robots of today have the intelligence equal
to that of a cockroach, which does not seem very bright. But it is being said that in next
ten years, robots will have knowledge equal to that of rat. This shows how much
research is being done in this field. The robot that we have made is a command and
control robot.

This robot take commands from the user in the form of controlled signals and
performs the required action. The central idea behind this robot is to provide a line of
defence to a bomb disposal squad against the life-threatening risk, faced by them in the
event of an explosion. It provides the squad a safe distance to dispose off a bomb,
which he normally has to do with his bear hands.
 ABSTRACT
Our research delves into the fascinating world of robotics, a field focused on creating
intelligent machines that can perform tasks on their own. In the realm of existing techniques
for Military Operations, we've noticed a need for more effective solutions for nocturnal
surveillance. To address this gap, our proposed method involves crafting a small but powerful
rover using components like the ESP8266 Microcontroller, L298 Motor Driver Module,
Power Distribution Base Board, 12V Li-ion Battery, CSM-100 RPM-12V motor, and a
cutting blade. This rover, controlled by the ESP8266 and programmed using Arduino
software, autonomously navigates pre-set paths in the dark, emphasizing the importance of
silent and covert surveillance for enhanced military operations.

The heart of our project lies in the processors and sensors we've carefully chosen. The
ESP8266 Microcontroller acts as the brain, ensuring the rover moves precisely, while the
L298 Motor Driver Module manages the motors for smooth navigation. The Power
Distribution Base Board efficiently handles the power supply, and the 12V Li-ion Battery
keeps the rover running for extended periods. The CSM-100 RPM-12V motor propels the
rover forward, and a cutting blade, powered by a motor, helps clear obstacles along the way.
In society, this project has direct applications for enhancing military reconnaissance
capabilities, providing a quiet and efficient solution for night time spying operations, and
contributing to national security efforts.

Keywords: ESP8266 Microcontroller, L298 Motor Driver Module, Power Distribution

Base Board, 12V Li-ion Battery, CSM-100 RPM-12V motor
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Fig.3.1. ESP8266 Microcontroller pin diagram

Fig.3.2. L298 Motor Driver Module

Fig 3.3. H-bridge circuit diagram

Fig 3.4. L298N Motor Driver Module Pinout

Fig.3.5. LDR Night Sensor

Fig.3.6. DC Motor

Fig.3.7. Motor Principle

Fig.3.8. DC Conceptual Diagram

Fig 4.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.2 Schematic Diagram

Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE Software

Fig 5.2 Proteus Software

Fig 6.1. MCU connection

Fig 6.2. Working Motor Driver

Fig 6.3. Final Connections

Fig 8.1: Surveillance Military Robot with guns and laser

 LISTS OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Specifications of micro controller

Table 3.3: Details of Pins

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In the ever-evolving landscape of military operations, the integration of cutting-edge

technologies has become imperative to address emerging challenges. Our research
endeavours into the realm of robotics, a field dedicated to the creation of intelligent machines
capable of autonomous task execution. Within the spectrum of military applications, a
noticeable gap exists in the effectiveness of techniques tailored for nocturnal surveillance.
This lacuna has prompted our exploration of innovative solutions, leading to the development
of a small yet formidable rover.

This military vehicle, conceived through our proposed methodology, harnesses the power
of advanced components such as the ESP8266 Microcontroller, L298 Motor Driver Module,
Power Distribution Base Board, 12V Li-ion Battery, CSM-100 RPM-12V motor, and a
cutting blade. Controlled and orchestrated by the ESP8266 and programmed using Arduino
software, our rover exhibits the ability to autonomously traverse predetermined paths in
darkness. This underscores the critical significance of silent and covert surveillance in the
context of bolstering military operations.

At the core of our project lies a meticulous selection of processors and sensors. The
ESP8266 Microcontroller serves as the cerebral command centre, ensuring the rover's precise
movements, while the L298 Motor Driver Module adeptly manages motor functions to
facilitate seamless navigation. The Power Distribution Base Board optimally handles power
supply, and the 12V Li-ion Battery ensures prolonged operational periods. Propelled forward
by the CSM-100 RPM-12V motor, the rover is equipped with a motor-driven cutting blade to
efficiently clear obstacles along its path.

Beyond the confines of the laboratory, our project carries profound societal implications.
It directly addresses the imperative to enhance military reconnaissance capabilities by
presenting a quiet and efficient solution tailored for nocturnal spying operations. In doing so,
it contributes meaningfully to national security endeavours. As we delve deeper into the
intricacies of our research, the following sections will unfold the technical intricacies and
applications of our innovative military vehicle designed for night spying operations.
1.2 Introduction to Robotics

Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that includes electronics engineering,

mechanical engineering and computer science and so on. This branch deals with the design,
construction, use to control robots, sensory feedback and information processing. These are
some technologies which will replace humans and human activities in coming years. These
robots are designed to be used for any purpose but these are using in sensitive environments
like bomb detection, deactivation of various bombs etc. Robots can take any form but many
of them have given the human appearance. The robots which have taken the form of human
appearance may likely to have the walk like humans, speech, cognition and most importantly
all the things a human can do. Most of the robots of today are inspired by nature and are
known as bio-inspired robots. Robotics is that branch of engineering that deals with
conception, design, operation, and manufacturing of robots. There was an author named Issac
Asimov, he said that he was the first person to give robotics name in a short story composed
in 1940’s. In that story, Issac suggested three principles about how to guide these types of
robotic machines. Later on, these three principals were given the name of Issac’s three laws
of Robotics. These three laws state that:

• Robots will never harm human beings.

• Robots will follow instructions given by humans with breaking law one.

• Robots will protect themselves without breaking other rules.

1.3 Goals and Objectives

The main goal of this project is to provide safety to the bomb disposal squad by providing an
extra line of defence

Objectives:

1. Provide a remote monitoring and controlling application for analysis of a suspicious

packet (or bomb).
2. Allow the user to manipulate the packet using robotic arm.
3. Providing a user-friendly control application.
1.4 Proposed Model

The main purpose for surveillance military robot is to reduce the effort of soldier during war
we are using WIFI module, were vehicle run were the light produce

1.4 Major components used

1. ESP8266 Microcontroller (12-E Node MCU Kit)

2. L298 Motor Driver Module
3. Power Distribution Base Board
4. 12V Li-ion Battery
5. CSM-100 RPM-12V motor
6. LDR Night Sensor

1.5 Existing Model

Earlier surveillance robot was not much efficient for the long-range applications they were
only used for detection but not for diffusing techniques. Presently in our country army men
are involved in border surveillance and patrolling. But this form is always risky, because of
the high potential threats at the borders and unknown mines under the surface
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
We want to make a robot mainly for spying. It will help keep an eye on people's actions in
war zones, making it less risky for soldiers. When soldiers spy on the enemy, it can be
dangerous for them. This robot can help by doing the spying instead, reducing the chances of
soldiers getting hurt or killed.[1] The idea is to send the robot to check areas before soldiers
go there. This way, soldiers don't have to take risks in uncertain places.

The robot will be made with a special camera that can see well in the dark. This means it
can record things clearly even at night or in dark places. This robot is like a helpful assistant
for the military, keeping them safe while still keeping an eye on what the enemy is doing.[1]
The device has robots that use wireless technology to defuse bombs, making our country
safer from terrorist attacks and suicide bombings. Unlike bomb detectors that need experts,
these robots can be controlled remotely by a user using a program. They have DC motors for
their robot arm gripper and mobility. This eliminates the need to risk the life of a bomb
expert. Bomb disposal is a dangerous job for humans, but robots reduce the chances of
mistakes and keep humans safe.[3]

Our bomb-detecting robot has been constructed on a compact chassis, measuring 115 mm
in length, 105 mm in width, and 50 mm in height. The chassis is equipped with a single
castor wheel in the front and two round wheels, providing stability and manoeuvrability. The
essential hardware components, including the motor driver, are positioned on the top of the
chassis for efficient operation. Notably, the sensors crucial for the robot's bomb-detecting
function are strategically placed on the front side, ensuring unobstructed access to its
operational radius. This thoughtful design facilitates the robot's ability to navigate various
terrains effectively while maintaining a streamlined and functional structure, optimizing its
performance in detecting potential threats.[2]

Here we use Arduino software IDE runs on cross platform and provide simple
programming environment, In Arduino programs, there are three key elements: structure,
values, and functions. These programs are specifically designed for managing the movement
of robotic arms and controlling motor rotation. The Arduino software IDE operates across
different platforms, offering a straight forward programming environment to facilitate the
development of these programs [7].

This project is based on a micro-controller. Where we are using Arduino, Servo motors,
Bluetooth, IP camera, Inductive Proximity sensor to build this surveillance robot setup. A
Bluetooth robot controller application is used to transmit commands over Bluetooth from a
mobile phone. Based on the programming logic and the received characters the
microcontroller operates the motors [6].

Motors are controlled using the motor driver. Hence the robot moves forward, backward,
right and left based on the commands given over Bluetooth.[4] An IP camera is mounted over
the robot which captures the video and transmits over the network Another mobile or any
streaming device connected to the same network can view the live stream transmitted from
the IP camera. An Inductive Proximity Sensor is fitted below the robot chassis. So throughout
the journey of the robot if it encounters any landmines, the sensor signals the microcontroller
which triggers a buzzer inside the robot. Based on the alarming sound from the buzzer we can
identify the location of mine.[5]
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE & CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Microcontroller

A Microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices. It is

a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a
general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical microcontroller contains
all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose
microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these functions.

A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit with the following key features:

• Central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 8-bit processors to

sophisticated 32- or 64- bit processors

• Input/output interfaces such as serial ports

• RAM for data storage

• ROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage

• Clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator.

ESP8266 Microcontroller

The ESP8266 is a popular and versatile microcontroller that is widely used in the field of
Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems. Here are some key points about the
ESP8266:

1. WiFi Connectivity: One of the main features of the ESP8266 is its built-in WiFi
connectivity, which makes it suitable for IoT applications. It can connect to a local
WiFi network and communicate with other devices or services over the internet.
2. Microcontroller Core: The ESP8266 is powered by a 32-bit Tensilica L106
microcontroller with a clock speed of 80 MHz. It also has a relatively small amount of
RAM and flash memory onboard.
 3. Programming: The ESP8266 can be programmed using the Arduino IDE, which
simplifies the development process for many users. There are also other frameworks
and programming languages, such as MicroPython and Lua, that can be used to
program the ESP8266.
4. Power Consumption: The ESP8266 is known for its low power consumption, which
is an important consideration for battery-powered IoT devices. However, the power
consumption can vary based on factors such as the operating mode and WiFi usage.
5. Applications: The ESP8266 is used in a wide range of applications, including home
automation, smart devices, sensor networks, and other IoT projects.

FEATURE SPECIFICATION

Microcontroller core 32-bit

Clock Speed 80MHz

WIFI connectivity 802

Memory Varies by module

Operating Voltage 3.3V

Farm Factors ESP 12E

Applications IOT, sensors, automation

Table 3.1 Specifications of micro controller

 Fig.3.1. ESP8266 Microcontroller pin diagram

3.2 L298 Motor Driver Module

1. Motor Voltage: The L298 is designed to work with a wide range of motor voltages. It
can typically handle motor supply voltages in the range of 5 to 46 volts.
2. Maximum Current: The L298 has a maximum current rating, and the current
flowing through the motor should not exceed this limit. The actual current handling
capacity depends on the specific variant of the L298 and the efficiency of the heat
dissipation.
3. Control Inputs: The module has control inputs that determine the direction and speed
of the motors. For each motor, there are two input pins (IN1 and IN2 for one motor,
and IN3 and IN4 for the other) that can be controlled to set the direction (forward,
reverse, or stop).
4. Enable Pins: The L298 module typically includes enable pins (ENA and ENB) that
allow you to control the speed of the motors by applying PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals.
5. Power Supply: In addition to the motor voltage, the L298 module requires a separate
power supply for its internal logic. This is typically in the range of 5 to 7 volts.
6. Applications: The L298 motor driver is commonly used in robotics, automation
projects, and other applications where precise control of DC motors or stepper motors
is required.
 Fig.3.2. L298 Motor Driver Module

A motor driver module is a simple circuit used for controlling a DC motor. It is

commonly used in autonomous robots and RC cars (L2938N and L293D are the most
regularly utilized motor driver chips). A motor driver module takes the low voltage
input from a controller like Arduino. This input logic controls the direction of DC
motors connected to the driver. To put it in simple words, you can control the
direction of DC motors by giving appropriate logic to the motor driver module. The
motor driver module consists of a motor driver IC, which is the heart of the module.
The IC alone can control the DC motor but using the module makes the interfacing
with Arduino easy.

This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving
DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a
78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors
with directional and speed control.
The L298N motor driver is based on the H-bridge configuration (an H-bridge is a simple
circuit that lets us control a DC motor to go backward or forward.), which is useful in
controlling the direction of rotation of a DC motor. It is a high current dual full H-bridge
driver that is constructed to receive standard TTL logic levels. It can also be used to control
inductive loads e.g. relays, solenoids, motors (DC and stepping motor), etc. An H-bridge
schematic looks like this:

Fig 3.3. H-bridge circuit diagram

 Fig 3.4. L298N Motor Driver Module Pinout

Pin Name Description

IN1 & IN2 Motor A input pins. Used to control the spinning direction of Motor A

IN3 & IN4 Motor B input pins. Used to control the spinning direction of Motor B

ENA Enables PWM signal for Motor A

ENB Enables PWM signal for Motor B

OUT1 & OUT2 Output pins of Motor A

OUT3 & OUT4 Output pins of Motor B

12V 12V input from DC power Source

5V Supplies power for the switching logic circuitry inside L298N IC

GND Ground pin

Table 3.3: Details of Pins

3.3 LDR Night Sensor

Fig.3.5. LDR Night Sensor

An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) night sensor operates on the principle of varying
resistance with changes in ambient light. Integrated into a voltage divider circuit, the LDR's
resistance alters based on light levels, allowing the circuit to trigger a response accordingly.
Widely used in outdoor lighting systems and applications requiring automatic light control,
the sensor can activate or deactivate circuits controlling devices like lights or appliances.
Some sensors feature adjustable sensitivity through a potentiometer, and integration with
microcontrollers allows for more sophisticated automation. Proper wiring, power supply
considerations, and attention to documentation are essential for ensuring the correct and
reliable functioning of the LDR night sensor in diverse electronic projects.

3.4 DC MOTORS

A direct current (DC) motor is a type of electric machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. DC motors take electrical power through direct current, and convert this
energy into mechanical rotation. DC motors use magnetic fields that occur from the
electrical currents generated, which powers the movement of a rotor fixed within the output
shaft. The output torque and speed depends upon both the electrical input and the design of
the motor.

Fig.3.6. DC Motor

Fig.3.7. Motor Principle

Working Principle

The term ‘DC motor’ is used to refer to any rotary electrical machine that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors can vary in size and power from
small motors in toys and appliances to large mechanisms that power vehicles, pull elevators
and hoists, and drive steel rolling mills. But how do DC motors work?

Fig.3.8. DC Conceptual Diagram

DC motors include two key components: a stator and an armature. The stator is the stationary
part of a motor, while the armature rotates. In a DC motor, the stator provides a rotating
magnetic field that drives the armature to rotate. A simple DC motor uses a stationary set of
magnets in the stator, and a coil of wire with a current running through it to generate an
electromagnetic field aligned with the centre of the coil. One or more windings of insulated
wire are wrapped around the core of the motor to concentrate the magnetic field. The
windings of insulated wire are connected to a commutator (a rotary electrical switch), that
applies an electrical current to the windings. The commutator allows each armature coil to be
energised in turn, creating a steady rotating force (known as torque). When the coils are
turned on and off in sequence, a rotating magnetic field is created that interacts with the
differing fields of the stationary magnets in the stator to create torque, which causes it to
rotate. These key operating principles of DC motors allow them to convert the electrical
energy from direct current into mechanical energy through the rotating movement, which can
then be used for the propulsion of objects.

3.5 PROXIMITY SENSOR

Inductive Proximity Sensor is an electronic proximity sensor, which detects metallic objects
without touching them. The Sensors consist of an induction loop. Electric current generates a
magnetic field, which collapses generating a current that falls asymptotically toward zero
from its initial level when the input electricity ceases. The inductance of the loop changes
according to the material inside it and since metals are much more effective inductors than
other materials the presence of metal increases the current flowing through the loop. This
change can be detected by sensing circuitry, which can signal to some other device whenever
metal is detected. Common applications of inductive sensors include metal detectors, traffic
lights, car washes, and a host of automated industrial processes. Because the sensor does not
require physical contact it is particularly useful for applications where access presents
challenges or where dirt is prevalent. Inductive proximity sensors are another method for
sensing distance to objects is through the use of induced magnetic fields. The primary
problem with this method is that it is largely confined to sensing metallic objects.

Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical principle of inductance. Inductance is
the phenomenon where a fluctuating current, which by definition has a magnetic component,
induces an electromotive force (emf) in a target object. To amplify a device’s inductance
effect, a sensor manufacturer twists wire into a tight coil and runs a current through it. An
inductive proximity sensor has four components; The coil, oscillator, detection circuit and
output circuit. The oscillator generates a fluctuating magnetic field the shape of a doughnut
around the winding of the coil that locates in the device’s sensing face. When a metal object
moves into the inductive proximity sensor’s field of detection, Eddy circuits build up in the
metallic object, magnetically push back, and finally reduce the inductive sensor’s own
oscillation field. The sensor’s detection circuit monitors the oscillator’s strength and triggers
an output from the output circuitry when the oscillator becomes reduced to a sufficient level.
 CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4.1 Circuit Diagram

INPUT AND OUTPUT

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode
(), digital Write, and digital Read functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide
or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not
be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. In
addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode
(), digital Write, and digital Read functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide
or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not
be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. In
addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a

low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite ()
function

. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off

. • TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference () function. There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference ().
 • Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board

4.2 COMMUNICATION
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino
Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and
from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for
serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

4.3 POWERING THE ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can
be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can
operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the
5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using more
than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
• 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or
the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

• 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

• IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with
the 5V or 3.3V

4.4 POWER SUPPLY

A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated as
LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly and others), is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion
technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. High conductivity
semisolid (gel) polymers form this electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific
energy than other lithium battery types and are used in applications where weight is a
critical feature, such as mobile devices, radio-controlled aircraft and some electric vehicles .

A 12V Li-ion (Lithium-ion) battery is a rechargeable energy storage solution that provides a
nominal voltage of 12 volts. Lithium-ion batteries are known for their high energy density,
lightweight design, and relatively low self-discharge rate. They are commonly used in a
variety of applications, including portable electronics, power tools, electric vehicles, and
renewable energy systems. The 12V rating makes them suitable for powering devices and
systems that require a 12V power supply. It's important to note that the actual voltage of a
fully charged Li-ion battery can be slightly higher than the nominal voltage, typically
around 12.6 to 12.8 volts. When using a 12V Li-ion battery, it's essential to follow proper
charging and discharging practices to ensure safety and maximize the lifespan of the battery.
Additionally, various types of 12V Li-ion batteries exist, including different chemistries
(e.g., lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide) and form factors, so the specific
characteristics may vary based on the particular battery model.
 4.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Fig 4.2 Schematic Diagram

The schematic diagram consists of a Arduino uno, L298D Motor Driver,

Bluetooth Module, two DC motors, Proximity sensor and buzzer where they are
inter connected.

• Pin 0 and Pin 1 of Microcontroller are connected to Tx and Rx of Bluetooth

module.

• Pin 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Microcontroller are connected to input of L298 Motor

Driver.
• In L298 Motor Driver Output pin 1 and 2 are connected to one DC Motor and
Output pin 3 and 4 are connected to another DC Motor.

• Pin 8 of Microcontroller is connected to input of proximity sensor.

• Pin 9 of Microcontroller is connected to Buzzer.

CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 ARDUINO IDE

Introduction to Arduino IDE

IDE stands for “Integrated Development Environment”: it is an official software introduced

by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for editing, compiling and uploading the code in the
Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this software that is an
open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the code on the go. In this
article, we will introduce the Software, how we can install it, and make it ready for
developing applications using Arduino modules

Arduino IDE Definition

1. Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module.

2. It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process

. 3. It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for
debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

4. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

5. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.
 6. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

7. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former
is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the given Arduino Module. 8. This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

Details on IDE:

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections 1. Menu Bar 2. Text Editor 3.
Output Panel As we download from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and open the
IDE software, it will appear like an image below
 Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE Software

5.2 V380 PRO APP

Android Smart Phone Installation:

Open Google Play Store, search, download, and install V380

 “ Connect the power plug to the camera and place the camera “right next” to your Wi-
Fi router. Camera sound: “System is starting” Camera sound: “System start up
completed”
 Press and hold the reset button on the back of the camera until you hear the following
sound: Camera sound: “Restore factory default setting” Camera sound: “Waiting for
Wi-Fi smart link configuration”
 Open the app V380 Click on “Wi-Fi” quick setup
 Your phone has to be connected to your Wi-Fi network. You should then see your
network name under Wi-Fi name Enter your Wi-Fi password and press “Next step” on
the following screen:
 You will see the following screen, searching for the camera through your Wi-Fi
connection Camera sound: “Configuration received” Camera sound: “Wi-Fi
connecting” Camera sound Wi-Fi connected”
 Successfully installed

Note: “Searching device” and “Device Linked” option is for when a camera is already
connected to your home network and you would like add the camera to another phone.
Simply clicking “Searching device” will add an already configured camera to your phone.
Or you can click the + icon on the top right and click Device Linked, then click “Lan
Search” or Type in the Device ID (located on the bottom of the camera) and click
“Confirm Add” on the following screen to add an already configured camera to your
phone

5.3 PROTEUS
 The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a
debug file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated
along with any analog and digital electronics connected to it.
 Code associated with each project. In addition, a number of graph objects can be
placed on the schematic to enable conventional time, frequency and swept
variable simulation to be performed. Major features of PROTEUS VSM include
 Fig 5.2 Proteus Software

 ISIS provides the development environment for PROTEUS VSM, our revolutionary
interactive system level simulator. This product combines mixed mode circuit
simulation, ISIS 3 micro-processor models and interactive component models to
allow the simulation of complete micro-controller based designs. ISIS provides the
means to enter the design in the first place, the architecture for real time interactive
simulation and a system for managing the source and object
 True Mixed Mode simulation based on Berkeley SPICE3F5 with extensions for
digital simulation and true mixed mode operation. · Support for both interactive and
graph based simulation. · CPU Models available for popular microcontrollers such as
the PIC and 8051 series.
 CHAPTER 6

IMPLIMENTATION
This chapter refers to the final output of the robot. We can observe all the connections are
made as per the circuit diagram. The Bluetooth module is used to send commands by which
we can control the direction of robot. A 9V battery is connected as power supply

6.1 MOTOR CONNECTION

The robot's two motors, which are linked to its wheels, are connected to the Motor Drive
(L298N) through Output 1, 2, 3, and 4. This motor drive is then connected to both the 5V
and Ground (GND) of the MCU, using the corresponding sockets INPUT 1, 2, 3, and 4 for
control and communication.

Fig 6.1. MCU connection

6.2 MOTOR DRIVE FUNCTIONING
The rover will operate based on the code we've uploaded to the MCU using the
Arduino IDE software. Initially, the driver light will illuminate upon supplying power
to the rover.

Fig 6.2. Working Motor Driver

6.3 FINAL CONNECTIONS

The final connections of the robot, depicting the linkages between the motors, motor
drive, and MCU, are visible in the image below. The crucial aspect of the project, the
coding, has been completed using the Arduino IDE. For programming, the ESP8266
Arduino is installed in the software, and the code is written using C language syntax.

 The robot's physical connections, including those between motors, the motor
drive, and the MCU, are clearly illustrated in the image.
 The coding aspect of the project was accomplished through the Arduino IDE,
utilizing the ESP8266 Arduino installation and C language syntax.
 Upon supplying power to the rover, the initial action is the illumination of the
driver light, as programmed in the code.
 The MCU plays a central role in controlling the robot's movements,
interpreting the code and translating it into motor drive signals.
 Motor Drive (L298N) facilitates the management of the two connected
motors, enabling precise control over the rover's locomotion.
 The code's execution determines the rover's behavior, directing it to perform
specific actions based on the programmed instructions.
 The Arduino IDE provides a user-friendly interface for writing, uploading,
and debugging code for the ESP8266 microcontroller.
 The use of C language syntax in coding allows for efficient programming,
leveraging the capabilities of the ESP8266.
 A well-established connection between the motors and the motor drive
ensures a seamless translation of electrical signals into physical movement.
 Overall, the integration of hardware connections and software coding results
in a functional robot that responds to programmed commands for optimal
performance.

Fig 6.3. Final Connections

 CHAPTER 7

APPLICATIONS

7.1 Robots go to war

Robotics help meet challenges posed by the spectre of urban terrorism. Instead of having
people get close to hazards such as unattended objects or car bombs, robots are used. If an
operator concludes a dangerous object might explode, the robot could neutralize that object
by shooting to detonate it. Mobile robots detect and explode in-ground mines or improvised
explosive devices. These same mobile robotic systems are used for neutralizing or exploding
forgotten ordnance and mines after conflicts cease.

7.2 Autonomy or Control

Mobile robotic platforms are operated remotely and do not have the autonomy of industrial
robots. Security robotic systems are under the total control of the operator, typically military
personnel

7.3 Obstacle Course

The ability to operate over challenging terrain and the ability to autonomously navigate in
unstructured environments are areas of focus.

7.4 Securing Security Robots

The security of data transmitted to and from mobile robotic platforms, particularly video, is
vital in military or law enforcement operations. The frequency of transmitting video must be
secure if using a wireless connection. Transmission is secured both ways so no one or nothing
can interfere with the images.
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION

This kind of smart robots are the future technology used in military. By using such robot, we
can minimize the threat to the life. And save as much as possible human power, which we can
consume somewhere else. In this project we developed a smart robot for military applications
which provide us surveillance on border area. We can know the real time condition there and
act further according to that.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Our future aim is to concentrate on use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and machine learning so
it can take minute decisions of its own. Also, we are considering to use an laser gun, for its
protection and sometimes to target the opponent.

Fig 8.1: Surveillance Military Robot with guns and laser

 REFERENCES

1. Military Spying Robot, Sarmad Hameed, Muhammad Hamza Khan, Naqi Jafri, Adeel
Azfar Khan, Muhammad Bilal Taak, International Journal of Innovative Technology
and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075,Volume-8, Issue-7C2, May
2019
2. BOMB DETECTING BOT, Pranita Mohite, Mansi Jadhav, Sabah Bagwan, Prof. Anuradha
Bakare, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 08
Issue: 05 | May 2021
3. Uphad, Rushikesh, Vaibhav Kharat, Priyanka Said, and Supriya Shinde. "A Secure
Bomb diffusal Spy Robot Controlled Using Android App." International Journal of
Computer Science and Mobile Computing 8, no. 6 (2019): 1-6.
4. Schafer, Ron (July 29, 2003). "Robotics to play major role in future warfighting".
United States Joint Forces Command. Archived from the original on August 13, 2003.
Retrieved 2013-04-30.
5. Page, Lewis (21 April 2009). "Flying-rifle robocopter: Hovering sniper backup for US
troops". The Register. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-
04-21
6. Hambling, David (May 2009). "UAV Helicopter Brings Finesse to Airstrikes".
Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2009- 04-21
7. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2005 edn), pp.529 and 658 note 6.
8. Robots and Robotics at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific
Archived 1999-02-20 at the Wayback Machin
9. "Welcome to Grandchallenge". www.grandchallenge.org. Archived from the original
on 2007-10-11.
10. Talbot, David. "The Ascent of the Robotic Attack Jet". MIT Technology Review
11. Cheryl Pellerin (American Forces Press Service) - DoD News:Article published Aug.
17, 2011 Archived 2015-07-14 at the Wayback Machine published by the U.S.
Department of Defense, WASHINGTON (DoD) [Retrieved 2015-07-28]
12. "Robot soldiers". BBC News. 2002-04-12. Archived from the original on 2011- 01-
25. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
13. Hellström, Thomas (June 2013). "On the moral responsibility of military robots".
Ethics and Information Technology. 15 (2): 99–107. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.305.5964.
doi:10.1007/s10676-012-9301-2. S2CID 15205810.
14. Lin, Bekey, Abney, Patrick, George, Keith (2009). "Robots in War: Issues of Risk and
Ethics". Archived from the original on 2015-11-23.
15. Bowcott, Owen Bowcott. "UN urged to ban 'killer robots' before they can be
developed". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2015-
07-28.
16. . Gibbs, Samuel. "Musk, Wozniak and Hawking urge ban on warfare AI and
autonomous weapons". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-07-27.
Retrieved 2015-07-28.
17. "Musk, Hawking Warn of Artificial Intelligence Weapons". WSJ Blogs - Digits. 2015-
07-27. Archived from the original on 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
18. . "Military wants to transform Segway scooters into robots". seattlepi.com. 2003- 12-
02. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
19. "U.S. Army Tests Flying Robot Sniper". Fox News. 2009-04-22. Archived from the
original on 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
 ANNEXURE A: SOURCE CODE
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
//MOTOR 1
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
//MOTOR2
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
//PROXIMITY SENSOR
pinMode(8,INPUT_PULLUP);
//BUZZER
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
}
void forward()
{
if(digitalRead(8)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else{
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
}
}
void reverse()
{
if(digitalRead(8)==LOW){
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
}
}
void Right()
{
if(digitalRead(8)==LOW){
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
}
}
void left()
{
if(digitalRead(8)==LOW){
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else{
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
}
}
void stops()
{
if(digitalRead(8)==LOW){
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
}
}
void proximity()
{
if(digitalRead(8)== LOW){
Serial.println("Yess");
}
else
{
Serial.println("Noo");
}
}
void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
char ch=(char)Serial.read();
Serial.println(ch);
if(ch=='F')
{
forward();
}
else if(ch=='B')
{
reverse();
}
else if(ch=='R')
{
Right();
}
else if(ch=='L')
{
left();
}
else if(ch=='S')
{
stops();
}
if(ch=='a')
{
stops();
delay(100);
proximity();
}
}
}
 ANNEXURE B: DATA SHEET OF ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is frequently used microcontroller board in the family of an Arduino. This
is the latest third version of an Arduino board and released in the year 2011. The main
advantage of this board is if we make a mistake we can change the microcontroller on the
board. The main features of this board mainly include, it is available in DIP (dualinline-
package), detachable and ATmega328 microcontroller. The programming of this board can
easily be loaded by using an Arduino computer program. This board has huge support from
the Arduino community, which will make a very simple way to start working in embedded
electronics, and many more applications. Please refer the link to know about Arduino –
Basics, and Design

ANNEXURE PICTURE 1

Arduino Uno R3 is one kind of ATmega328P based microcontroller board. It includes the
whole thing required to hold up the microcontroller; just attach it to a PC with the help of a
USB cable and give the supply using AC-DC adapter or a battery to get started. The term Uno
means “one” in the language of “Italian” and was selected for marking the release of
Arduino’s IDE 1.0 software. The R3 Arduino Uno is the 3rd as well as most recent
modification of the Arduino Uno. Arduino board and IDE software are the reference versions
of Arduino and currently progressed to new releases. The Uno-board is the primary in a
sequence of USB-Arduino boards, & the reference model designed for the Arduino platform.
Arduino Uno Specifications

• The Arduino Uno board includes the following specifications.

• It is an ATmega328P based Microcontroller
• The Operating Voltage of the Arduino is 5V
• The recommended input voltage ranges from 7V to 12V
• The i/p voltage (limit) is 6V to 20V
• Digital input and output pins-14
• Digital input & output pins (PWM)-6
• Analog i/p pins are 6
• DC Current for each I/O Pin is 20 mA
• DC Current used for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
• Flash Memory -32 KB, and 0.5 KB memory is used by the boot loadeR
• SRAM is 2 KB
• EEPROM is 1 KB
• The speed of the CLK is 16 MHz
• In Built LED
• Length and width of the Arduino are 68.6 mm X 53.4 mm
• The weight of the Arduino board is 25 g

Power Supply

The power supply of the Arduino can be done with the help of an exterior power supply
otherwise USB connection. The exterior power supply (6 to 20 volts) mainly includes a
battery or an AC to DC adapter. The connection of an adapter can be done by plugging a
centre-positive plug (2.1mm) into the power jack on the board. The battery terminals can be
placed in the pins of Vin as well as GND. The power pins of an Arduino board include the
following.

Vin: The input voltage or Vin to the Arduino while it is using an exterior power supply
opposite to volts from the connection of USB or else RPS (regulated power supply). By using
this pin, one can supply the voltage.

5Volts: The RPS can be used to give the power supply to the microcontroller as well as
components which are used on the Arduino board. This can approach from the input voltage
through a regulator.
3V3: A 3.3 supply voltage can be generated with the onboard regulator, and the highest draw
current will be 50 mA.

GND: GND (ground) pins

Memory

The memory of an ATmega328 microcontroller includes 32 KB and 0.5 KB memory is

utilized for the Boot loader), and also it includes SRAM-2 KB as well as EEPROM-1KB.

Input and Output

We know that an arguing Uno R3 includes 14-digital pins which can be used as an input
otherwise output by using the functions like pin Mode (), digital Read(), and digital Write().
These pins can operate with 5V, and every digital pin can give or receive 20mA, & includes a
20k to 50k ohm pull up resistor. The maximum current on any pin is 40mA which cannot
surpass for avoiding the microcontroller from the damage. Additionally, some of the pins of
an Arduino include specific functions.

Serial Pins

The serial pins of an Arduino board are TX (1) and RX (0) pins and these pins can be used to
transfer the TTL serial data. The connection of these pins can be done with the equivalent
pins of the ATmega8 U2 USB to TTL chip.

External Interrupt Pin

The external interrupt pins of the board are 2 & 3, and these pins can be arranged to activate
an interrupt on a rising otherwise falling edge, a low-value otherwise a modify in value

PWM Pins

The PWM pins of an Arduino are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11, and gives an output of an 8-bit PWM
with the function analog Write ().

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins

The SPI pins are 10, 11, 12, 13 namely SS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, and these will maintain the
SPI communication with the help of the SPI library.

LED Pin
An arguing board is inbuilt with a LED using digital pin-13. Whenever the digital pin is high,
the LED will glow otherwise it will not glow.

TWI (2-Wire Interface) Pins

The TWI pins are SDA or A4, & SCL or A5, which can support the communication of TWI
with the help of Wire library.

AREF (Analog Reference) Pin

An analog reference pin is the reference voltage to the inputs of an analog i/ps using the
function like analog Reference()

Reset (RST)

Pin This pin brings a low line for resetting the microcontroller, and it is very useful for using
an RST button toward shields which can block the one over the Arduino R3 board

Communication

The communication protocols of an Arduino Uno include SPI, I2C, and UART serial
communication.

UART

An Arduino Uno uses the two functions like the transmitter digital pin1 and the receiver
digital pin0. These pins are mainly used in UART TTL serial communication.

I2C

An Arduino UNO board employs SDA pin otherwise A4 pin & A5 pin otherwise SCL pin is
used for I2C communication with wire library. In this, both the SCL and SDA are CLK signal
and data signal

SPI

Pins The SPI communication includes MOSI, MISO, and SCK.

MOSI (Pin11) This is the master out slave in the pin, used to transmit the data to the devices

MISO (Pin12)

This pin is a serial CLK, and the CLK pulse will synchronize the transmission of which is
produced by the master.
SCK (Pin13)

The CLK pulse synchronizes data transmission that is generated by the master. Equivalent
pins with the SPI library is employed for the communication of SPI. ICSP (in-circuit serial
programming) headers can be utilized for programming ATmega microcontroller directly
with the boot loader.

Arduino Uno Programming

• The programming of an Arduino Uno can be done using IDE software. The
microcontroller on the board will come with pre-burned by a boot loader that permits
to upload fresh code without using an exterior hardware programmer.
• The communication of this can be done using a protocol like STK500.
• We can also upload the program in the microcontroller by avoiding the boot loader
using the header like the In-Circuit Serial Programming.

Applications of Arduino Uno

The applications of Arduino Uno mainly involves in Arduino Uno based projects which
include the following

• Visitor Alarm in Office using Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno based Soccer Robot
• Arduino Uno based Automatic Medication Reminder
• Motion Detecting with Static Electricity
• Arduino Uno based Taxi with Digital Fare Meter
• Arduino Uno based Smart Stick
• Robot Car Controlled by Smartphone and Arduino

Thus, this is all about Arduino Uno datasheet