Chapter 3- IoT Sensors and Devices (2t)

TS. Lê Quốc Huy ([email protected])

DUT– UD
Internet of things (IoT) - Evolution

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IoT Sensors vs. Actuators

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99516-8_3 4
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www.avsystem.com 7
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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data
A sensor is a device (typically electronic) that detects events or changes in its physical
environment (e.g., temperature, sound, heat, pressure, flow, magnetism, motion,
chemical and biochemical parameters) and provides a corresponding output (often electrical)

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A sensor is a device (typically electronic) that detects events or changes in its physical
environment (e.g., temperature, sound, heat, pressure, flow, magnetism, motion,
chemical and biochemical parameters) and provides a corresponding output (often electrical)

electromagnetic,
radiation,
infrared

MEMS

photodiode

gyroscope

Capacitive
photodiode

MEMS +GPS La bàn số

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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data
A sensor is a device (typically electronic) that detects events or changes in its physical
environment (e.g., temperature, sound, heat, pressure, flow, magnetism, motion,
chemical and biochemical parameters) and provides a corresponding output (often electrical)

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Physical
quantity Sensing element Transduction element V, I = f’(X)
(Primary transducer) (Secondary transducer)
X Y=f(X)

Characteristic Function

• Characteristic Function/Curve/Table

Rg P

Rg = f(P)
V = f’(Rg)
=> V = f’’(P) 11
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IoT Sensors vs. Actuators

Physical
quantity Sensing element Transduction element V, I = f’(X)
(Primary transducer) (Secondary transducer)
X Y=f(X)

Characteristic Function

• Characteristic Function/Curve/Table
Linearization - Fitting

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IoT Sensors vs. Actuators

Physical
quantity Sensing element Transduction element V, I = f’(X)
(Primary transducer) (Secondary transducer)
X Y=f(X)

Characteristic Function

• Characteristic Function/Curve/Table

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Physical quantity Output signal Convenient form Standard electrical Display, Recording,
‒ Temperature ‒ Non-electrical (electrical) signal Transmission…
‒ Humidity ‒ Electrical ‒ Voltage ‒ Voltage: ‒ Analog
‒ Pressure (non convenient form) ‒ Current 0-5 V; 0-10 V ‒ Digital
‒ Length (amplitude, power) ‒ Current: ‒ Network comm.:
‒ Mass 0-20 mA; 5-20 mA RS232/585,
‒ … ‒ Digital: ADC, DSP Fieldbus
* Pneumatic signal 0.2 to 1.0 bar:
for safety (i.e. risk of explosion)

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Internet of things (IoT)
IoT Sensors: Classification

• Type of Physical Quantity Measured: sound, light, temperature, electromagnetic

radiation, acceleration, velocity, and color
• Energy Usage: based on whether or not they need an external power source: active or
passive sensors
• Method of Measurement: IoT sensors use different mechanisms of measurement, and
can be categorized accordingly into electrical sensors, optical sensors, chemical sensors,
and gyroscopic sensors
• Accuracy: high- and low-precision sensors.
High-precision IoT sensors are typically used in controlled environments, and can
measure very small changes, while low-precision sensors can only measure large
changes, but are often used in harsh and extreme environments
• Output Type: based on the type of output they produce: analog or digital sensors.
Analog sensors have a continuously variable output – for example, an electrical voltage
that varies continuously with temperature.
Digital sensors have a discrete output – for example, pulse code modulation (PCM)
sensors

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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data

Sensor Characteristics

Static Dynamic
• accuracy • Transfer function
• precision/repeatability ‒ 0th order response
• resolution ‒ 1th order response
• sensitivity ‒ 2nd order response
• span/range • response time
• nominal working conditions time constant
• hysteresis • frequency response
• Input/output impedance
• non-linearity
• dead-zone
• drift

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Sensor Characteristics: Dynamic

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Sensor Characteristics: Dynamic

Y

 5
•  - time constant
• 5 - response time

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Sensor Characteristics: Dynamic

dny d n −1 y d2y dy
an n + an −1 n −1 + .......a2 2 + a1 + a0 y = x(t )
dt dt dt dt

• 0th order: immediate • 1st order: delay • 2nd order: delay, oscillation

Y (t ) = KX (t )  + Y ' (t ) + Y (t ) = KX (t ) Y '' (t ) + 2 nY ' (t ) + n Y (t ) = Kn X (t )

2 2

Y∞

0,63Y∞

τ 5τ

K – static sensitivity τ – time constant ζ – damping factor

ωn – natural frequency 21
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Sensor Characteristics: Technical (Static + Dynamic) => Installation => Cost

❖ Primary Measuring Element Selection and Characteristics:

• Range (dải đo): What is the normal range over which the controlled variable might vary?
Are there extremes to this?
• Accuracy (độ chính xác): How close the sensor comes to indicating the actual value of
the measured variable?
• Precision (độ tin cậy): How consistent the sensor is in measuring the same value under
the same operating conditions over a period of time?
• Sensitivity (độ nhạy): How small a change in the controlled variable the sensor can
measure?
• Dead band (vùng chết): How much of a change to the process is required before the
sensor responds to the change?
• Response time (thời gian đáp ứng): The amount of time required for a sensor to
completely respond to a change in its input.
• Costs (giá thành): What are the costs involved - not simply the purchase cost, but also
the installed/operating costs?
• Installation problems (lắp đặt): Are there special installation problems, e.g., corrosive
fluids, explosive mixtures, size and shape constraints, remote transmission questions,..

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Sensor Characteristics: Technical (Static + Dynamic) => Installation => Cost

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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data

Sensor Characteristics: Technical (Static + Dynamic) => Installation => Cost

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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data

Sensor Characteristics: Technical (Static + Dynamic) => Installation => Cost

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IoT Sensors: Collecting Data

Sensor Characteristics: Technical (Static + Dynamic) => Installation => Cost

Physical quantity Output signal Convenient form Standard electrical Display, Recording,
‒ Temperature ‒ Non-electrical (electrical) signal Transmission…
‒ Electrical ‒ Voltage ‒ Voltage: ‒ Analog/ Digital
(non convenient form) ‒ Current 0-5 V; 0-10 V ‒ Network: 1-wire,
(amplitude, power) ‒ Current: 4-20 mA UART, I2C, SPI…
‒ Digital: ADC, DSP 26
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