UNIT

INTRDDUCTION DIGITAHL
CO MMNICATION

Diyztal c0 mmwaton
the transte of intormaton qoor
m Lo taton t0 anote
igital Signal, Which ane sigrae
that nprsent ntormatios
digitalL tosmat (0s d Js). Ths u
Conrast to analDg Communot
wich ses continoe' igal to
Convey ntomaton.
INPUT
TRANSDVCER TRANSMITTR CHANNE

0UT PUT
tTRANSDUER RECEIVER

BLoK DIAGRAy of BAS[C

DlG1TAC cOnMMUNJCA TION
SYSTEM
 The basic COmpomenk one:
’

D MESSAGE The ntonmation to be

ansmitted (ei9 text,imasc, audi vteleo)

TRANSMITERI: Convete the mesag 4

Co's 2 ' ' )
tignal
diqutal siral
73 CHANNEL: The meduun Hsough wich

he digital cignal
wiele Fiten ophe).

RECEtvek: convnts the ddigital ciqnal

back to ie ongnad message

TRANSDUCE R; Conws a onelectneal

Signal nto electncal riom.

(6 NOSe uwanted unall that can be

e
he
tnroded to ietort oo corrp
S4nal dsi hasissiom
 Hers the
t r a n m t e Cnd
Rece We cOntLn,.

TRANS MITTER
INPU
TRAN<DUEe EN CODER DI41TAL
LMoDOLETDRI

DUTPUT DE CODERJe
<TRANS DUEk DEMOULA1eC
RECEIVER

ADV ANTAGES 0 DIGITA CoMMUNICAION

0 Improd accwacy
) igh datarale
G ComMpresson
 APPLILATIONS Of DI4ITAL COMMUNI

0 7elephone ntwost
(omputu netOee (ninet)
.iAtlaLs commwniatm (mobile phon
wi)
Ta) Satilit comnmunotion
9 Digital kluvsio
kluuA oy and rads bnoadustng
DUnde wnlewnelws comuoon

7YPES

Contino tme e oueltime smale

Analeg Digital cinale
’procue Apuoce ugmau
Egy 4 Powen cigoals
Deerministie Rardom Signali.

Dependiy upon the type

Untoatn
 Vubal speaku

This sig nal us

u nor cons tant w
time CHimevanyin) and u noon
ANALOG StcWAL

tme the
ntormamu lways Consta
natead
D[GITAL SI4NAL
 ANA04 Dl4ITAU
Due meduktion
nodlaon e cBinayDala)
Aioleliti
SNR. s O BER,

PLDEUTY /RELUABIUTY

0SNR (Si9nal toNo Cue Rto)

It u dilinedL as a rato ef snal pow

to noLe pOwr
SNR Rx
Ps

In dB

In voage
P V/k
 Then - 20
VN

2) BER CRr Erro Ral)

The prtormane
Can be walualid by BER
the nenbe e bs
Neeeued u Ne antetal bitt
NE hen,

BER == Ne
NE
BER odepend SNR of r e i .
ZE sho ul be ae Low ossible.
’ aphinal eceiwe has BER nuge
trom o 1672
n Pu lo k.

SAM PLE

a pree o7 dala tauCen tom

whole ala which
Fhe time donain.

SAMPLING

when a soWre

Ciqnal and that has to be

havvng !s anl bo
0's Te
be
be
high
oisretizd
he Cigmal has
fine whi mea to convet
Signal into a oigital qral
The dlis ceti zaton analog sqnal
callid au SAMPUNE.

need samp ung:

Analeg to cligital LonveLo

Bavdwith ReductLon
Noue Reductior
compesclon
Digtal sqnal Procls ne
Trasmissen EHiiency
m)
S)
SAMPLER
C)

|SU) zm ct)" CC)

Sampled simnal u the dis ti teme

rpruetotion o the onginal
ahalog simal.
’Sapn procLst shoutd Satufy
0 Sanplins proUs os Samp ud
should npresct the 0gnal
Stqnal tauthtuly.
(2) We
we chold be ab e to econtrut
the ongenal cimal torm k s
Sampad Vens5
 tequenyotsagumpliny
tme Samp
un =Ts
whee
fs l/Tsfequency- Sampny
pud
Ts
Sanplns
rmplg
tnmed be Can That
chould
be Samples the beldeen
Signal&, the setize dis To -
RATE PLING *SAM
sipnal
uous fqLeny
pqueny maximum
equal
e twlce to
uencyfs
s Samplg fom
he
from bock eLoveedecoven and fo
nePrsena
ts it completely
ecan cignal tume
contnOue A
REM THEOSAMPlING
 Sonplig tqueny
So, thiscaled
Sunpy SAMPLING RATE
The soumpling Ae oenDA the nu
second,
Sample t a k e p
Set
a fnite Set valeu,

al
* NYOIST RATE

Pos an analog Signal to be consteat

from th cligzal _nat, the Samplig
nale chould beb hghle contdered.U

Thesampwre r t shsd be Suo

HhatHato inHmesageShoult
g utLapped
Hen a aale
caled NYgUST- RATE
 Suppose t h a a Cgnal banct-tiits
tqueny Componnt hhe
Hhan "w hete
That mean Le He highest
tequenA:
Cos such a cgnal foo effectiue
mproducHion the ongnl gnal,
he samp Aaa chould be twjce
the hegleet frequeny

Whu, ts = sampli rale

Sampinu called a
NYQOISTkATE A heoen callid,
SAMPLING- TH EOREM
Hhecoy Hiu NYQUIS7 RATE.
 NYQUST SAMPLING
THEOREM
’ The theoey Shatu hot :
QHnal ca hecouned
.
grometssampshe Samplin
gAeataogals to
HoiehmQXMUm eguny

PROO:

Consdu contiuous tme ignal ).

’ The speetm cext) u aa behd
1ncti d to t Hz i.e
forlay>u
’ Sampling c input sinal z t) Ca
obtaned by multin x Ct)
impuue train'S C)
peiod Ts.
The otput
4
gnad called Smpled
dlset sanpu sg
npresenled wh
 followinA
fottowng by
he speetn
n wihditt
ent
pue peiod hetayces ignal
the hat obseue Can
Ws
yw)
2Ts Ts S -2Ts
2Ts Ts
IPLIERLE)
diagrams fotlown The
(a) QuuSamplinn :
yLw)

2
20¢
|4s > 2tm

(6) Undn Samping

yo)

Ws 20s

c) Putet Sanping
ns) Ycuo)
X
T2T
yt)
byquen
ocput
Ot The CH). signal
aputde
of nespct
to with
mpuee ampitude e Her
PeodT T)
Ct-n
oS on toacn mpulae wuh ct) x
put py mltr by med putos
be ca Lt PUNG a)IMPULSE
SAM
1ECH MPANG SI4NALS
SA
gnal. ge
me
maxin
wm he uie
mt tequncg
be sampling
trom cignal 4he
Tieaeto,
on ppr for
(b) NATUR AL SAMPLING:

2xupt the ipulee rais

smp
je. neplau
by Puke trais o puiod T. ie ¥ou
mutpuy nput ignal X ) to
pulse train s:-o p((t) -hT)) ad
sho wn below
1)

Yw)SP(nws) X[w-nws]

cC) PLAT- Top SAMPLING

Duung Tran mMn, noi is jntrodu
t the top trans missn pu
which car be eas y
pulse n the foom tla p
Heu, the top the Sump a
e hy hue cOrAat amp
 sampling Pa top spln
o< snple and hold cet.

t
T

H(o)= P(o) Ys Cw)

Whee Plo)

MODULATION -
"boTA MODULATION
Pro CAs e enconç igtal
Mosmation ono a cauÁL cugnatto
Tans messlon This
eficieat cnd techngue enss
liabe. data traufu
Comn catiog hanels.
Modulatio mocdipies he cahi
optui
al, ByCasy wihot "BASEBAND
that l4NAL data
SlGNAL.
CARRIER
alten gle phase
baeban
-te cOntau
the tequeny ber
gh-beqheny
cusordal
ordine the baseband tot
siqmal.
The
chd
caie multed the
prsen
pcay
tmetd
o Caiie igltal
dataCan be
4he
siqmls
nto he
bueba data
ugnal.
ig
a
 s mttedettecwey.

Mutipla ne
Osignalt spength nd auality
Atna and desi
eunyb Aloation Banwilth tirat
Compatibilit, wth Transmss on Mecua
TYPES MDD ULATION
Jmolation

DIGITAL
ANADy
ASK
eSK
CONTINWOS
WAVE
TPULSE
MODULAJLON
- AM
+ AM ++PAy
+P +PwM
+ PPM
+PCM
 n l hese mooulation technq
he messase nal
Stgnal is
natuewhile he case na
Hhe plee taçn

PUSE COD E ODULATLON;

’A Egnal whch e bo be quantrzoo

betoe transmisi
wel.

lh etpeet o noee and he Sapun

allous ns

-The combued Gprat on senpl

and quantization qennati a quantis
PAM Waltom (-ea trai pulsc
whose mputde u tnctod to a
nenbe diste luel.
Rashe han tansmitny he snd
wee mnay present
ea quantraton
quantrzaton leel
y
NEALCST
2 3
coDENo.
-36 -2S -2 3:5
[hes
2-C. binag
Asuntate Tlhen
hansmsslonHe
byoe t
-3 -1 2 3 4
hansmt ed cOhvtd ntmbe and
System tquen
2-S 2.%3'
PULSE
DIAUeeSampl
33
puntati transmit
thy
248 ODE pulse. qivalint
burcy
ansmesLon the
MODäLATION bn
the
lale
22 4 nembn s
u numbe
called
 EsamplgPGuantizaEral
lovwpass
-LPP
PUM,InBaslalhy
cIgnali oPem isSo.
g)
(quetzed
Sanßle

d)
snali.
igctal
(ann
L,
(analoghodin
todiitat Coyhat

ci
 SLOLLavallies
nwanid )
hem lhe o
Aupuede
Fon
sanplewto nsrehthe LPF -
a psos he
3
n,to bts tabe Egnal. Himal
alpr e ol basitally
ple valle
sampl
measNUg
Samp peqen
poart omponeas.eny
quny
(L)E n
he
and atoue
the elfnal eter
2 He close
weg componerts
gung flteLyhe
nenêucal use
d
to
 ouantreoton
o:129-0125
Tie
eso |nteUli
called Co,
and
quenti D4tnene numter
fnlThe voltase
Sounped
qantized
quantizln quantraton
distoston
lea
zed dsran
°/pz
o/p belween
A/and =
O129 otput 0:12s
volt L
betweW
cONVERI ER
encodo Sampled
otput
quanttziNa
vot 8 LV
u Soun
tog cnon
 S) VANTA4ES
*bISAD 3 dlhnlte
as
sue immuiNdoe kiqy specifievales
Power
- D4/TA
Piecas_ S
eiqral qual pounts o6
te
Samp
sarpley nu
wmpon
COns
mbed
O
signal PCM|plentad
bo
sratee,
nol has
onyhaseelz
PMi DISCRETE
o
banlwith tansmiss bpualy
ugnal

ls Hat
 +So, t- mgig
Medical
6 S
’ VaL
quantzahen
|nto gUANTIZATION exploaty. piatal APPUA
ERROR <pacebrodbng
Radn Teaphony,
fo Roundng
he map stuoedtar e
ros punq.
Preusen
fine ndl TIONS
quantu
clintne he do
he we
s a
Ha
DE
hen zaton he contno
finiteset
PM
Samp hat
preusoy -
s nase
to
 cortinuou
horo

consrcle,

0-2S
o
-0.25
dinek
-05 siqnal
-O.S latee
-I
X(m)
-BI1- DEPTH (n)
Jno q bits

- No oP QuANTIZED LEVELS CL)

LE 2n

sTEP sizE CA)

mal o7 ampuude
whe Xmay highest pltude
 IN DEX VAWE (I)
")

QUANTIZED MAGNJTUDE (ha)

Co nseng
Kample
nz 2

Hhe, Lz4

A=1-(-1)

4
=0S

(et
I 0 o - (-)
ghly QUANTIZA%710 N ERROR CEa)

Also, Xa = (-1) + 3(ors)

So

X&aplud nalu)0 o0o40o-oo

IlIndx nae) 23 4) 2
X4 (Guantizæd valu)lo0S0 -0S
Di_utal Si nal
ea (uamhizcd Uso)lo to2 o 020o+0204 lo
* cHANNEL CAPAUTY BY
HARTLEY SHANNoN
’ The Shannen
dilfines he
Capacuty theosen
maxunn anout
tnttsmaten data
Can be capauy
chanel oi meclun (wls.Loas
twjstth par,iter ek)
crates hat,

hemxmwm r i at whh
Int6rmahoy can be transnttd
a commaken chanel
specafed bardoih n Hhe
pYesene noo

le B

where, B2 Bandwidh charnel

Sgrol Power
N NDSe Power
 mation,

meyAage
Reccied Pown (s)
Power C )
so,
meon quaned value =JtN
2
ond mean Squard value
nose power JN
2

then, hunben o loel hat can be

Ceponatod wihout e m.

T+s
N

Aso, dital Intormation uu

I =
 NOW channel ransk' t

pulse pe Second Hhen chanl

now

Ng9uLt BoncuH ) -26

)
N

So, Basy Laly uie tnneas B (aBAO

Nwl alaO inease
So
be
Capaity eq chanel Can net

powen otenst

n
So, channel apaaty u

(=S lo9, +S
AAAA
mt)
clcony
e So
Cosct Caisie
AsK
mesage lo) olo
amplltudec Lugal
tw'r
t
al tarrn amplutale
a The ’
CASI) EYING SHIÆT
AMPUTUDE ¥
uality
communicahon gieat
abiluby wail stem cy
qcte "
secUity data High
aattomaten
MDULATION ? -Dl4iTAL
mt) - AS K
1
dEr6,
d= fate fon
modula

-) BW a (1+d)r =bad rate

BW (1+ d) & Rz data rai
>)
n= no bis

(to idoal) to represut

dz0 (to worse)

ASE

OLwput
Iúnite)
uRipela
biny Scquene
( messa)
mtt
 wheu,

now te
mlt) voUtale (his
voltaee
( UThe high signal cloce e sochs
OalLows a c i uaue
Henu, P oul put wl b a cauen
at ht uput.
( ) Thee s low wput he Swth
opuns alowng no
volag o

Oppeal.
Hene, Hhe output wl be low
The band-lmtne fileL, chapes hhe
puulse depenc upor he anplihude
and phse
chanactechu l he
pule
Shapne flen.
 (
produu LWo The Mtceswet
il he
o heSCU SYNHRONoUS pemauutates
a (ohySynchono
a ARE Proes
Squa
modulatd
autput
volkasan LAW ULLATOR oS

lcuw followg
nwouU e
DETECTOk tHcawct m
BE
letecto nptF LPP MODULA
Jgnal oheet)
Synchaouae
(Non- Non-
hat LS
wwc >mt) TION.
he. s
je
 rmeue
hgher
frequenu,t
thiout hat
r
wethn
he n n
fosm ensne
into
feed
traigital
eutput imik
votag
predefinid
ed o
UMJTER:
wAed RCT|CIcR
LPP
(2
Low-PASS
eLTER
hen Hhenwhich ASVN
CHRONOUS
(3)
CoMPARATUR
Posutuu
u is LOmporata,
be
Signal ciqnal 4voAGE ma
nto
a
VL
The The
A
 PARATDR LTER2)
cOm 3) LOw-PACS Und.
Conve molatdExtacts he The
a The FREQUENCY nto Prduee
tigh
tnvouea
Pros He
nut ouput
enylpe-
dticlidhe
tdg
al an
and o SH|e tignatposituehal9< o
tqutnier
envelope he
and nat.
a
y fce
KEYING ignal.
oo
. binaysfoo q
malatd me -eellad
tehy
Thebn (FSK) ollouing
binay
ouutpt he
ae Clht
 mlt)
AAAAAMAAAAAAAAAAt
4AAAAAAAAAAesr fcn
So, and Js
4 4wheA M A
SPACE

m
t)
m,)
= sWet
)I meguehe
Spectrum aa BandwioH
ituole

2AF

As e stuid ealier
BW = (1+d)r

Then, total B w of sc
BW =(1+dr +(t-d)r t 204
2 2

Bw (td)r 4 2A
For mimwnBW
(d=0)
) BUW r t 2A
 Angplitude
20f
(cl=o)
l+d)r
=

So
BW rtr
BW 2r

whe, 24f spacn bl hwo

bond

MWi Leel PsK

Los Bfsk Cse)
=2 ) 2 nl
L=4 -) 2"
 hat Say can
LOsutot wMotE) ecr Whe
cosWet
ENFERtEvek
B taan Modl
- SIC
Lr Bw
tcL-)r Bw
lied=0) bW
bw me
be, well
y Psie Leeel or" So,
The teo o latos, polucene
highe and a lowee freqweney
cOnnetool Ho
Lrgnals
alone with an tntenal clouC
Suwth
to avoid he abiupt phase
i lonHitus Hhe output
waLtom dduene he toanemii
a clock u appud
o boHh He
OLcLlotonsteunal
Demodul aten
informahes,

coMPARALo
KLPP
rlato
Co ingmahin!
Deuso
tiit
 Here He neceed Ps ignal
mi w t he o(al oslatos
to poduee
Poduo aa olinene trquenuy
Sgnal
1Pf's
LPfS o neiae ncanted treg ueniea
noLe The delcted gnal ie hes
passd hieugh a decaLen ckt.
a

NONONERErNT:

Wco

BPPENVELoe
torrrARAORT
BPFlENE LoPE
m)
we,

clamaelaton
cohnet tehigu telces
plau hee.
 PHASE SHIeT KEYING (Pskj:

’In hia technqu He phase he

cAMiL Cgnal' u changd
vayen5) sine
inpk at a potiua tine
wiclely wsed
’Thu Rchiqe iu w1cay
fos wneles LANs, b - mte
(ontats epaton h N
Polan NRZ
mtt
-IV

v bunay Input
inpu phat
be 80 andl for a
we
he phae
be
 (+)
=18o ( )

Bandwty

CLE)

TpSK
tres

Then

BWpSK (+)r
t (, )

BINARY PHASE SHIET KEYING

CBPSK)
-’ This PSK
ia alo (allecl as 2-phase Psk
phase eUsl
techgue, he sne care
 met)
Modulaen
BPSK ot tokeiteo
eodulatr
Hoat Mu Wa

wheu, wh e
L2-)
wel e Tufor
+ phase
a
ia
mt)
Brskwt
mltipieu wh
ch tor Badanlator L

mesae ciq 0
bny n
bnay

nf np uch
 ayaun
for,
Denoduaia
yct) y)
datt /tmt))m)t
coswet)
4m)yC): =
t
m)rsK BpSk

es' os yt)|LPP /e
(wet)
2
wt
CHPC)
cOmpont toMpAR1
WF)
tmy