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BGUTIL-2 - Topic1-Introduction To Electrical Systems

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21 views3 pages

BGUTIL-2 - Topic1-Introduction To Electrical Systems

Uploaded by

Eiyer Lorique Antonio
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Building Utilities 2 – Lecture 1: Introduction to Electrical Systems

TERMINOLOGIES
Electrical Systems
• Also known as circuits / networks
• Combinations of 3 fundamental components:
o Resistor
o creates resistance in the flow of electric current
o device usually made of wire or carbon which presents a
resistance to a current flow
o Capacitor
o device for storing electrical energy
o consists of one or more pairs of conductors separated by
insulator
o Inductor
o stores, and supplies energy to the circuit to maintain
current flow
o a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core
o inductance is directly proportional to number of
turns in coil.
*these 3 components’ objectives is to drive the electrical circuit with 2 electrical
characteristics: Voltage & Current

Principles of Electricity
• Voltage – pressure; difference in charge between two points
o Is measured in Volts
o Volmeter & Potentiometer – instruments used in measuring volts
o Typical Voltages:
▪ Flashlight batteries = 1.5volts (DC)
▪ Automobile batteries = 12volts (DC)
▪ Supply of power companies to consumers = 110 to 120 volts (AC)
& 220 to 240 volts (AC)
• Current – rate at which charge is flowing
o Is measured in Amperes / “Amps”
o Ammeter – instrument used in measuring current
o Ampacity – max amount of current a conductor/device can carry before
sustaining immediate deterioration.
o Frequency – number of current cycles per second
▪ Measured in Hertz (Hz)
o Two types of Current:
▪ Direct Current (DC) – direction does not change, flows from the
positive to negative terminal of the battery
▪ Alternating Current (AC) – direction changes continuously
• Resistance – material’s tendency to resist the flow of charge
o Is measured in Ohm (Ω)
Ohm’s Law
• states that the current that is passing through a conductor is proportional to the
voltage over resistance
▪ Formula: V = l x R
• V = voltage
• I =Current in amps
• R = Resistance in ohms

Electrical current, voltage, and resistance standard unit of measurement


Unit of
Quantity Quantity Unit abbreviation
measurement
Current I Ampere (amp) A
Voltage E of V Volt V
Resistance R Ohm Ω

4 basic parts in a circuit


• Energy source - AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current)
• Conductor – in a form of wire
• Electrical load
• Controller (switch)

Measuring Electricity
• Measured in Watts & Kilowatts (kW) = 1000 watts
• Watthours (Wh) – electricity use over time; is equal to energy of one Watt
steadily supplied to an electric circuit for one hour
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – product of power in kW & time in hours

Sources of Energy
• Renewable Energy Source – any natural source that can replace energy
quickly and dependably. Are plentiful & sustainable
o Solar Energy
o Wind Energy
o Geothermal Energy
o Hydropower
o Ocean Energy
o Biomass from plants
• Non- renewable Energy – source with limited supply; can be mined / extracted
from earth & eventually run out
o Petroleum
o Hydrocarbon gas liquids
o Natural gas
o Coal
o Nuclear energy
PALLEL & SERIES CIRCUITS INSLATORS & CONDUCTORS WIRING METHODS
Electrical Circuits
• Path for transmitting electrical currents
• Defined as a complete and closed path around which a circulating electric
current can flow
• Basic type: Power circuit – circuit that transfers & control large amount of
electricity.
o Series Circuit – circuit which the same current flows through all the
components of the circuit; has only one path to take
o Parallel circuit – circuit in which components are arranged so that the
current must break before meeting and combining again.
▪ Paths aren’t reliant to each other – one will work if the other
breaks
o Short circuit – circuit that allows current to travel along an unintended
path; encounters little / no resistance.
▪ Piece of circuit bypassed the short circuit may cease to function
& large amount of current may begin flowing causing wires to heat
up and may cause fire.
▪ Circuit breakers & fuse boxes – cut off circuits when short
circuits occurs

Electric Conductors
• Materials that have low resistance to electric current
• Allow electricity, heat, and sound pass through
• Good conductor metals: copper, aluminum, steel, silver, gold, sea water
• Types:
o Plasma – best type of electric conductors
o Semiconductors – conductors that allow electricity to flow but not as well
as plasma
o Resistors – conductors that makes electricity flow very difficult

Electric Insulators
• Materials that have high resistance to electric current
• Does not allow passage of electricity, heat or sound
• Nonmetallic solids: wood, rubber, plastic, glass, oil, diamond

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