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15 views14 pages

Cap 9

Uploaded by

kasulakarthikeya2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EC2003E COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND PROCESSORS

Monsoon 2024-25
String Instructions

• Set of instructions for handling blocks of data in the form of bytes


or words
• String is an array of data of the same type-character string/byte
string etc.
• Example operations:
• To move blocks (e.g: 100 words/bytes) of data in a particular memory area
to another area
• Compare two blocks of data for equality
• Search a data block for a particular data
Pre-requisites for using String Instructions

• Two segments are to be defined: DS is the source segment and ES


is the destination segment.
• SI and DI are the pointers to DS and ES respectively
• Special flag (Direction Flag – DF) is used to control the
increment/decrement of address
• Flag is set (DF=1)– pointer registers get automatically decremented
• Flag is reset (DF=0)– pointer registers get automatically incremented
• Counter CX is used to count the number of operations
MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW
• Copies a byte or word from a location in the data segment to a
location in the extra segment.
• The offset of the source in the data segment in the SI register.
• The offset of the destination in the extra segment in the DI register.
• For multiple byte or multiple word moves the number of elements to
be moved is put in the CX register.
• After the byte or word is moved SI and DI are automatically adjusted
to point to the next source and the next destination.
• If the direction flag is 0, then SI and DI will be incremented by 1 after a byte
move and they will incremented by 2 after a word move.
• If the DF is 1, then SI and DI will be decremented by 1 after a byte move and
they will be decremented by 2 after a word move. MOVS affects no flags.
MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW - Example
CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW
• The CMPS instruction can be used to compare a byte/word in one
string with a byte/word in another string
• SI is used to hold the offset of a byte/word in the source string and DI
is used to hold the offset of a byte/word in the other string.
• The comparison is done by subtracting the byte/word pointed to by
DI from the byte/word pointed to by SI.
• The AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, and ZF flags are affected by the comparison,
but neither operand is affected.
CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW - Example
SCAS/SCASB/SCASW
• SCAS compares a string byte with a byte in AL or a string word with
word in AX.
• The instruction affects the flags, but it does not change either the
operand in AL (AX) or the operand in the String Instruction in 8086.
• The string to be ‘scanned must be in the extra segment and DI must
contain the offset of the byte or the word to be compared.
• After the comparison DI will be automatically incremented or
decremented according to direction flag, to point to the next element
in the two strings
• SCAS affects the AF, CF, OF, PF, SF and ZF flags.
SCAS/SCASB/SCASW-Example
LODS/LODSB/LODSW

• This instruction copies a byte from a string location pointed to by SI to


AL, or a word from a string location pointed to by SI to AX.
• LODS does not affect any flags. LODSB copies byte and LODSW copies
a word.
STOS/STOSB/STOSW

• The STOS instruction copies a byte from AL or a word from AX to a


memory location in the extra segment.
Procedures
• There may be a need to perform the same set of task again and again.
• Instead of writing the same sequence of instructions, again and again,
they are written separately in a subprogram.
• This subprogram is called a procedure.
• Whenever we need to execute the instructions mentioned in the
procedure, we can simply make a CALL to it.
• The duplication in the instructions can be avoided.
Procedures
Steps taken to execute Procedures
• Saves the current IP content in the stack
• IP is loaded with the address of the procedure (From CALL
instruction)
• Procedure is executed until RET instruction
• Old value of IP is retrieved from the stack and the control returns to
the main program

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