6.
003 Homework 1
Due at the beginning of recitation on Wednesday, February 10, 2010.
Problems
1. Independent and Dependent Variables Assume that the height of a water wave is given by g(x vt) where x is distance, v is velocity, and t is time. Assume that the height of the wave is a sinusoidal function of distance at each instant of time. Also assume that the positive peaks have a height of 1 meter (relative to the average water level) and that they occur at integer multiples of 2 meters when the time t = 3 seconds. a. Determine an expression for the height of the wave h(x, t) as a function of distance x and time t if the wave is traveling in the positive x direction at 5 meters/second. What is the function g() for this case? b. Determine an expression for the height of the wave h(x, t) as a function of distance x and time t if the wave is traveling in the negative x direction at 4 meters/second. What is the function g() for this case? c. Determine the speed of the wave if successive positive peaks at x = 1.3 meters are separated by 0.75 seconds. 2. Even and Odd The even and odd parts of a signal x[n] are dened by the following: xe [n] = xe [n] (i.e., xe is an even function of n) xo [n] = xo [n] (i.e., xo is an odd function of n) x[n] = xe [n] + xo
[n] Let x represent the signal whose samples are given by
x[n] =
1 n 2
n0 . otherwise
a. Determine the even and odd parts of the signal x. b. Show that your answer in part a is unique. c. Plot the results of part a. 3. Geometric sums a. Expand 1 in a power series. For what range of a does your answer converge? 1a
6.003 Homework 1 / Spring 2010
N 1
2 an . For what range of a does your answer
n=0
b. Find a closed-form expression for converge? c. Expand
1 in a power series. For what range of a does your answer converge? (1 a)2
4. Reconstructing CT Signals from Samples Let a(t), b(t), and c(t) represent the following functions of time.
a(t) 1 t 0 1 0 1 b(t) 1 t 0 1 c(t) 1 t
Let xc (t) represent a continuous-time signal derived from the discrete-time signal xd [n] using a zero-order hold, as illustrated below, where consecutive samples of xd are sepa rated by T seconds in xc .
xd [n] xc (t) xd [0] xd [1] n 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2T 4T 6T 8T 10T t
a. Determine an expression for xc (t) in terms of the samples xd [n] and the functions a(t), b(t), and c(t). Let yc (t) represent a continuous-time signal derived from the discrete-time signal yd [n] using a piecewise linear interpolator, so that sucessive samples of yd are connected by straight line segments.
yd [n] yc (t) yd [0] yd [1] n 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2T 4T 6T 8T 10T t
b. Determine an expression for yc (t) in terms of the samples yd [n] and the functions a(t), b(t), and c(t). c. Determine an expression for a(t), b(t), and c(t). 5. Missing Parameters Consider the following system. dyc (t) in terms of the samples yd [n] and the functions dt
6.003 Homework 1 / Spring 2010
X + R R 3 1 2R Y
Assume that X is the unit-sample signal, x[n] = [n]. Determine the values of and for which y[n] is the following sequence (i.e., y[0], y[1], y[2], . . .): 0 , 1 , 3 7 15 31 , , , , ... 2 4 8 16
Engineering Design Problems
6. Choosing a bank Consider two banks. Bank #1 oers a 3% annual interest rate, but charges a $1 service charge each year, including the year when the account was opened. Bank #2 oers a 2% annual interest rate, and has no annual service charge. Let yi [n] represent the balance in bank i at the beginning of year n and xi [n] represent the amount of money you deposit in bank i during year n. Assume that deposits during year n are credited to the balance at the end of that year but earn no interest until the following year. a. Use dierence equations to express the relation between deposits and balances for each bank. b. Assume that you deposit $100 in each bank and make no further deposits. Solve your dierence equations in part a numerically (using Matlab, Octave, or Python) to determine your balance in each bank for the next 25 years. Make a plot of these balances. Which account has the larger balance 5 years after the initial investment (one year without interest and 4 years with interest). Which account has the larger balance after 25 years (i.e., at the beginning of the 26th year) [Hint: See the Appendix for help with programming.]
7. Drug dosing When drugs are used to treat a medical condition, doctors often recommend starting with a higher dose on the rst day than on subsequent days. In this problem, we consider a simple model to understand why. Assume that the human body is a tank of blood and that drugs instantly dissolve in the blood when ingested. Further assume that drug vanishes from the blood (either because it is broken down or because it is ushed by the kidneys) at a rate that is proportional to drug concentration. Let x[n] represent the amount of drug taken on day n, and let y[n] represent the total amount of drug in the blood on day n, just after the dose x[n] has dissolved in the blood, so that y[n] = x[n] + y[n 1] .
6.003 Homework 1 / Spring 2010
a. Determine the amount of drug in the blood that would result after taking one unit of drug each day for many consecutive days, i.e., determine limn y[n] when x[n] = 1. b. Assume that there is initially no drug in the blood. Then, starting on day 0, one unit of drug is taken each day. Determine the rst day when the amount of drug in the blood will equal or exceed half of its nal value. c. Consider the following table of doses and resulting amount of drug in the blood: n 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x[n] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y[n] 0 1.00 1.73 2.27 2.66 2.95 3.16 3.32 3.43
Notice that the blood concentration ramps up over the rst few days. Suggest a dierent initial dose x[0] that will result in a more constant amount of drug in the blood (with x[n] remaining at 1 for all n 1). Make a table to show your result.
Appendix: Fibonacci code
You may use Python and/or Matlab/Octave to solve problems in this homework assignment. Octave is a free-software linear-algebra solver, with a syntax that is similar to that of Matlab. Octave is available for most platforms. See www.octave.org. The following code calculates, prints, and plots the rst 20 Fibonacci numbers (i.e., f [0] through f [19]). Example Matlab/Octave code y(1) = 1; y(2) = 1; for i = 3:20 y(i) = y(i-1)+y(i-2) end y stem(0:19,y) % initial conditions % indices start at 1 (not 0)
% print y
Example Python code from pylab import *
y = [1,1] for i in range(2,20):
y.append(y[i-1]+y[i-2]) print y stem(range(20),y) show()
# initial conditions
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6.003 Signals and Systems
Spring 2010
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