Tutorials (2)

A. Determine the efficiency of a Rankine cycle using steam as the working fluid
in which the condenser pressure is 10 kPa. The boiler pressure is 2 MPa. The
steam leaves the boiler as saturated vapor.
Ans: 30.3%
B. Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters
the turbine at 8 MPa and saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of
0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW. Determine:

Answers
 The thermal efficiency 37.1%
 The back work ratio 0.84%
 The mass flow rate of the steam in kg/h 3.77 x 105 kg/h
 The rate of heat transfer, Qin in MW 269.77 MW
 The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if the
cooling water enters the condenser at 25 oC and exits at 35 oC. 14.27x106 kg/h

C. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The
steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600 oC and is
condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low –pressure turbine is not exceed 10.4 percent,
determine:
(a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (b) the thermal
efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature
of the high-pressure turbine.
Ideal and Actual Gas-Turbine (Brayton) Cycles

Questions:

1) For fixed maximum and minimum temperatures, what is the effect of the
pressure ratio on (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the network output of a
simple ideal Brayton cycle?
‫ عندما تكون درجة الحرارة العظمي و درجة الحرارة الصغرى ثابتتين ما هو‬,‫في دورة برايتون البسيطة‬
.‫تأثير نسبة الغنضغاط على كل من (أ) الكفاءة الحرارية للدورة (ب) الشغل الصافي للدورة‬

Answer:

For fixed maximum and minimum temperatures, (a) the thermal efficiency
increases with pressure ratio, (b) the network first increases with pressure ratio,
reaches a maximum, and then decreases.

‫عند ثبوت درجة الحرارة ا العظمي و درجة الحرارة الصغرى في دروة برايتون البسيطة فإن الكفاءة‬
‫الحرارية للدورة تزداد بزيادة نسبة الضغط أما صافي الشغل الناتج فالبداية يزداد حتى يصل اعلى قيمة له‬
.‫ثم يبدأ في اإلنخفاض و ذلك بسبب زيادة شغل الضاغط‬
2) What is the back work ratio? What are typical back work ratio values for gas-
turbine engines?

‫ما هي نسبة الضغط الراجع؟ و ما هي القيم المثالية لنسبة الضغط الراجع لمحركات التوربين الغازي؟‬

Answer:

Back work ratio is the ratio of the compressor (or pump) work input to the turbine
work output. It is usually between 0.40 and 0.6 for gas turbine engines.

‫نسبة الضغط الراجع هي النسبة بين الضغط المستهلك في الضاغط أو المضخة و الضغط الناتج في‬
.‫ في محركات التوربين الغازي‬% 60-40 ‫ عادتا ً ما تكون بين‬.‫التوربين‬

3) Why are the back work ratios relatively high in gas turbine engines?
‫لماذا تكون نسب الشغل الراجع مرتفعة نسبيًا في محركات التوربينات الغازية؟‬
Answer:

In gas turbine engines a gas is compressed, and thus the compression work
requirements are very large since the steady-flow work is proportional to the
specific volume.
‫في محركات التوربين الغازي يتم ضغط الهواء وهو يحتاج لكمية ضغل كبيرة في الضاغط خاصة و ان‬
.‫شغل اإلنسياب المستقر يتناسب مع الحجم النوعي‬

4) How do the inefficiencies of the turbine and the compressor affect (a) the back
work ratio and (b) the thermal efficiency of a gas-turbine engine?
.‫ (ب) الكفاء الحرارية للدورة‬.‫كيف تؤثر كفاءة التوربين و كفاءة الضاغط على (أ) نسبط الضغط الراجع‬

Answer:

As a result of turbine and compressor inefficiencies, (a) the back work ratio
increases, and (b) the thermal efficiency decreases.
‫ و (ب) و الكفاءة الحرارية‬,‫بسبب تأثير كفاءة التوربين و الضاغط فإن (أ) نسبة الضغط الراجع تزيد‬
.‫تتناقص‬
Problems:
1. A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the
pressure limits of 100 and 1600 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the
compressor at 408C at a rate of 850 m3/min and leaves the turbine at 6508C.
Using variable specific heats for air and assuming a compressor isentropic
efficiency of 85 percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent,
determine (a) the net power output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal
efficiency.
Ans: (a) 6081 kW, (b) 0.536, (c) 37.4 percent
2. Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two
stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor
and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and
each stage of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine the back work ratio and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming
(a) no regenerator is used and (b) a regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is
used. Use variable specific heats.
3. In a Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa, 25 oC. The
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in
the cycle is 1100 oC. Determine:
• The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle
• The compressor work, turbine work, and cycle efficiency.
Ans: 575.6 K, 711 K, 279 kJ/kg, 665 kJ/kg, 48.2 %

.7 ,6 ,5 ‫ الرجاء دراسة و فهم األمثلة الواردة في المحاضرات‬:‫مالحظة‬

‫مع متنياتي لكم بالتوفيق‬