"'

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Part - I, 3 •• Edition

Based on ACI 2014

ZAHID A. SIDDIQI
Professor
Civil Engineering Ocpartmcnl
University of Engineering and Technology
L ahore
E•mail: [email protected]

Help Civil Engineering Publisher

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JV CONCRl!T!'; STRUCTURP.S PART . J AUTHOR: 7.AHIO ;\. SIDDIQI

[n the Name of Allah. the tvtost Beneficent. the Most t\forciful

Recice in the Name of the Allah. Who had c.re.ated (i\f.Qura,1)

© Copyright by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

All Rights Reserved
 \ ' II

CONTENTS

I. MATERIALS AND DESIGN PROCESS

I ,I huroJv~ion, I
I. I .I Concrete. I
1. 1.2 Siic c,f Orie ks, 2
1. 1.3 M..xilanism of Load Tra1isfcr, 2
1.2 Ml'rils of Concrct-.- Construc1ion. 3
1.2. 1 Conrn:,l over Cm:.s-Scc1ic,nal Sh:ipe. 3
1.2.2 Easy ,And Uni\'crst1I ;-\ vailability of ConsLitucnLS, 3
1.2.3 Economy. 3
1.2.4 Otuc, lnsulatil)n Pcopenies. 3
1.2.5 Good Bond with Ste<:,I. 3
1.2.6 Ductility and Warning Before r ailurc. 4
1.2.7 Lesser Chances c,f Ou~klint, 4
1.2.8 Aesthetics. .3
1.3 Demerits of Cc,ncre1c Cc,nsnuc1ion. 4
1.3. 1 WeaJ.:crin Tension. 4
1.3.2 Ore111cr Self Weight. 4
1.3..l Crscki ng. 4
1.3.4 Rcl.nivdy Unpn:dicrnbk Oclta\·iOf, 4
1.3.5 Limited lndu:«rial 8..-h:wior. 5
1.3.6 lntlastic Behavior. 5
1.3.7 CrecpandShrinkagc. 5
I.4 Spcci ficstions. 5
1.5 T)•pes of ll'X'ds, 5
1.5.1 Self Load. 6
1.5.2 Imposed l..o.1d, 6
I.S.3 Ser\'icc. or Char.1c1eristic Lc)ads. 6
1.5.4 P.ictored Loads. 6
1.5.5 Dead l.(Xld, 6
I.S.6 Liv,;: Lo.i d, 6
1.6 Limit Simes. 9
1.7 V3rious Oesig.n Mc.1hods, 10
1.7. 1 Oasfo Otsig,n 6.)0:tLion. 10
1.7.2 Fuctorof Safoty (F.0 .S). JO
1.7.3 Sm::ns1h OesiSll, 11
1.7.4 Allowablc.Stress Ocsign (ASO), 11
1.7.5 Pl:is1ic Ocsis.n. 12
viii CONCRF.TP.STRUCTURP.SPART .I AUTHOR: ZAHIO A. SIDDIQI
1.7.6 Advan1:ig..:s 1.1r Using Strength Design or LRPO. 12
I.~ Design Strcnglh. 12
1.9 Capacil}' Analysis of Sll'l)(..'1Ul\:S. 13
I JO Design of Slru<.·turt.-s. 13
LIO.I Ql)jec1ivcsof S11uc1ural De-signer, 13
1.10 .2 Economy in Design. 14
1. 10.3 Pro,xdure of The Snuctural ~ ign. IS
1.10.4 Gcncml Dc.~isn Flow Chan. 16
1.1 1 Commonly Used Load r'tlct1.1rS a11d Load Con,binations, 16
1.12 Shrin.kageof Concrci..•. 19
I.I 3 Cn.."ep of Conc-retc. 20
1.1 4 r ,nigue in Concrete. 20
I .15 Concrete Compn.·ssive S1n-.ng1h. 20
1.16 Rcinf(l(cing S1eel, 23
I.I 7 Modulus of £1u.stkity. 25
1.18 Rcquir.::mcms for Conl1'3C'I D,)Cuments, 2.'i
1.19 Du1jesofln sp,ec1or, 26
1.20 Legal Standing of De.sign Code$. 26
1.2 1 Two-Cycle Momeni Dim ibution. 27
1.22 Po11al Prame Method for Literal Loads. 28
1.23 (.Values for Fncton:d Lotid :\nal)'Sis. 32
Pmbk ms. 33
2. FLEXURAL a£HA VJOR Of' 81':AMS UN0£R SERVI CE LOA OS 35
2.1 hun:icluciion. 35
2.2 Assumptions Regarding Flexuml Behavior. 35
2.3 Flexm':)I Behavior in General, 36
2.4 'J'enns U$t'd to Study f.kxural Oeha\'ior. 3S
2.4.1 Modular Ratio (11). 39
2.4.2 Unc,~cketl Transforrne(I Sooion, 40
2.4.3 Modulus o ( Rupture and Split C)'linder Strength. 4 1
2AA Tcn.-:ilc S1rcng1h ofConc,re1c, 4 1
2.4.5 Cracked Transforn>OO Scctiol'l. when
Concre1e Sll'.:'.:SS is L.essct Th;m k ✓fl. 43
2.4.6 Gener.ti AUowable Stn:$$ Design J)roccdurc. 46
'V l.7 / \ Cl M inimum Reinforcement in B l'3nlS. 47
2.4.8 M aximum A llowable Concrete a1KI Stc,:I S1resses, 47
2.4.9 D<.-sign Values of Ft1c,1or /,;. 47
2.5 Reduc.::d 1'-'l oincnt or l nenia D1,)1! 11:> Cr.i<:kh1g. 57
2,6 L1.111g: - Tenu Denciciions. 57
Pmbk ms. 59

3. Dt:~J(;N ()F REAM$ 61

3.1 lntroduc:lion. 61
3.2 Sut-ss-Stmi11Curvc for Concn-1c. 6 1
 ix
3.3 Ple.,urJI Strength. 63
3.4 01.'!pth or Rcctang,ulnr Sm.-ss BloC'k "'hen Tcn.,;ion St\.-cl is Yidd ing. 64
3.5 1'1 lini rnum Depth of N(ln-Ptes1ressed O.;;uns 3.lld Oni:-Way Slabs, 65
3.6 Maximum Pemtissibfo Computed Ocf1oc1ions. 65
3.7 B:il:inccd Sled R:ilil). 65
3.8 T>'P'¢S. of Se..::Lions O.:pcndins on Fl¢JWl'td 8 1!.haviot, 68
3.8.1 Tension-Controlled St-ctions. 68
.l.8.2 Compr.:::-sion-C11n1mlfod Sc.::1ions. 69
3.8.3 Transition S,;:ctions.. 69
3.9 Strength Reduction f.t1ctors (9 ). 69
3.9.1 Tcn.,;ion•Con1mlkd St,-ccions. 70
3.9.2 Compres..si()n-C(lnlrollcd Scc1i~'lflS, 70
3.9.3 Transition Sections.. 70
3.9.4 Shear and Torsion. 70
3.9.5 Dearing on Q.l11crc1e. 70
3.9.6 Stnll•And-Tic.Models. 70
3.9.7 Dcvdopmcnl Lcnglh. 71
3.9.8 Plafo Co1ICl'¢te EJemi:nts. 7J
3.10 Maximum Steel Ralio. 71
3.1 1 ACTMinimum R.::inforcemem, 73
3.12 T)'pes of failures, 74
3.1 2.1 Undcr•Reinforced or Tension Failure. 74
.l.1 2.2 O\'cr-RdnforcOO or Compres$i()n F:iilure. 77
3. 12.3 Balanced rai lure. 79
3.13 Analysis of Singly Rt.'inforeed Sections. $()
3.14 Di:milM ion ()f .Fkxut:LI Reil\fol'(:emem. 85
3.15 Skin Rt:i11foroc1ne111 in Deep Beams. 85
3.16 Requircmt.'ms for Stn u.'1ural Integrity. 3<>
3.11 S.::l~tion ofSt1.-el BatS F()f Beams. 87
3.IS Concrete C:o\'er to Steel Reinforcement. 87
3. 19 Number or Bsrs in One Layer. 88
3.20 l oads Supponed by 8e.'lms.. 88
3.20.1 Beams Supponing One•Wny Slabs. 89
3.21).2 81.'amsSup('k")lli ns Two-Way Sbbs. 89
'3.20.3 Walls Suppo11cd by Beams, 91
3.2 1 Walls Supponcd by Lintels. 92
3.21 Cnlcul3tion or Beam l.,,"):ick 92
3.22.1 Slab L,,-,ds. 92
3.22.2 Calculation of Sci( wl~ight of Beams. 93
3.23 8:ir 8.::n(!ing SchC(!ulc, 93
3.24 Ocsign of Si11gly Reinforced Section. 96
3.24.1 Using Trial Beam Dimensions. 96
3.24.2 S1.x:1Ra1io is Known, 98
Problems. 117
X CONCRF.TP. STRUCTURP.S PART .1 AUTHOR: ZAHIO A. SIDDIQI

4. SHALLOW, TE£ AND CONTINUOUS Bl!AMS 119

4.1 Doobly Rdnfor<.'l'<I Beams. 119
4.2 Bch11vior of Doubly Rdnrorel-d .Scction.,;. 120
4.2. 1 Case I: 001h S1..::ds ate Yielding. 120
4.2.2 Case II: One or Two Steels are Noc Yielding. 123
4.3 Balanced S1cd R:nk> for Doubly RcinfQn_<>ed Sec1ions., 123
4.4 Maximum Steel Rati o for Doubl y l{d nforc:cd Sc,1:.1ions, 125
4.5 Minimum Tension Steel Ratio for Compression Steel Yielding. 126
4.6 Ano1hcr Check for Yicldins of Co,mprcssion Srccl. 127
4.7 Amdysisof Ooubly Rd nfon:cd Sections, I ZS
4.$ Design or o~'>ubly Reinforced S<.-c1ions. 133
4.9 Tee anJ Ell Beams. 138
4.9. 1 Effective Phm~e Width (b) IACI 8. 12). 139
4.9.2 Requirements for Fhmh-e Reinforcement. 140
4.10 Joi st C(lnsm.1c:1ioll, 140
4.1 1 Plexural Bchavior of'l'•Bcams. 14l
4. 12 Tcnsion-ComroU.cd f ailure of T•Bcsms. 143
4.13 An;iJysisofT-Oe..'IJns, 144
4.14 Oesign ot' T-Oc:~1m:>. 146
4.15 Conti nuous Re:uns. I S2
4,16 ACI Momo:111 Codlic:ie.ntS forContinu<.1uS O..:ams, I 54
4. 16.1 Conditions for ACI approximate nnalysis 10 be .ipplk nbk .
154
4. 16.2 Mom..:nl Co..:flil;.-ien1s. I 54
4.17 Approximate- Cunaihncnt of Bars.. 155
P1-oblcms. 165
5. Dt: ~J(;N t·()R $Ht:AR 167
5.1 lntrodui:lion. 167
5.2 Conm::1e Shcsr Strength. 168
5.2. 1 Concre1e Compressi ve S1reng1h, 168
S.2.2 A pplied Momcnl to Shear Kalio and Sffecli\'e Oepth. 169
5.2.3 l..onsi1udinsl RcinforccnlCnl Rstio. 170
5,3 ACI Code Provisions for C011tre1..:: Shear S1n=ngd1, 170
5.4 Shear Strength Provided by Vc.nical Reinforcement. I 72
5.5 Strength Reduction or R<.-sistantt Fa<lor in Shl.'ar. 172
5.6 ~folirnum W..::b R..:infor<;cment. 173
5.7 Location of ~fo.ximum Shear for Design Of Beams. 173
5.8 Mini mum Sel.'1ion for l)e:.isn Shc.:ir C1p:1ci1y. 173
5.9 Maximum Spacing Rc,quirc1nc.nlS. 174
5.10 Design of Web Rcinforc:emcnl. 174
5. 11 Hans.er Reinforccincn1, 175
S.12 T)'pk al Stk.-arforoe Dia.grnms. 116
5.13 (kneral Procedure fOf Shcsr Dl-sign. 176
5.1 4 Tl'U.Ss An,110!!,)' iol'Shear. 184
 XI

Problems. I S1
6. ONE•WAYANDEDGE SUPPORTEDSLASS 189
6.1 Onc-Wny Slabs. 189
6. 1. 1 Proe¢(1t)I'(; or S13b 0.::Si!l,n. I S9
6. 1.2 lkplh ofOne-Way S labs. 190
6.1.3 M inimum Ck:1r Cov.::r, 190
6. 1.4 Pro\'ision of Slab S to.:d. 191
6. 1.5 M nximum Spac:ing of Bars. 191
6.1 .6 Disiriburion. Temp::r:11ure :md Shrinkage Srcd. 192
6, 1.7 M inimum Aex.ural Steel. 192
(). 1.8 Con1inuous One-Way Slnbs.. 192
6. 1.9 Check for Shea.r. 19~1
6. 1. 10 O..:sign Pk,wCl1artfo.r011c-WaySlabs.. 193
6. 1.1 1 Approxinlmc Amounl of S1cd in Slabs.. 194
6. 1. 12 Jxsii n (If St.tir Sfab. 204
6.2 Two-Way &lgc Supponed Slnbs. 208
6.2.1 Rasic B.::ha\'ior 1)fTwo-Way Sl:ibs. 2 15
6.2.2 M inimurn Slab Thiclmess fo<Two•W3)' Sl:ibs. 216
6.2.3 Oc:si,gn Procedure t'o rTwo-W<1ySlabs. 216
Problems. 227
7. BASICS OF SHORT COL UMN Ot'.SIGN 229
7.1 LntroJuciion, 229
7.2 Types of Column Reinforcement. 230
7.3 Sources o D.1omem in Columns. 232
1A Behavior of Co11c..:n1ri..11lly l.,.(lat.Jed Shl)rl Colunms <ll Se.r\'iCe Loads..
233
7.5 S1eel Yields Earlie, 1h:i n Cn.ishing: of Conc1-e1e in Columns, 234
7.6 'frnnsfom1cd Unc:r.k.'.kt:d Se1..~Lion of Column. 234
7.7 Cnp., city R1..-duc1ion f':k.' tors for Columns. 236
7.8 Ullirna1c Sm:ng:1h of Concenirically l ooded Shon Columns. 236
7 .9 Minimum Concrete Compr1..·s si"e S treogth. 236
7.10 Mini mum nnd M:utimum S11..-cl Rn1ios in Columns. 237
7,1 1 1'1 l ini mum CO\'..:r and S1>licing (If Oars. 238
7.12 Amount of Tra nsverse Tii:s. 238
7.13 Amount of Spiral Reinf orcement. 239
7.1 4 Trial Colu1onSize, 243
7.15 Amount of Steel i n Columns. 243
7.16 Ecc.::mri1..~:iny Loaded Columns, 246
7 .11 Procedure. for Desi~n of £ocentrkally Loaded Columns. 247
Probkms. 253
8 RETAINING WALLS 255
8.1 lmmduc1ion, 255
8.2 lmpo11an1 Par~mcierS for Rt:tai ned Soils. 25S
xii CONCRF.TP.STRUCTURP.SPART . I AUTHOR: ZAHIO A. SIDDIQI
8.3 ComponenlSof l{C Cantilever Retaining Wall. 256
8.4 Loads J Forces on Retaining Wall. 259
8.5 Rtquil\:d Re1ainint? Wall Slttngths. 263
8.6 Load Factors for Wall Design. 266
8.7 Plaecme111 of foims, 267
8.8 Seismic Lateral Eanh P1'¢ssu1•c,_ 287
8.9 Laternl (':on:,e on Separate Struc1urnl Elements. 291
8.10 Bcndins M t)fticm Cocffi c-icms for Walls Subjcetcd h) Triansular Loads.
293
&. l(U Upper One•Third of \Vall, 294
8.10 .2 M iddle-ThirdofWall. 294
8. 10.3 Lower On,;;.TttinJ of Wall, 294
Pmbk ms. 307
9. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 311
9.1 l,Ol1')dt11.'1jon, 31 1
9.2 Types of f.ooling,s. 311
9.3 Bcarins Pressure. 315
9.4 A Uowabk Bearing Capaci1y. 3 16
9.S Net Contact Pressure. 316
9.6 Fnilurc Beha\'ior of lsols1cd Footings;. 318
9.7 Design Bending MOnM:<nt :md One. Way She.ar for lsvh'll..xl rooti1)!!S.
320
9.8 Trnnsfer c)f Lood fmm Column I t) f"Ol')fi ns. 32 1
9.9 Distribution of r ...)()ling S1.::el. 322
9.10 Development and Splicing of Sled. 322
9.1 I Concr.::u: Pn.uee1ion for Reinforcemc111, 323
9.12 Procedure for Ol"Sign of Jsolated J':ootings (Con<.'.c:nlrically Loi1ckd).
323
9. 13 E«.::mri<-~any Waded lsolmed Foo1io_ss. 332
9.14 Kern of Cont;1ct Area. 333
9.15 Ee<:\'ntric Punching Shear. 336
9.16 Combintd rooting Dts.ig,n fol'Two OJlunms. 345
9.17 Typk al Types of Combi1i<d f.oolings, 347
9.13 found:11ion Bcsm f"OOting. 356
9.19 Rafi rooting. 360
9. 19.1 ;\pproxinuuc Mc.xible Mui Design 36 1
9.19.2 Comp,,u.::rized Fk:xiblc .M:11 Design 372
Probl-.:m$, 373
10. l,ATERAl, l, OADS AND MOMENT llNVF,l,OPF,S 375
10.1 Loads. 375
10.2 Ruin and Snow Lo:1ds, 375
10.3 Wi nd Lo.'1d. 375
10.4 UBC•97 Wind Loads. 377
10 .4.1 Combined Height, Exposure and Gusl Facw, (C(), 37S
 XIII

10.4.2 Pressure 0.1cflidc11t (Cq). 378

10.4.3 0 1hcr UBC Wind Lood Pro\'isions. 378
10.5 0 )'1l.'Unic L<>t1ds, 382
105.1 Types of Prc:snibc.-d L0i1di11g. 384
10.5.1. I Periodic loodins, 384
10.s. 1.2 Non•1)1.lri<x.lic loo<ling, 385
10.6 Eanhquakc.s. 386
10.6.1 Sm1C1ure of F.:mh. 386
10 .6.2 Plate. Tec:tunics. 387
1().6.2.1 Plate boundnrics. 388
10.6.3 Fc,cus snd Epi~ntcr. .WO
10.6.4 Shallow ,111d O..:c.J) Eanhquakcs. 390
10.65 Earthquake/ Seismic Wave.,;. 390
10.6.6 Jxs11, ,c:1ion Caus,e(I by 13anhquakes, 392
10.6.6.1 l:..ilnhqunke magnitude. and Richter s<.·ak-. 392
10.6.6.2 E:u1~ uake inlcnsil)' and Mcrcslli scslc, 392
10.6.7 Me.lsurios 13:l fthquakes, 393
10.6.8 fuamplc. l::anhquakc:s. 394
10.6.9 Types Of E:u1hquakcs. 394
10.6.8. 1 Ty1)c.S<k.J)c.nding on duration, 394
10.6.8:.2 Types & :pendi ng on intensity. 394
10.6.10 Mnin Considerations f~')f Seismic Ix-sign. 394
10.6.11 Oric.f Ixsc-1i p1ion of Methods of Ant11)'S-is and De.sign for
Eun hquakc Loading. 395
10.6. 11.1 Pree vibra1ion analysis. 395
10.6.1 l.2 Response history analysis (RH;-\). 395
10.6.1 L3 Response spectrum analysis (RSA). 395
10.6. 11.4 Oase iool:uion mc1bc)d, 396
10.6. 11.5 Use of spe,1:ial e1k:.rgy dissipating de\'icc:s. 396
10.6.1 1.6 Ec1uiv:ilcn1 .s1:11ic or psc:udo-sistic klad method.
397
10.1 rn.-e V ibration Analysis. 397
10.3 Spring Cons1am or SlifTncss Cocfficic:nt for Column..,; . 402
10,9 Equation of Motion fol' Viscous Daniping, 403
10.10 Fl\'<.' Vibrntion Analysis for Multiple. Degrees of Frcc..xlom Strocmrcs.
406
10. 11 Time Hisw ry Analysis. 411
10.l I.I Single Degree. of F1t'<.'do01 Dampc:d System Subjcc1c..'<1 to
D)•n:inlic Force, 4 11
10.l l .2 Dynamic Bft'cci of Earthquakes on Rigid Structures. 413
10.1 1.3 D)•nsmic EfTc..'C1 of Esnhquakc on AcxibkStructurcs. 4 13
10. 12 Response Spcctn.im A nal)•sis (RSA), 4 15
10.12.1 Proocdure to Use Response. Spectra for SOOP Systc.n\S, 415
10. 12.2 Procedure to Use Response Spcctrn tor MDOF Sys1cms.
417
xiv CONCRF.TP. STRUCTURP.SPART .I AUTHOR: ZAHIO A. SIDDIQI
10.123 UOC Design k ..:sponse Spcx·trum. 417
10.1 3 Equivalcnl St:Uic:- Load Me1hod. 421
10 .13.1 Seismic Zooc FaCitOr (Z), 421
10.13.2 Soil Profile Types. 42 1
10.13.3 Seismic S\11,rce Typ::i;. 422
10 .13.4 Nc:it•SOO!'<;C F1..::11)1'S, 422
10.13.5 Ground Response Coeflkienls. 422
10.13.6 Fund:uncm:11Time Period of a Strue1urc. 413
10. 13.6. 1 A 1>p1\)x.ima1c Method, 423
1().1 3.6.2 ~kthod A of UBC. 423
1().1 3.6.J M ethod B of UBC. 423
10 .13.7 Ou(;tili1y, 425
I0.13.$ Response Moditk 111ion Ft1c1or (R). 425
10 .13.9 Seismic [mpo11-'nc:e f.;,c1or ({), 426
10.13.10 Sdsmk Response Coeffkicnl (C.). 426
10.13. JI Seismic Oc.:icl Load (\\'). 427
10.13. 12 M:iglli1ude(l( O;iseShe:ir(V), 427
10. 13. 12. 1 U8 C refinOO formul.i. 427
1().1 3. 12.2 URC simplilkd fonnuls. 428
12.13.13 Distribution of Dase Shear a1V :ufous Story Levels., 428
10.1 4 Gene.ml Considcra1ions tbr Seismic Design.. 435
J().1 5 ACI Dc.fini1ions for Sdsmic Desisn. 438
10. 16 Pauem Wa1:ls, 440
10.1 7 C.:orn'ICtion of Beam Momeni 111 Fa-cc of Supports. 443
10. 18 Momem En\'ek,~. 444
Problems. 45.'i
11. DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT 46 1
I I.I ln1roduclion 10 Bond. 461
11.l Mt.-<:h.'lnism of r,)ft.~ Transfet b)• Bo nd, 46 I
11.3 B<md Strcn~lh. 46 1
11.4 Pullout Tes1. 462
11,5 railure Modes. 463
115.1 Side Split Mochtmism. 463
115 .2 Fa«'. nnd Side Spli1 Mechanism or 13-0th'lm Inside
MtcballiS11'1, 464
115.3 V-Noe<:h Mechanism. 464
11.S.4 Pullou1M ech.'1nism, 464
11.6 Efl«c of Trtu'5-vers,:; Rtinfo1x:tmt111, 465
11.7 Devck>p1ncn1 of Rcinforccmc.n1 in Tension. 465
11.8 Oc,·ek,pnt,;:tu l...eng:1h in Compression, 468
11.9 SplkcSofDefonnc<l Oariiin Tcnsion. 468
I 1.10 Splices o fDc.fom1l.'d Bars i n Compression. 469
11.11 Oc\'ek,pn)(:nl of Bundled Bsr$, i169
11. 12 Oe\'ek1p1ne111 Length wi1.h Standim.l Hool.s. 469
 xv
11.1 3 B,u-Cul-OffRcquiromcntS-, 410
11.1 4 Proc1.-x lure for Cunailmcm in Continuous 8..-ams. 476
Probfom$, 495
12. TWO-WAY COLUMN SUPPORTED SI.ABS 497
12.1 lntroduc:1ion. 497
12.2 Code Provisions for fois1 Consmk"tion, 498
12.3 Plat SI.lb Vs. Coefficient Method of Slab Design. 499
12.4 Fruetion ot' Load to be Cnnicd in Two Mutually Pe.rpcndkular
Dircc1il)M. 500
12.5 Tocal Momeni to tx: OiSLributcd A mongst Mid~S1>an and Su1>por1s. 502
12.6 Yari:ltion or Bending ti.fom..-m in a Slab Panel. 5()2
12.1 Desiin S1rip, Column S11•ip ;rnd Nliddle Sui1>. 505
12.8 Approx.imate. Steel for a Typical Slt1b Panel. 506
12.9 Tor..ion!ll Strength or Slab. 506
12. 10 Direct ~sig.n M c.1.h1)(1, 507
12. 11 fa1uivalent J!'r.intc Method. 547
12.1 I.I Slah Beams, 548
12.1 1.2 Column1>, 549
12.l 1.3 lorsion:il ~kmbcr and 'fon;ional Stiffness (K1). 550
12.1 1.4 Equi\•nlcm Colunm S1iffncs..-. (K,t). 553
12. l l .S Paw.:rnloading. 554
12. l l .6 Com:ctioo or Momcnis to Fa1..'<' of Suppons. 555
12.12 Annlysis of Slab Systems tor L:11crnl Loads. 560
12. 13 Seismic Provisions for Two.Wat Slabs Without 0-t.'lmS, 563
Pmbk ms. 565
13, YIELD LINE ANDSTRIP METIIODS FOR SLABS 567
13. 1 lmrodm.'1ion, 567
13.2 Collapse Mcdwnism and \'ield•Linc l'attem. 567
13.3 Ty~s or Analysis Mcchods. 568
13.3.1 l.,Qwer Bound Mc1hod, 568
13.3.2 Upper Bound Mcdl(.1d. 569
13.4 Advaniagcs of Yicld-Unc A nalysis. 5 70
13.S o ~m-.:rits of Yi~k1-Lio,;: An,'llysis, 570
13.6 Convcntions to Show Boundal)' Conditions and Yield Lines. 57 1
13.7 Ruks t \') Loe.ace Yield Lines. 571
13,8 \'i~kl Linc Pauerns. 573
13.9 Fundamental Assumptions in Yid d Linc 'rhcory. 575
13. 10 C◊nt ri l,luti~)n of a S1ecl (M 1) A long nnd Across n Skcw1..-d Yield L inc.
576
13.11 Contribution of Steel Placed in Grid Resolvcd ;-\long and Across a
Sl:ewed Y ield l,ine, 578
13. 12 MajorStepsfor Analysis. 579
13.1 3 Scg.mcm Equilibrium '.1-kthod. SRO
13. 14 Vinual Work Mcth<XI. 582
xvi CONCRF.TP.STRUCTURP.SPART .I AUTHOR: ZAHIO A. SIDDIQI
13. IS Special Conditions ,11Edges ,md 0Jnk:D. 593
13.15. I Edg_cs. 593
I 3.l5.2 Comel'S. 594
13.16 Affini1y Ruk-s. 60l
13. 17 Strip Mc1h(l(I of Sl:ib Dc~ign, 601
13.17. 1 Dasie Assum1)1ioos, 602
13. l 7 .2 Simply SupportOO Square Slab. 602
13.1 7.3 Slabs with Conrinuous Edgc.s. 606
13. l7.4 Rectangular Slab with Two Adjacent &lges Continuous and
0 1hcr Two Simply Support1..-d. 607
13.17.5 Slahs wi1h Shon Unsuppt)rlcd Edscs. 6 11
13. 17.6 Slabs wi1h 1.A)nger Unsupp(111cd Edges, 61 4
Pmbk ms. 62 1
14, SLABS-ON-GRADE 623
14. 1 l,Ol1')dt11.'1jon. 623
14.2 Properties of Plai n Conc:.rete Slabs-on--Grade. 624
14.3 Pl\.~surc under Sl:1b.'-•On-Gradc, 624
14.4 Gcnl!ml 1)pes or Crackins, 625
14.5 C<.1111ponentSof 11lain Slabs-on-Grade. 625
14.6 Common Tcm1inolosr, 626
14.6. 1 Cur ling. 626
14.6.2 Warping. 626
14.6.3 Pumping. 627
14.6.4 Strip1>i11g, 627
14.65 ESA Ls. 627
14.6.6 0.)wel Oar,;, 62?
14.6.7 ·tie Oar... 628
14.6.8 Vapor Retarder. 628
14.6.9 Sub •s.r-.)dc Resiliem Modulus (MR} and 1''1odulus of Sub•
gr.Kie Keac:tion (.C:}. 628
14.6.IO Sub-drainage. 628
14.6,11 spomng. 628
14.6.12 Wearing.Course. 628
14.6.13 Load Aisle. 628
14,7 OaScofSlabs-0,1-0~te, 628
14.8 Sub-Buse ofSlabs-on•Gmde. 628
14.9 Sub•Gr:ide or Sl:ibs-on-Gro.te. 628
14. 10 rac1otS affec1int Ocsign of Slabs-o,,-O,a<le, 628
14. l0.1 Tmflic: on.,r Ocsig.n Period. 630
14.10.2 Effe.::1()f cm•imnmcm on $1:ibs-on•Grnde, 630
14.l0.3 Co1)Crete Slren,glh and el<1Stic mcJdulus, 632
14.10.4 Pcrfo nn:1ntt Cri1cri11. 632
14.10.5 Design reliahili1)'. 632
14.l0.6 P3Ctorc.1r Safoty (ACI 360). 632
 XV II

14.10.7 LoadTrunsfor, 632

14.11 Thid:nc~ Dl.-sign Mcth~'X!s. 633
14. I 1. 1 AASfffO MeLhOO, 633
14.1 1.2 Cantilever Method of Ot-sign. 634
14.1 1.3 Grophic:il Mc1hods. 637
14.11.4 WRI Oi:sign Me1b()(), 637
14.1 1.5 C.:OE Design Melhod. 638
14.1 1.6 PCA Mc1hc)(I of Slabc;,-on-Grnd.:: D,::sis.n. 640
14. 12 Joints. 643
14.12. 1 Join1ConstnJ<'lion. 644
14.12.2 Tr.in$ VCTSC Joints, 644
14.12.3 Um!!iludinal Join1s. 644
14.12.4 Jsola1ion joints. 644
14.12.5 Join• s,~aling:. 644
14.12.6 Joint Spacing b)' Sub-Grade. Drag Proc:cdure. 644
14. 12.7 S1ccl pl:ltt1ncm, 646
P1-obl1!1" s, 649
Appendix-I: Scccl TaMcs 65 1

Appendix-II: Beam and Slab Design Aids 66 1

Appendix-Ill: Column lntcrnclion C.:un•eii 69 1

Appendix-IV : Simplified Wall and its lwting Design 757

Selectc,d f'Ormulas 767

Re.fe.t.e.1u.:.i:.s 19.l
794 C().'-/Clrnl"F. $TRHC1'l)RF.S PART - 1 1'lffil(.)R: ZAl-110 A. SIOOIQI

184.

EhJ
185. L =~ ~
12(1 - v · )k

186. /, • 0.3 16 ,,~. llog(h' ) - 4 log(JL6o' +h' - 0.675h) - log(k) + 7.321

187. /, = 0.512 ,..~ llog(li' )- 4log(JL(><> ' +h' -0.675h) -log(k) + 6.61)

i. = '!./kJ4E/
189.
Table. Design Indices for COE Slab Thickness Seleccioo Me1hod
Culq;ory• 0~ lnd,:1, ror Roud
c1a~o& em
I (um· fn:nu.:1!11:, ·) I
<am• ff\"<111,:D.,"\' l
II
Ill fo1w fa:nuc,~ •)
IV
'
J
,,mv frC<llleJlCV\
IV,\ (mn· f r.: ,:11..:,·) '5
V 2601,:N tn,(:1: l11y111g \,:hkto:.<ir 66.S (Ulfl:blli1 7
SOl)'di,r 6
200'd11r 6
IOO'dll) 6
40/,.lliy 5
l(lfda}• 5
4/.d:i) 5
11<1:w 4
VI 400kN trnd: laying \·,:hid.:,,r I 11.3 fo1klifl..i
201)'dt1r ?
IOO'd11r 8
<IO/d:1y 7
l(lf~• 6
4/dil)' 6
lM:iy 5

VII
lf\\ «:I:
Slll kN tmck l:i}'iug \,:hid.:
IO()'dt1r
'
10
•10/..hl)' 9
10/1.U)· 8
4Mur 1
1/d:iy
1/woel:
•
5

190. = 1.77 (k/101) 1 - 3.l6(kllO')'+ I.I I (kl lO' ) + 2..355

= - 1157(kllO')'+ 19.65 (k/lO' J- - 2.90 (///lif) - 32. 19
• 15. 18 (kll O' J' - 50.19 (k/101) + 128
= - 1.37/1 + 30.4 / +179