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Make Up Cat

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Gershon Ayieko
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22 views6 pages

Make Up Cat

Uploaded by

Gershon Ayieko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MakeUpCat

BDATC01/0843/2022
2025-01-11

R Markdown
This is an R Markdown document. Markdown is a simple formatting syntax for authoring
HTML, PDF, and MS Word documents. For more details on using R Markdown see
http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com.
When you click the Knit button a document will be generated that includes both content
as well as the output of any embedded R code chunks within the document. You can
embed an R code chunk like this:
# Part i) Simulate the scenario
set.seed(123)
# Setting seed for reproducibility
n_questions <- 20
prob_correct <- 0.6
simulated_results <- rbinom(1, n_questions, prob_correct)
cat("Simulated number of correct guesses:", simulated_results, "\n")

## Simulated number of correct guesses: 13

# Part ii) Find the probability of at least 11 correct guesses


prob_at_least_11 <- sum(dbinom(11:n_questions, n_questions, prob_correct))
cat("Probability of at least 11 correct guesses:", prob_at_least_11, "\n")

## Probability of at least 11 correct guesses: 0.7553372

# Part iii) Estimate the number of correct guesses with 99% probability of
occurrence
lower_bound <- qbinom(0.005, n_questions, prob_correct)
upper_bound <- qbinom(0.995, n_questions, prob_correct)
cat("Number of correct guesses with 99% probability of occurrence:",
lower_bound, "to", upper_bound, "\n")

## Number of correct guesses with 99% probability of occurrence: 6 to 17

# Function to generate Fourier series


generate_fourier_series <- function(x, n_terms) {
a0 <- 0.5
series <- a0
for (n in 1:n_terms) {
an <- 1 / n
bn <- 1 / n
series <- series + an * cos(n * x) + bn * sin(n * x)
}
return(series)
}

# Example usage
x <- seq(0, 2 * pi, length.out = 100)
n_terms <- 10
fourier_series <- generate_fourier_series(x, n_terms)

# Plotting the Fourier series


plot(x, fourier_series, type = "l", col = "blue", lwd = 2,
main = "Fourier Series", xlab = "x", ylab = "f(x)")

# i.) Interpret Parameter Estimates


# In a multiple linear regression model, the parameter estimates
(coefficients) represent the relationship
# between each predictor variable and the response variable, holding all
other predictors constant.
# Intercept (β0): This is the expected value of the response variable when
all predictor variables are zero.
# Slope Coefficients (β1, β2, ...): Each slope coefficient represents the
change in the response variable
# for a one-unit change in the corresponding predictor variable, holding all
other predictors constant.
# To comment on parameter and variable significance, we look at the p-values
associated with each coefficient:
# Significant Variables: If the p-value is less than the chosen significance
level (e.g., 0.05), the corresponding
# predictor variable is considered statistically significant.
# Non-significant Variables: If the p-value is greater than the significance
level, the predictor variable is not
# statistically significant.

# ii.) Comment on Overall Model Fit


# The overall fit of the model can be assessed using several metrics:
# R-squared (R²): This measures the proportion of the variance in the
response variable that is explained by the
# predictor variables. A higher R² indicates a better fit.
# Adjusted R-squared: This adjusts the R² value for the number of predictors
in the model, providing a more accurate
# measure of model fit.
# F-statistic: This tests the overall significance of the model. A
significant F-statistic (p-value < 0.05) indicates
# that the model provides a better fit than a model with no predictors.

# iii.) Write the Estimated Model Equation


# The estimated model equation for a multiple linear regression model is
typically written as:
# Y_hat = β0 + β1*X1 + β2*X2 + ... + βn*Xn
# where:
# Y_hat is the predicted value of the response variable.
# β0 is the intercept.
# β1, β2, ..., βn are the slope coefficients for the predictor variables X1,
X2, ..., Xn.
# For example, if the model includes predictors for tree height (Height) and
diameter (Diameter), the estimated model
# equation might look like:
# Volume_hat = β0 + β1*Height + β2*Diameter

# Load necessary libraries


library(car)

## Warning: package 'car' was built under R version 4.4.2

## Loading required package: carData

library(regclass)

## Warning: package 'regclass' was built under R version 4.4.2

## Loading required package: bestglm

## Warning: package 'bestglm' was built under R version 4.4.2

## Loading required package: leaps

## Warning: package 'leaps' was built under R version 4.4.2


## Loading required package: VGAM

## Warning: package 'VGAM' was built under R version 4.4.2

## Loading required package: stats4

## Loading required package: splines

##
## Attaching package: 'VGAM'

## The following object is masked from 'package:car':


##
## logit

## Loading required package: rpart

## Loading required package: randomForest

## Warning: package 'randomForest' was built under R version 4.4.2

## randomForest 4.7-1.2

## Type rfNews() to see new features/changes/bug fixes.

## Important regclass change from 1.3:


## All functions that had a . in the name now have an _
## all.correlations -> all_correlations, cor.demo -> cor_demo, etc.

# Fit the multiple linear regression model


model <- lm(Volume ~ Girth + Height, data = trees)

# Assumption 1: Linearity
# Plot residuals vs fitted values
plot(model$fitted.values, model$residuals,
main = "Residuals vs Fitted Values",
xlab = "Fitted Values", ylab = "Residuals")
abline(h = 0, col = "red")
# Assumption 2: Independence
# Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation
dw_test <- durbinWatsonTest(model)

# Shapiro-Wilk test for normality


shapiro_test <- shapiro.test(model$residuals)
cat("Shapiro-Wilk test p-value:", shapiro_test$p.value, "\n")

## Shapiro-Wilk test p-value: 0.6439824

# Assumption 3: No multicollinearity
# Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
vif_values <- vif(model)
cat("VIF values:\n")

## VIF values:

print(vif_values)

## Girth Height
## 1.36921 1.36921

# Function to accept three vectors Y and X1, fit a linear regression model,
and compute the statistic L
compute_statistic_L <- function(Y, X1) {
# Fit the linear regression model
model <- lm(Y ~ X1)
# Extract coefficients
beta0 <- coef(model)[1]
beta1 <- coef(model)[2]

# Compute residuals
residuals <- Y - (beta0 + beta1 * X1)

# Compute S^2
S2 <- sum((Y - mean(Y))^2) / (length(Y) - 1)

# Compute L
L <- sum(residuals^2) / S2

return(L)
}

# Example usage
Y <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
X1 <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
L <- compute_statistic_L(Y, X1)
cat("Computed statistic L:", L, "\n")

## Computed statistic L: 4.139942e-30

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