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Domain Name System

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16 views2 pages

Domain Name System

Uploaded by

2648manna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer

The Domain Name System (DNS) is like the internet’s phone book. It helps you find websites by
translating easy-to-remember names (like www.example.com) into the numerical IP addresses (like
192.0.2.1) that computers use to locate each other on the internet. Without DNS, you would have to
remember long strings of numbers to visit your favorite websites.
Domain Name System (DNS) is a hostname used for IP address translation services. DNS is a
distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer protocol for
message exchange between clients and servers. It is required for the functioning of the Internet.
What is the Need for DNS?
Every host is identified by the IP address but remembering numbers is very difficult for people also the
IP addresses are not static therefore a mapping is required to change the domain name to the IP address.
So DNS is used to convert the domain name of the websites to their numerical IP address.

Types of Domain: There are various kinds of domains:


Generic Domains: .com(commercial), .edu(educational), .mil(military), .org(nonprofit organization),
.net(similar to commercial) all these are generic domains.
Country Domain: .in (India) .us .uk
Inverse Domain: if we want to know what is the domain name of the website. IP to domain name
mapping. So DNS can provide both the mapping for example to find the IP addresses of nshm.com
then we have to type nslookup www.nshm.com

Types of DNS

Organization of Domain
It is very difficult to find out the IP address associated with a website because there are millions of
websites and with all those websites we should be able to generate the IP address immediately, there
should not be a lot of delays for that to happen organization of the database is very important.

Root DNS Server

 DNS Record: Domain name, IP address what is the validity? what is the time to live? and all the
information related to that domain name. These records are stored in a tree-like structure.
 Namespace: Set of possible names, flat or hierarchical. The naming system maintains a collection
of bindings of names to values – given a name, a resolution mechanism returns the corresponding
value.
 Name Server: It is an implementation of the resolution mechanism.
DNS = Name service in Internet – A zone is an administrative unit, and a domain is a subtree.
Name-to-Address Resolution
The host requests the DNS name server to resolve the domain name. And the name server returns the
IP address corresponding to that domain name to the host so that the host can future connect to that IP
address.

Name-to-Address Resolution

 Hierarchy of Name Servers Root Name Servers: It is contacted by name servers that can not
resolve the name. It contacts the authoritative name server if name mapping is not known. It then
gets the mapping and returns the IP address to the host.
 Top-level Domain (TLD) Server: It is responsible for com, org, edu, etc, and all top-level country
domains like uk, fr, ca, in, etc. They have info about authoritative domain servers and know the
names and IP addresses of each authoritative name server for the second-level domains.
 Authoritative Name Servers are the organization’s DNS servers, providing authoritative
hostnames to IP mapping for organization servers. It can be maintained by an organization or
service provider. In order to reach cse.dtu.in we have to ask the root DNS server, then it will point
out to the top-level domain server and then to the authoritative domain name server which actually
contains the IP address. So the authoritative domain server will return the associative IP address.
Domain Name Server:
The client machine sends a request to the local name server, which, if the root does not find the address
in its database, sends a request to the root name server, which in turn, will route the query to a top-level
domain (TLD) or authoritative name server. The root name server can also contain some hostName to
IP address mappings. The Top-level domain (TLD) server always knows who the authoritative name
server is. So finally the IP address is returned to the local name server which in turn returns the IP
address to the host.

Domain Name Server

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