MODULE 02 DATA SCIENCE BOOTCAMP

String Methods &

Control Flow
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Agenda ● Attendance and Photo Taking
● String Indexing
● String Functions and Formatting
● Conditional Statements
● Loops
● Functions
● Recap, Attendance and Photo Taking

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 📸
Attendance Photo Taking
 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

String Methods

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STRING METHODS

What Are String Methods?

A Python string is a sequence of Unicode characters that is enclosed in the quotation marks.

Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings

● split()
● lower()
● upper()
● isnumeric()
● join()
● len()

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 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

String Indexing

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STRING INDEXING

String Indexing
Python, strings are ordered sequences of character data. Individual characters in a string can be accessed by specifying the
string name followed by a number in square brackets [ ] .

Declare a string variable

>>> s = ‘HELLO WORLD’

H E L L O W O R L D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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STRING INDEXING

String Indexing
In Python, strings are ordered sequences of character data. Individual characters in a string can be accessed by specifying
the string name followed by a number in square brackets [ ] .

Retrieve the first letter

>>>s[0] or s[-11]

‘H’ H E L L O W O R L D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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STRING INDEXING

String Indexing
In Python, strings are ordered sequences of character data. Individual characters in a string can be accessed by specifying
the string name followed by a number in square brackets [ ] .

Retrieve the letter ‘w’

>>>s[6] or s[-5]

’W’ H E L L O W O R L D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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STRING INDEXING

String Indexing
In Python, strings are ordered sequences of character data. Individual characters in a string can be accessed by specifying
the string name followed by a number in square brackets [ ] .

Retrieve ‘Hello’ by using [start_index:end_index:step_size]

Take note that at the end_index is not inclusive
>>>s[0:5] or s[-11:-6]

’HELLO’ H E L L O W O R L D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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STRING INDEXING

String Indexing
In Python, strings are ordered sequences of character data. Individual characters in a string can be accessed by specifying
the string name followed by a number in square brackets [ ] .

Retrieve alternate character starting with ‘H’ by

using [start_index:end_index:step_size]

>>>s[0:6:2] or s[-11:-6:2]

‘HLO’ H E L L O W O R L D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

String Functions and

Formatting

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STRING FUNCTIONS AND FORMATTING

String Concatenation
A common task you’ll need to accomplish that involves merging or combining string.

>>> a = ‘hello’
>>> b = ‘world’
>>> a + b
‘Helloworld’

Note: You cannot concatenate a string and an integer

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STRING FUNCTIONS AND FORMATTING

String Splitting and Joining

.split() : Splits a string in a list where each word is a list item
>>> txt = ‘I love Python’
>>> x = txt.split()
[‘I’,’love’,’Python’]

.join() : Returns a string by joining all the elements of an iterable (list, string, tuple), separated by a string separator

split_txt = [‘Python’, ‘is’, ‘fun’]

>>> ‘ ’.join(split_txt)
‘Python is fun’

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STRING FUNCTIONS AND FORMATTING

F-Strings
Also known as ‘formatted string literals’, f-strings are string literals that have an f at the beginning and curly braces
containing expressions that will be replaced with their values

>>> name = “John”

>>> age = 35
>>> f”Hello, {name}. You are {age}.”

“Hello, John. You are 35.”

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 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

Python Iterations,
Control Flow, and
Functions

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 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

Conditional Statements

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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Why Do We Use Conditional Statements

Most of the simple codes executed so far consist of sequential execution, in which statements are always performed one
after the next, in exact order specified.

However, the world is often more complicated than that. Most of the time, a program needs to skip over some statements,
execute a series of statements repetitively, or choose between alternate sets of statements to execute.

This is where the control structures come in. A control structure directs the order of execution of the statements in a
program (referred to as the program’s control flow)

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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Python If Statements
If…else
Used for decision-making operations. It contains a body of code which runs when
condition given in the if statement is true. If the condition is false, the optional else statement will then run.

Syntax Example

If expression: a = 10
statement(s) if a > 5:
else: print(“This is more than 5”)
statement(s) else:
print(“This is less than 5”)
‘This is more than 5’
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Python If Statements
If…elif…else
Allows you to check multiple expressions for True and executes a block of code as soon as one of the condition is evaluates
to True
Syntax Example

If expression: a = 10
statement(s) if a > 15:
elif: print(“This is more than 15”)
statement(s) elif a > 9 :
else: print(“This is more than 9”)
statement(s) else:
print(“This is less than 5”)
© 2024 Vertical Institute ‘This is more than 9’
 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

Loops

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LOOPS

For Loops
A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, tuple, dictionary, set or a string. Loops are important in
important as they execute a block of code repeatedly.

banks = [‘DBS’, ‘OCBC’, UOB’]

for x in banks:
print(x) Output: ‘DBS’
‘OCBC’
‘UOB’

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LOOPS

Range ( )
● Returns the sequence of the given number between the given range
● When user call range() with one argument, user will get a series of numbers that starts at 0
and includes every whole number up to, but not including, the number that user have provided as the stop.
● Three ways you can call range():

Expression Output

for i in 01234
range(5):
print(i)
for i in 1234
range(1,5):
print(i)
for i in range(0, 30, 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
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LOOPS

Summary of the control flows

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 MODULE 2: STRING METHODS & CONTROL FLOW

Functions

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 FUNCTIONS

Python Functions
A function is a set of statements that takes input, do some specific computation and
produce output.

The main idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together and make
a function so that instead of writing the same code again and again for different
inputs.

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 FUNCTIONS

Types of Python Functions

Built-in functions: The built-in functions are functions that are already pre-defined in
Python

User-defined functions: The user-defined functions are those defined by the user to
perform a specific task

In this section, we will be focusing on building a user-defined function

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 FUNCTIONS

Advantages of Using Functions

These are the following advantages of Python functions:

● Using functions, we can avoid rewriting the same logic/code again and again
● We can call Python functions multiple times in a program and anywhere in a program
● We can track a large Python program easily when it is divided into multiple functions
● Reusability is the main achievement of Python functions
● However, function calling is always an overhead in a python program

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 FUNCTIONS

Steps for User-Defined Functions (UDF)

You can use functions to bundle a set of programming instructions that you want to use repeatedly and
able to call when needed.

Steps to defining a function:

1. Use the keyword def to declare the function and follow this up with the function name.
2. Add parameters to the function: they should be within the parentheses of the function.
End your line with a colon.
3. Add statements that the functions should execute. Be aware of the indentation.
4. End your function with a return statement if the function should output something.
Without the return statement, your function will return an object None.

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 FUNCTIONS

User-Defined Functions (UDF)

# Defining summation function. def sum(a,b):

return a + b

# Calling the function you defined.

>>> sum(1,5)
# Output 6

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��
Recap time!

What are your favorite

takeaways on String
Methods & Control Flow?
Let’s share with each other!
Some things to take note…

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Attendance Photo Taking
MODULE 02 DATA SCIENCE BOOTCAMP

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