COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS
(Code 165)
CLASS X
Unit I: Networking (15 marks)
INTERNET

 Itis composed of a large number of

smaller interconnected networks.
 These networks may link thousands of
computers enabling them to share
information with each other and to
share various resources such as
supercomputers and databases.
INTERNET

 Itis a decentralized system.

 Each connected individual can
communicate with anyone else on
the Internet
WORLD WIDE WEB

 WWW is a set of programs, standards

and protocols that allows the
multimedia and hypertext files to be
created, displayed and linked on the
Internet.
WORLD WIDE WEB

 Beforewww, Internet was mainly used

for obtaining textual information. But
post www, the Internet popularity
grew tremendously because of
graphic-intensive nature of www.
WORLD WIDE WEB

 WWW was proposed between 1989-

1991 by Tim Berners-Lee.
 It became a reality with invention of
HTML and a text browser in 1990.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET &
WWW
A large part of the Internet is the www.
 One is the container, the other is an item
within the container.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET &
WWW
 WhileInternet is a collection of computers
or networking devices connected
together; WWW is a collection of
documents, linked via special links called
hyperlinks.
WEB SERVERS

A Web Server is a WWW server that stores

web documents and responds to the
requests made by web browsers.
 A Web Server is also called WWW Server.
 Example: Apache, IIS, NetSite, etc.
WEB SERVERS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SERVER
AND A WEB SERVER
A server is a computer that has server
software loaded on it. Its main job is to
share resources for clients.
 Whereas a Web Server is a specific
protocol type of server, looking only for
HTTP requests instead of many different
types of resource requests.
WEB CLIENTS

A Web Client is a program or a component

on client side that requests and uses
services provided by web server.
 Example: Web Browser
WEB SITES

A website or a site is a group of related

web pages hosted on a web-server and
are linked together and share a common
interface and design.
 They are written using HTML.
WEB SITES

A website also contains additional

documents and files such as images,
videos or other digital assets.
COMPONENTS OF A WEBSITE

 Components of a website are

Webhost
Address
Homepage
Design
Content
Navigation Structure
WEBHOST

 Hosting is where a website is physically

located.
 Group of linked webpages qualify to be
called a website only when hosted on a
webserver.
ADDRESS

 It
is the address of the website, also called
URL of the site.
HOMEPAGE

 Itis the first page that appears when

viewers g to a website.
DESIGN

 Itis the overall look of the website

including navigation menus, graphics,
layout, etc.
CONTENT

 All
the webpages contained in the website
together make up the content of the
website.
NAVIGATION STRUCTURE

 Itis the order of the pages, the collection

of what links to what.
WEBSITE VS WEB PORTAL

A website is a collection of related web

pages.
 A web portal is also a type of website but it
differs in content and services from a
typical website. It is a launch pad to a host
of web based services.
WEB PAGES

A webpage is a digital document that is

linked to the WWW and viewable by
anyone connected to the Internet having a
web browser.
WEB PAGES

 Components of a webpage
Content wise
Structure wise
CONTENT WISE

 Content
wise the components of a
webpage are
Hypertext
Hyperlinks
HYPERTEXT

 Hypertextrefers to the combination of text,

graphic images, audio and video tracks,
and hyperlinks.
HYPERLINKS

A hyperlink refers to a dynamic link upon

clicking at which a new page or program
opens up.
STRUCTURE WISE

 Structure
wise the components of a web
page are
Page Title
Header
Body of the web page
Navigational links
Footer
STRUCTURE WISE
WHAT MAKES A WEBPAGE WORK?

 Creation of webpage
 Uploading/publishing the webpage
 Retrieval
WEB BROWSERS

A web browser is a program that lets us

visit different sites on the Net and display
their offerings on our device.
 They lets us access resources on www.
WEB BROWSERS

 Some of the popular web browsers are

Google Chrome, Mosaic, Netscape,
Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera, Macweb,
Mozilla Firefox, etc.
 Mosaic was the first web browser to come
to market.
WEB BROWSERS

 Thereare two types of web browser

Graphical Browser
Text only Browser
GRAPHICAL BROWSER

 Text,images, audio, video, etc are

retrievable through this type of browser.
TEXT ONLY BROWSER

 This
type of browser provides access to the
web in text-only mode.
 Example: Lynx
BLOGS

A blog is a kind of website.

 The term ‘Blog’ is the shortened form of
‘weblog’ – a diary or journal on the web.
 A person who writes and maintains a blog
is called Blogger and art of writing a blog is
called blogging.
BLOGS

A blogger can provide links to other

websites.
 There are millions upon millions of blogs
today.
 Blogs are maintained by individuals,
companies, organizations, etc.
BLOGS

 Types of Blogs
Personal Blog
News and Views
Company blogs
Micro-blogs
PERSONAL BLOG

 Maximum numbers of blogs on Internet

belong to this category.
 Blogger post stories about their interest
such as fishing, dancing or collecting
something.
NEWS AND VIEWS

 This type of blog contains factual stories

about News and latest events, maintained
by many professional journalists.
 Visitors can add their own opinions as well.
COMPANY BLOGS

 Many companies run blogs to let their

customers and clients know what is going
on in the company.
MICRO-BLOGS

 This type of blog post very short comments

that others can follow like Twitter.
 Initially 140 is the limit for a post (tweet) on
twitter.
 The entries become a running
commentary about one’s life and interests.
ADVANTAGES OF BLOG

 Enables to write down our thoughts on

anything that interests us.
 Don’t need much technical knowledge.
 People can leave comments.
 There are millions of blogs to choose from.
DISADVANTAGES OF BLOG
 Writing a post in anger may be regretted
later.
 Personal blogs may contain inaccurate
information.
 People may leave inappropriate
comments.
 We may have to look at many blogs
before we find some worth reading.
NEWS GROUPS
A News Group or Forum is like a
community bulletin board.
 We can post a message, reply to a
message or just read messages.
 Groups of related messages are known as
Threads.
 We can subscribe to various newsgroups.
NEWS GROUPS
 It is also called as Usenet.
USING A NEWSGROUP
 Open Google and search for Groups of
your choice, eg HTML.
 To become a member of that group click
at Join link and follow the instructions
given.
 Once we became members, we can post
out messages by clicking at Post then by
typing the desired message.
USING A NEWSGROUP
A message can be clicked at its title.
 One can reply a message by clicking at
Reply button.
HTML
 Hypertext markup language was invented
in 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee.
 It is a markup language for hypertext.
 It is used for creating web pages.
HTML
 Hypertext: It is a special type of digital text
that contains links to other text.
 Markup: It refers to special symbols or
instructions indicating the format, style or
structure for an electronic document or
webpage.
HTML
 Markup language: It is a set of standards
(well designed tags, structure, etc.) to
create an appropriate markup scheme for
an electronic document such as a
webpage.
WEB ADDRESS
A location on a net server is called a web
address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
 Each website has a unique address.
WEB ADDRESS
 URLs look like this:
type://address/path
 Where type: specifies the type of
server/protocol in which the file is located,
address is the address of server, and path
tells the location of file on the server.
 Example: https://ssimphal.nic.in/photos.htm
WEB ADDRESS
ELEMENTS OF A URL
ELEMENTS OF A URL
E-MAIL
 E-mail stands for Electronic Mail. It is the
most widely used tool to send messages
electronically on a network.
 They are generally sent from and received
by mail servers.
E-MAIL ADDRESS
 E-mail addresses commonly take this form:
username@hostname
 E-mail address has two parts separated by
@ symbol.
 A username cannot have blanks.
 Hostname or domain name identifies the
server or host or network that services the
e-mail.
E-MAIL ADDRESS
 Ane-mail account on an ISP’s server is a
paid account and a web-based email
account is generally free.
STRUCTURE OF AN EMAIL MESSAGE
 From: It is the address of the sender of the
e-mail.
 To: It is the address or addresses to which
the mail is sent.
 CC: It stands for carbon copy. Here the
address/addresses of those to whom we
want to send a copy of the e-mail is written.
CC recipient’s name is visible to all.
STRUCTURE OF AN EMAIL MESSAGE
 BCC: It stands for Blind carbon Copy.
Addresses written here will also receive a
copy of the message. BCC recipient’s
name is not visible to other recipients. But
they can see TO and CC addresses.
 Subject: A short title for the mail.
STRUCTURE OF AN EMAIL MESSAGE
 Body: The message.
 Attachment: We can attach one or more
pictures/documents with the e-mail.
 Date: Date and time on which the message
was sent.
 Message-ID: Every message will have a
unique ID. It is not visible to us.
DOWNLOADING FILES FROM A
REMOTE SITE
 Receiving data from a remote system is
referred by downloads in case of computer
network.
 A download is a file that has been
downloaded using email server, FTP server,
web server, etc.
DOWNLOADING FILES FROM A
REMOTE SITE
 The transmission of a file from a server or
remote computer system to a user’s PC is
known as downloading.
 Downloading a file, from the perspective of
an Internet user, is making a request for a
file from a server computer and receiving it.
UPLOADING FILES FROM A REMOTE
SITE
 Uploading refers to the process of sending a
local file to a remote site.
 This is the process of putting images,
documents, web pages, etc.
 The process of transferring data from one
remote system to another is referred to as
“remote uploading”.
UPLOADING FILES FROM A REMOTE
SITE
 TheFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet
service that allows you to download and
upload data.
INTERNET PROTOCOLS

 Internet protocol is a system of rules that

defines how something is to be done.
 It is usually an agreed-upon or
standardized method for transmitting data
and /or establishing communications
between different devices.
TCP/IP

 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a group of
communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the
internet.
 It is also used as a communications
protocol in a private computer network (an
intranet or extranet).
TCP/IP

 TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged

over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should
be broken into packets, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received at the
destination.
TCP/IP

 Itrequires little central management and is

designed to make networks reliable with
the ability to recover automatically from the
failure of any device on the network.
TCP/IP

 Italso manages how a message is

assembled into smaller packets before they
are then transmitted over the internet and
reassembled in the right order at the
destination address.
TCP/IP

 Common TCP/IP protocols include the

following:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP Secure
File Transfer Protocol
WHY TCP/IP IS IMPORTANT?

 TCP/IP is non-proprietary and, as a result, is

not controlled by any single company.
 It can determine the most efficient path
through the network. It is widely used in
current internet architecture.
USES OF TCP/IP

 TCP/IP can be used to provide remote login

over the network for interactive file transfer
to deliver email, to deliver webpages over
the network and to remotely access a
server host's file system.
HOW ARE TCP/IP AND IP
DIFFERENT?
 In IP, there is no built-in checking that
verifies whether the data packets sent were
actually received.
 In TCP/IP, it checks and ensure that the
data is delivered.
SMTP

 It stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol .

 It is used for sending and distributing
outgoing emails.
SMTP

 SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send

the mail whereas POP (post office protocol)
or IMAP (internet message access protocol)
is used to retrieve those emails at the
receiver’s side.
SMTP

 TheSMTP model is of two types:

End-to-end method
Store-and-forward method
SMTP

 Theend-to-end model is used to

communicate between different
organizations whereas the store and
forward method is used within an
organization.
COMPONENTS OF SMTP

 Mail User Agent (MUA)

 Mail Submission Agent (MSA)
 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
 Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)
COMPONENTS OF SMTP

 Mail User Agent (MUA): It is a computer

application that helps you in sending and
retrieving mail.
 Mail Submission Agent (MSA): It is a
computer program that basically receives
mail from a Mail User Agent(MUA) and
interacts with the Mail Transfer Agent(MTA)
for the transfer of the mail.
COMPONENTS OF SMTP

 Mail Transfer Agent(MTA): It is basically

software that has the work to transfer mail
from one system to another.
 Mail Delivery Agent(MDA): A mail Delivery
agent or Local Delivery Agent is basically a
system that helps in the delivery of mail to
the local system.
POP3

 Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a

standard protocol used by email clients to
retrieve email messages from a mail server.
 It is a simple, text-based protocol that
allows a client to connect to a server,
retrieve email messages, and mark them as
read or unread.
POP3

 POP3 works by establishing a connection

between the email client and the mail
server.
 The client sends a request to the server to
retrieve email messages, and the server
responds with a list of available messages.
POP3

 The client can then choose which

messages to download and mark as read
or unread.
 Once the client has finished retrieving
messages, the connection is closed.
HTTP

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the set of rules

for transferring hypertext i.e., text, graphics,
image, sound, video, etc on www.
 It is an access method (method to access
web pages) used on Internet.
 It is the primary access method for
interacting with Internet.
HTTP

 HTTP generally works in combination with

www.
 This protocol is known as HyperText Transfer
Protocol because of its efficiency that
allows us to use in a hypertext environment
where there are rapid jumps from one
document to another document.
HTTPS

 It stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Secure.
 It is enhanced versions of HTTP working with
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) certificate.
 SSL takes care of ensuring that the data
goes securely over the Internet.
HTTPS

 The SSL certificate helps create a secure

and encrypted connection between the
server and the browser.
 This ensures that the information is
encryption and connection is safe so that
hackers cannot steal our crucial/sensitive
information.
HTTPS

 Thisprotocol is also called HTTP over SSL

because the HTTPS communication
protocols are encrypted using the SSL
(Secure Socket Layer).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HTTP & HTTPS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HTTP & HTTPS
 The data which is  The data which is transferred
transferred in HTTP is in HTTPS is encrypted, i.e.,
plain text. ciphertext.
 This
protocol does not  thisprotocol requires an SSL
need any certificate. (Secure Socket Layer)
 Encryption technique is certificate.
absent.  Encryption technique is
present.
REMOTE LOGIN AND FILE
TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
SSH

 SSH (Secure SHell) is remote logging

protocol that logs into remote machine via
a shell where all data between the client
and server is encrypted.
 It ensures security shell using other
protocols like SCP and SFTP.
SSH

 This ensures that only the client and the

server will have access to actual data.
 It allows two computers to communicate
and share the data over an insecure
network such as the internet.
SSH

 Before SSH
SSH

 After SSH
SFTP

 It stands for Secure File Transfer Protocol.

 It is a protocol for transferring large files
over the web. It is a secure protocol for file
transfer and it ensures security of data
based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol.
SFTP

 SFTPas a successor to FTP is used for many

situations where file security is important.
DATA SAFETY BY SFTP

 Itrequires that the client user must be

authenticated by the server and the data
transfer must take place over a secure
channel (SSH).
 All data is encrypted before being sent
across the network.
DATA SAFETY BY SFTP

 Itencrypts both commands and data

providing effective protection against
common network security risks.
FTP

 FTP stands for File transfer protocol.

 It is a standard internet protocol provided
by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from
one host to another.
 It is mainly used for transferring the web
page files from their creator to the
computer that acts as a server.
FTP

 Itis also used for downloading the files to

computer from other servers.
 Every computer platform supports FTP.
FTP

 Thereare two computers involved in an FTP

transfer:
FTP Server
FTP Client
FTP SERVER

 Itis a computer that is running FTP server

software. It listens on the network for
connection requests from other computers.
FTP CLIENT

 It is a computer that is running FTP client

software.
 It initiates a connection to the server.
 Once connected, the customer can do a
number of file manipulation operations.
SCP

 It stands for Secure Copy Protocol.

 The SCP protocol helps transferring files from
a local to a remote host or between two
remote hosts.
 It is a combination of the Remote Copy
Protocol (RCP) and the Secure Shell (SSH)
protocol.
SCP

 Most SSH clients include SCP capability.

SCP
TELNET

 TELNET stands for Teletype Network.

 Telnet is an Internet utility that lets us log
onto remote computer systems.
 Telnet has been used by people who have
logins on remote systems and want to do
serious work there.
TELNET

 The computer which starts the connection is

known as the local computer.
 The computer which is being connected to
i.e. which accepts the connection known
as the remote computer.
TELNET

 During telnet operation, whatever is being

performed on the remote computer will be
displayed by the local computer.
 Telnet operates on a client/server principle.
 The local computer uses a telnet client
program and the remote computers use a
telnet server program.
SERVICES AVAILABLE ON THE
INTERNET
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

 We can retrieve information from the

Internet using a Browser software.
 Exploring the web is known as Net Surfing.
 Information Retrieval refers to the process,
methods, and procedures of searching,
locating, and retrieving recorded data and
information from a file or database.
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

 Information retrieval is the process of

finding information in a set of documents by
use of a computer.
LOCATING SITES USING SEARCH
ENGINES
A Search Engine is a program that searches
through a database of web pages for
particular information.
 There is a lot of information on the Internet.
 Search engines make this information
easier to find.
HOW SEARCH ENGINE WORKS

A search engine works with the help of

following three elements:
Spidersor Webcrawler or Bots or Agents
Indexing software and database
Search Algorithm
SPIDERS OR WEBCRAWLER OR
BOTS OR AGENTS
 The Search engine uses these software
which comb the Internet looking for
documents and their web addresses.
 The Spiders or webcrawlers perform the
methodical searches needed to find
information.
SPIDERS OR WEBCRAWLER OR
BOTS OR AGENTS
 TheBots or Spiders are given directions by
the search engine and they crawl from one
server to another, compiling the huge list of
URLs.
INDEXING SOFTWARE AND
DATABASE
 Theindexing software extracts information
from the documents and web addresses,
prepares on index of it and stores in a
database.
SEARCH ALGORITHM

 It
assembles a web page displaying the
matching results as hyperlinks.
HOW SEARCH ENGINE WORKS
REFINING SEARCH

 Surround our query in quotes or put some

punctuation marks(; or -). E.g., “Sainik
School Imphal” or Sainik-School-Imphal or
Sainik ; School ; Imphal
 Use wildcard * for pattern matching.
REFINING SEARCH

 Lowercase word matches are not case-

sensitive but uppercase words are case-
sensitive.
 To specify that a word or phrase must
appear in matched documents, put a plus
sign (+) immediately before it.
REFINING SEARCH

 Tospecify that a word or phrase must not

appear in matched documents, put a
minus sign (-) immediately before it.
FINDING PEOPLE ON THE NET

 Many search engines also offer a way to

search for basic information about people
and places.
 There are a number of utilities and sites to
find this kind of information.
FINDING PEOPLE ON THE NET

 Ifwe want to find out a person’s mail-id,

phone numbers, addresses then we have to
log onto the sites that offer this service.
 Example: www.123people.com,
www.addresses.com,
email.addresssearch.com,
www.peakyou.com, www.pipl.com, etc.
WEB SERVICES

 Web services are the services or

applications available via web through the
use of specific protocol.
 There are diverse web services available
today e.g., chat, email, video-
conferencing, social networking, etc.
CHAT

A chat service is any online service or

technology that enables text messages to
be translated in real time between
participants.
CHAT

 Chatting or chitchat occurs over the

internet via Short Message Service (SMS)
text message and Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS) or through social media
platforms like Facebook, Twitter, etc.
 Online textual talk is called chatting.
CHAT

 Ifwe want to chat, we need to log on to a

server that provides chat facility.
CHAT ROOM

A Chat room is a website or part of some

online service that provides an online
venue.
COMMONLY USED TYPES OF CHAT
INSTANT MESSANGING (IM)

 Itis a type of communications service via

IM software that enables one to create a
kind of private chat connection with
another individual in order to communicate
in real time over the Internet.
ICQ (“I SEEK YOU”)

 It offers chatting via ICQ software.

 It is used as a conferencing tool by
individual on the net to chat, e-mail,
perform file transfers, play computer
games, etc.
IRC (INTERNET RELAY CHAT)

 It has many networks that are completely

separate from one another.
 If we want to chat with someone on IRC, we
need to make sure that we are connected
to an IRC server via our PC’s IRC client
program.
IRC (INTERNET RELAY CHAT)

 Once we connect to an IRC server, there

are often thousands of rooms called
channels on nearly any topic.
WEB BASED CHAT

 Itis also like IRC but it is different from it in

the sense that it’s on a specific website and
no program is really needed to install on
computer.
VIDEO CONFERENCING

 Video conferencing is a live video-based

meeting between two or more people in
different locations using video-enabled
devices.
VIDEO CONFERENCING

 Itallows multiple people to meet and

collaborate face to face long distance by
transmitting audio, video, text and
presentations in real time through the
internet.
VIDEO CONFERENCING
 It is very helpful for many people involved
in different sectors like education,
businesses, Information Technology
Industries, telemedicine or even for Courts.
 It is also very cost-efficient to conduct a
video conference; the user will just need a
laptop or a mobile phone and a good
internet connection.
ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO
CONFERENCING
 Saves travel cost and travel time.
 Allows meeting with people at different
locations.
 It is good for brainstorming.
 It is an excellent way of keeping in touch
with friends and family, even if they are in a
different country.
DISADVANTAGES OF VIDEO
CONFERENCING
 It requires specific hardware and software.
 Fast data link is needed.
 If hardware/software breaks down, meeting
cannot be attended.
 Some people might not be easy to see at
the meeting.
E-LEARNING
A learning system based on formalised
teaching but with the help of electronic
resources is known as E-learning.
 It can be accessed via most electronic
devices including a computer, laptop,
tablet or smartphone, making it a versatile
and easy way for students to learn
wherever they are.
BENEFITS OF E-LEARNING
 Reduced overall cost
 Self-directed and self-paced
 Interactive and hands-on
 Flexible
 Consistent delivery
 Easily manageable
APPLICATION AREAS OF E-
LEARNING (FORMAL SETUP)
 E-learning courseware
 E-classroom
 Assessments
 E-simulation
APPLICATION AREAS OF E-
LEARNING (NON-FORMAL SETUP)
 Games based behavioural development
 Learning support
 Social/collaborate learning
 Massive open online course (MOOC)
E-LEARNING SOFTWARE

 Moodle,
Olat, eFront, H5P, Chamili, Siminars,
vdemy, Articulate, etc.
E-BANKING

 E-banking is an arrangement between a

bank or a financial institution and its
customers that enables encrypted
transactions over the internet.
 Short for electronic banking, E-banking has
various types that cater to customers'
different requirements, which can be
resolved online.
E-BANKING

 Availingthe banking srvices through

electronic measures via Internet is called e-
banking.
E-BANKING

 The following terms all refer to one form or

another of e-banking:
 PC banking, Internet banking, virtual
banking, online banking, home banking,
remote electronic banking, phone banking,
etc.
PC BANKING

 It is a form of online banking that enables

customers to execute bank transactions
from a PC via a modem.
 The bank offers the customer a proprietary
financial software program that allows the
customer to perform financial transactions
from his or her home computer.
INTERNET/ONLINE BANKING

 An Internet banking customer accesses his

or her accounts from a web
browser/software that runs Internet banking
programs resident on the bank’s www
server.
 It is also known as Virtual, cyber, net,
interactive, web banks, etc.
MOBILE BANKING

 It is a wireless Internet based service that

allows one to use banking services safely
and conveniently using a mobile device
like mobile phone or tablet, etc.
 It provides access to the most popular
Internet banking features and services.
FEATURES OF E-BANKING

 Availabilityof inquiry and transaction

services around the clock
 Worldwide connectivity
 Easy access to transaction data
 Direct customer control of funds
OPENING AN E-BANKING
ACCOUNT
 Customers who have existing accounts
may ask their bank for the software needed
or obtain a username and password for
Internet banking.
OPENING AN E-BANKING
ACCOUNT
 New customers can establish an account
either by completing an internet banking
application form or mailing it to a bank
offering such a service or by applying
online in the bank’s web site.
E-SHOPPING

 The process of selling and buying products

over the internet platform is known as online
shopping or e-shopping.
 Benefits of e-shopping are: Anytime,
Anyplace and Any device access. Detailed
information about the product along with
reviews.
ADVANTAGES OF E-SHOPPING

 Convenience to buy items

 Choose the items he/she desires at their
convenient timing
 Online stores never close, they are open 24
hours a day.
 Equal accessibility of products from metro
cities to non-metro cities
DISADVANTAGES OF E-SHOPPING

 They don’t permit shoppers to touch

products or have any social interaction
 Delay in delivery
 People worry that they may become the
victim of identity theft as they have to
provide their bank information
DISADVANTAGES OF E-SHOPPING

 Picture of the item may appear one way,

but the actual item may look completely
different
 Replacement of item takes time
THREATS TO E-SHOPPING

 Gaining access to sensitive data

 Using virus to corrupt our system
 Unwanted spam suggesting what to buy
 Gaining access to our shopping history
 Getting access to our location details
SECURITY CONCERS FOR E-
SHOPPING
 Tricking the shopper
 Snooping the shopper’s computer/device
 Sniffing the network
 Guessing passwords
 Phishing
E-RESERVATION

 Making reservations of tickets or hotel

rooms or tourist packages, etc., through
Internet is known as e-Reservation.
ADVANTAGES OF E-RESERVATION

 Convenience: We can book your tickets or

make reservations from anywhere and at
any time as long as you have an internet
connection.
 Time-Saving: We don't have to stand in long
queues to book your tickets.
ADVANTAGES OF E-RESERVATION

 Easy Access to Information: It provides you

with easy access to information about
available seats, prices, and schedules.
 Multiple Payment Options: Payment can be
done using credit/debit cards, net banking,
and e-wallets.
ADVANTAGES OF E-RESERVATION

 Competitive
Pricing: It allows you to
compare prices and choose the best
option.
DISADVANTAGES OF E-
RESERVATION
 Technical Issues: It relies on technology,
and technical issues such as server
downtime, slow internet connectivity, or
website crashes can occur.
 Security Concerns: It involves sharing
personal and financial information online,
which can be risky.
DISADVANTAGES OF E-
RESERVATION
 Lack of Personal Touch: We don't get to
interact with a person and ask questions or
get recommendations.
 Limited Options: It offers limited options for
seating and other services compared to
offline booking options.
DISADVANTAGES OF E-
RESERVATION
 AdditionalCharges: It may involve
additional charges such as service fees,
convenience fees, or transaction fees.
APPLICATION AREAS OF E-
RESERVATION
 Travel Tickets
 Hotel Rooms
 Sports Matches
 Movies and Theater
 Events
E-RESERVATION PROCESS

 Log into a site that provides online booking

system.
 Provide details about the day/time/seating
type, etc.
 Make a choice and confirm by submitting
your details.
 Make payment.
E-GOVERNANCE

 Electronic governance or E-governance

refers to the application of electronic
means in governance with an aim of
fulfilling the requirements of common man
at affordable costs and in fastest possible
time.
E-GOVERNANCE

 E-Governance is Technology driven

Governance for delivering Government
Services, Exchange of Information
Communication Transactions and
Integration of various Systems & Services
between Government & Citizens.
E-GOVERNANCE

 It
means that we can interact with our
government 24x7.
E-GOVERNANCE

 It
is the application of electronic means in
government i.e.,
Interaction between govt & citizens and
govt and businesses via electronic means
Use of electronic means in internal govt
operations
E-GOVERNANCE

 TheNational e-governance Plan (NeGP)

has been formulated by the government to
promote e-governance on a massive scale.
VISION OF (NEGP)

“making all Government services accessible

to the common man in his locality, through
common service delivery outlets and ensure
efficiency, transparency and reliability of
such services at affordable costs to realize
the basic needs of the common man.”
MAJOR E-GOVERNANCE
PROJECTS IN INDIA
 MCA 21, India’s Prestigious G2B Services
portal (Ministry of Company Affairs)
 Consular Passport and VISA Division (Indian
Passport Office)
 Income Tax portal
 National Portal of India
 DRDO
MAJOR E-GOVERNANCE
PROJECTS IN INDIA
 Supreme Court of India
 Indian Courts
 RTI Portal
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF E-GOVERNANCE

 Improved the efficiency of administration

and service delivery.
 Reduced waiting time.
 Reduced cost of availing the services.
 Keeping a tab on corruption.
 Increased public participation.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF E-
GOVERNANCE
 People living in rural and remote areas
could not benefit from it.
 Not all services are part of it.
 Lack of awareness about e-governance
programs.
 Slow websites compared to other websites.
E-GROUPS

 An e-group refers to an online community

where people discuss on topics of common
interests.
E-GROUPS

 E-groups, also known as online or web

communities, are groups of people who use
internet services such as e-mail, chat
systems, discussion boards, etc to
communicate and collaborate with one
another.
E-GROUPS

 Populare-Groups are groups.yahoo.com,

groups.google.com, etc.
FEATURES OF E-GROUPS

A conversation on a group can have

original message and its responses and
replies.
 All these are together known as threaded
conversation or threaded message.
BENEFITS OF E-GROUPS

 It keeps us in touch with other members. It

allows members to exchange messages,
plan vacations, participate in a meeting
online, etc.
 It is a venue to make new friends.
 It lets us build a community without the
technical hassle.
SOCIAL NETWORKING

 Social
Networking is the use of internet-
based social media programs to make
connections with friends, family,
classmates, customers and clients.
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE

A Social Networking Site is a website that

provides a venue for people to share their
activities with family, friends and
colleagues or to share their interest in a
particular topic.
 They are also known as Social Media.
POPULAR SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES

 Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Myspace,

Twitter, Youtube, Flickr, Wordpress, Blogger,
Typepad, etc.
MERITS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING

 Easier to connect with people

 Easy to hold discussions and collect
opinions
 Interactive involvement
 Brings more awareness
DEMERITS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING

 Misusing the data/information posted by

innocent users
 Credibility of information
 Fake Profiles
 Bullying and Trolling
 Peer pressure
DEMERITS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING

 IrresponsibleBehaviour
 Attention seeking disorders and addiction
FEATURES AVAILABLE ON SOCIAL
NETWORIGN SITES
 User profiles
 Blog engine
 Photo albums
 Groups
 Discussion boards
 Media galleries
FEATURES AVAILABLE ON SOCIAL
NETWORIGN SITES
 Activity
streams
 Messaging
 Walls
 Comments
 Tags
ETHICS IN SOCIAL NETWORKING

 Right perspective: Carefully upload the

contents, pictures, videos, etc.
 Utilitarian perspective: Keep away from
indulging in illegal and unethical activities.
 Fairness perspective: No discrimination
based on the gender, race, age, etc.
ETHICS IN SOCIAL NETWORKING

 Common good perspective: Our action

must not hinder in any way the betterment
of the society.
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

 Thepopularity of mobiles is attributed to its

technologies that have made
communications so affordable for all.
SMS

 It stands for Short Message Service.

 It is commonly referred to as a “text
message”.
 Real SMS messages are limited in length. A
single SMS is 160 characters long.
 Most cell phones support this type of text
messaging.
MMS

 It stands for Multimedia Messaging Service.

 It is a standard way to send messages that
include multimedia content (pictures,
video, audio, etc) to and from mobile
phones.
 MMS messages can be up to 1600
characters in length.