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A Graph Is A Way of Representing Relationships That Exist Between Pairs of Objects

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19 views2 pages

A Graph Is A Way of Representing Relationships That Exist Between Pairs of Objects

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haivhhe180140
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A graph is a way of representing relationships that exist between pairs of objects.

That is, a graph is a set


of objects, called vertices, together with a collection of pairwise connections between them, called
edges. Graphs have applications in modeling many domains, including mapping, transportation,
computer networks, and electrical engineering. By the way, this notion of a “graph” should not be
confused with bar charts and function plots, as these kinds of “graphs” are unrelated to the topic of this
chapter. Viewed abstractly, a graph G is simply a set V of vertices and a collection E of pairs of vertices
from V, called edges. Thus, a graph is a way of representing connections or relationships between pairs
of objects from some setV. Incidentally, some books use different terminology for graphs and refer to
what we call vertices as nodes and what we call edges as arcs. We use the terms “vertices” and “edges.”
Edges in a graph are either directed or undirected. An edge (u,v) is said to be directed from u to v if the
pair (u,v) is ordered, with u preceding v. An edge (u,v) is said to be undirected if the pair (u,v) is not
ordered. Undirected edges are sometimes denoted with set notation, as {u,v}, but for simplicity we use
the pair notation (u,v), noting that in the undirected case (u,v) is the same as (v,u). Graphs are typically
visualized by drawing the vertices as ovals or rectangles and the edges as segments or curves connecting
pairs of ovals and rectangles.

Example of a directed graph representing a flight network. The endpoints of edge UA 120 are LAX and
ORD; hence, LAX and ORD are adjacent. The in-degree of DFW is 3, and the out-degree of DFW is 2.

1) Managing transportation networks: Graphs are used to represent the structure and
relationships between destinations, routes, and other factors in a transportation network. By
using graph algorithms, one can find optimal routes, identify important connectivity points, and
predict traffic conditions.
2) Route Planning: Graphs are used to model flight networks, where airports are represented as
nodes and routes as edges. By applying graph algorithms, such as Dijkstra's algorithm or A*
search, airlines and aviation authorities can find optimal routes between airports. These
algorithms consider factors like distance, airspace restrictions, and operational constraints to
determine the most efficient and cost-effective flight paths.
3) Network Analysis: Graph analysis techniques can be used to evaluate the connectivity and
efficiency of flight networks. Measures such as centrality, connectivity, and clustering
coefficients can help identify key airports that serve as major hubs or essential connection
points. This analysis assists in optimizing flight schedules, fleet deployment, and resource
allocation.
4) Air Traffic Control: Graphs are utilized in air traffic control systems to monitor and manage the
movement of aircraft within the flight network. The network structure helps controllers visualize
the relationships between airports and flights, enabling them to make informed decisions
regarding routing, separation, and traffic flow management.
5) Airline Schedule Optimization: Airlines use graph-based optimization techniques to design flight
schedules that maximize efficiency and minimize operational costs. By representing flight
connections as edges and airport operations as nodes, algorithms can optimize flight timings,
minimize turnaround times, and balance flight demand across the network.
6) Disruption Management: During disruptions like weather events or airport closures, graph-
based models can aid in re-routing flights and managing the impact on the network. By
analyzing alternative routes and considering factors like airport capacity and airspace
availability, airlines and air traffic control can quickly adapt and minimize disruptions to the
flight network.
7) Demand Forecasting: Graph-based models can be used to analyze historical flight data and
passenger flow patterns within the flight network. By understanding the relationships between
airports and passenger demand, airlines can forecast future demand and optimize their route
planning, aircraft deployment, and pricing strategies accordingly.

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