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LG2:
Cust
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LG3:Cr
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LG4:Cr
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LG5:Cr
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ies

1
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

Thi
slear
ninggui
dewasdev
elopedt
opr
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out
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i
nfor
mat
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Sheet1:
-Basi
cDesi
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inci
ples

Sheet2:
-Openi
ngandDesi
gni
ngDat
abaseAppl
i
cat
ion

Sheet3:
-Dat
abaseObj
ect

Sheet4:
-Cr
eat
ingDat
abaseObj
ect

Sheet5:
-Modi
fyi
ngDat
abaseObj
ect

Sheet6:
-Cr
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ati
onshi
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Sheet7:
-Addi
ng,
Modi
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ds

2
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

Sheet1 Basi
cPr
inci
ples

TheDat
abaseDesi
gnPr
inci
ples
Usabi
l
ity
:Anyi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chwear
est
ori
ngi
nanyor
gani
zat
ionshoul
dbemeani
ngf
ul
f
ort
hator
gani
zat
ion.I
fwear
est
ori
ngt
hosef
act
orswhi
char
eact
ual
l
ynotf
itwi
th
or
gani
zat
ion’
srequi
rementt
hent
hisi
sjustwast
eofr
esour
ces
Ext
ensi
bil
i
ty:Asweknowt
hatev
ery
daynewbusi
nessr
equi
rement
scomeup
andev
erydayt
her
eisaneedt
ochangeorenhancei
nfor
mat
ionsy
stem t
o
capt
urenew r
equi
rement
s.Soi
nfor
mat
iondesi
gnshoul
dbeext
ensi
bleso
t
hati
tcanadoptnew r
equi
rement
s wi
thoutmanyef
for
tsorwi
thoutmaj
or
br
eaki
ngchanges.

Dat
aInt
egr
it
y:Nowatt
hispoi
ntweunder
standt
hati
nfor
mat
ioni
sver
ymuch
i
mpor
tantf
oranyor
gani
zat
ion.Based on t
he hi
stor
ici
nfor
mat
ion,ev
ery
or
gani
zat
ion makes di
ff
erentst
rat
egi
es,deci
sionsf
orgr
owt
h.One smal
l
mi
stakei
ndat
acanl
eadt
omaj
ori
ssueswi
thanyor
gani
zat
ion’
skeydeci
sion
andhenceabi
gri
skf
orgr
owt
h.

Ent
it
yInt
egr
it
y:I
nvol
vest
hest
ruct
ure(
pri
mar
ykeyandi
tsat
tr
ibut
es)oft
he
ent
it
y.I
fthepr
imar
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suni
queandal
lat
tr
ibut
esar
escal
arandf
ull
y
dependentont
hepr
imar
ykey
,thent
hei
ntegr
it
yoft
heent
it
yisgood.I
nthe
phy
sical
schema,
thet
abl
e’
spr
imar
ykeyenf
orcesent
it
yint
egr
it
y.
Domai
nInt
egr
it
y:I
tdef
inest
hatdat
ashoul
dbeofcor
rectt
ypeandweshoul
d
handl
eopt
ionaldat
aincor
rectway
.Weshoul
dappl
yNul
l
abi
l
ityt
othose
at
tr
ibut
eswhi
char
eopt
ionalf
oror
gani
zat
ion.Wecandef
inepr
operdat
a
t
ypesf
ordi
ff
erentat
tr
ibut
esbasedonor
gani
zat
ion’
srequi
rementsot
hat
cor
rectf
ormatdat
ashoul
dpr
esenti
nsy
stem.
Ref
erent
ialI
ntegr
it
y:Thi
sdef
inesi
fanyent
it
yisdependentonanot
herone
t
henpar
entent
it
yshoul
d bet
her
eint
hesy
stem andshoul
dbeuni
quel
y

3
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

i
dent
if
iabl
e.Wecandot
hisbyi
mpl
ement
ingf
orei
gnkey
s.
Userdef
inedi
ntegr
it
y:Ther
ear
efewbusi
nessr
uleswhi
chwecannotv
ali
dat
e
j
ustbypr
imar
ykey
s,f
orei
gnkey
set
c.Ther
ehast
obesomemechani
sm so
t
hatwecanv
ali
dat
ecompl
exr
ulesf
ori
ntegr
it
y.Wecani
mpl
ementt
heser
ules
i
nfol
l
owi
ngway
s:
Per
for
mance:Asweknow t
hati
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dber
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
eas
r
equest
ed.Per
for
manceoft
hesy
stem shoul
dbeupt
othemar
k.Asdat
ain
i
ncr
easi
ngdaybydaysoatsomet
imet
her
ewi
l
lbei
mpactonper
for
mancei
f
dat
abasedesi
gni
spoororwe’
l
lnott
akeanyact
ionst
oimpr
oveper
for
mance.

Av
ail
abi
li
ty:The av
ail
abi
l
ity of i
nfor
mat
ion r
efer
stot
he i
nfor
mat
ion’
s
accessi
bil
i
tywhenr
equi
redr
egar
dingupt
ime,l
ocat
ions,andt
heav
ail
abi
l
ityof
t
hedat
aforf
utur
eanal
ysi
s.Di
sast
err
ecov
ery
,redundancy
,ar
chi
vi
ng,and
net
wor
kdel
i
ver
yal
laf
fectav
ail
abi
l
ity
.

Secur
it
y:Foranyor
gani
zat
ionalasset
,thel
evelofsecur
it
ymustbesecur
ed
dependi
ngoni
tsv
alueandsensi
ti
vi
ty.Somet
imeor
gani
zat
ionshav
esuf
fer
eda
l
otbecauseofdat
aleakswhi
chr
esul
tsi
nlossoff
ait
handt
endst
obusi
ness
r
isk.Sosecur
it
yisoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantaspect
sofgooddat
abasedesi
gn.

4
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

I
nfor
mat
ionSheet2 Openi
ng&Desi
gni
ngDat
abaseAppl
i
cat
ion

I
ntr
oduct
iont
oDat
abase

Adat
abasecanbestbedescr
ibedasawayofst
ori
ngl
argeamount
sofi
nfor
mat
ion.

Thedat
acanber
etr
iev
edandwecanev
enaskquest
ionsoft
hedat
aandget
answer
s.
Forex
ampl
e:Youmaywantt
oknowhowmanySt
udent
senr
oll
edi
nev
eryoccupat
ional
l
evel
.
MSAccess(
MSOf
fi
ceAccess2007)i
sadat
abasemanagementt
oolt
hat
enabl
esonet
ost
orer
elev
antdat
a.
Thi
s al
so has t
he capabi
l
iti
es t
oret
ri
eve,sor
t,summar
ize r
epor
tand
r
esul
timmedi
atel
yandef
fect
ivel
y.
I
tcancombi
nedat
afr
om v
ari
ousf
ies(
l tabl
es)t
hroughcr
eat
ingr
elat
ionshi
ps
andcanmakedat
aent
rymor
eef
fi
cientandaccur
atet
hrough t
heuseof
f
orms.
Mi
crosof
tAccess(
MSAccess)enabl
est
omanageal
limpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ion
f
rom asi
ngl
edat
abasef
il
e.
Wi
thi
nthef
il
e,canuset
hedi
ff
erentobj
ect
s/i
tems:

Thedesi
gnpr
ocess

Det
ermi
net
hepur
poseofy
ourdat
abase.Thi
shel
pspr
epar
eyouf
ort
he
r
emai
ningst
eps.

Fi
nd and or
gani
ze t
he i
nfor
mat
ion r
equi
red.Gat
heral
loft
he t
ypes of
i
nfor
mat
iony
oumi
ghtwantt
orecor
dint
hedat
abase,
suchaspr
oductnameand

5
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

or
dernumber
.
Di
vi
det
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
ntot
abl
es.Di
vi
dey
ouri
nfor
mat
ioni
temsi
ntomaj
or
ent
it
iesorsubj
ect
s,suchasPr
oduct
sorOr
der
s.Eachsubj
ectt
henbecomesa
t
abl
e.
Tur
ninf
ormat
ioni
temsi
ntocol
umns.Deci
dewhati
nfor
mat
iony
ouwantt
o
st
orei
neacht
abl
e.Eachi
tembecomesaf
iel
d,andi
sdi
spl
ayedasacol
umni
n
t
het
abl
e.Forexampl
e,anEmpl
oyeest
abl
emi
ghti
ncl
udef
iel
dssuchasLast
NameandHi
reDat
e.
Speci
fypr
imar
ykey
s.Chooseeacht
abl
e’
spr
imar
ykey
.Thepr
imar
ykeyi
sa
col
umnt
hati
susedt
ouni
quel
yident
if
yeachr
ow.Anexampl
emi
ghtbe
Pr
oductI
DorOr
derI
D
Setupt
het
abl
erel
ati
onshi
ps.Lookateacht
abl
eanddeci
dehowt
hedat
ain
onet
abl
eisr
elat
edt
othedat
ainot
hert
abl
es.Addf
iel
dst
otabl
esorcr
eat
e
newt
abl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
her
elat
ionshi
ps,asnecessar
y.
Ref
iney
ourdesi
gn.Anal
yzey
ourdesi
gnf
orer
ror
s.Cr
eat
ethet
abl
esandadd
af
ew r
ecor
dsofsampl
edat
a.Seei
fyoucangett
her
esul
tsy
ouwantf
rom
y
ourt
abl
es.Makeadj
ust
ment
stot
hedesi
gn,
asneeded.
Appl
ythe nor
mal
izat
ion r
ules.Appl
ythe dat
a nor
mal
i
zat
ion r
ules t
o see i
fyour
t
abl
esar
est
ruct
uredcor
rect
ly.Makeadj
ust
ment
stot
het
abl
es,
asneeded

6
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

I
nfor
mat
ionSheet
:3 Dat
abaseOBJECTS
WhatdoesDat
abaseObj
ectmean?

Adat
abaseobj
ecti
nar
elat
ionaldat
abasei
sadat
ast
ruct
ureusedt
oei
ther
st
oreorr
efer
encedat
a.Themostcommonobj
ectt
hatpeopl
eint
eractwi
thi
s
t
het
abl
e.Ot
herobj
ect
sar
eindexes,
stor
edpr
ocedur
es,
sequences,
viewsand
manymor
e.

Whenadat
abaseobj
ecti
scr
eat
ed,anew obj
ectt
ypecannotbecr
eat
ed
becauseal
lthev
ari
ousobj
ectt
ypescr
eat
edar
erest
ri
ctedbyt
hev
erynat
ure,
orsour
cecode,oft
her
elat
ionaldat
abasemodelbei
ngused,suchasOr
acl
e,
SQLSer
verorAccess.
Whati
sbei
ngcr
eat
edi
sinst
ancesoft
heobj
ect
s,such
asanewt
abl
e,ani
ndexont
hatt
abl
eorav
iewont
hesamet
abl
e.

Thedi
ff
erentt
ypeofDat
abaseobj
ect
s

Tabl
es:-Recent
ly,wedef
i tasaf
nei il
ebutt
echni
cal
l
y,i
twasdef
inedasacont
aineror
a

Wor
ksheet
-l
ikecont
ainerwher
ethecol
l
ect
ionofdat
ahasbeens
tor
ed.
Tabl
es-At
abl
eisacol
l
ect
ionofdat
aaboutaspeci
fi
ctopi
c,suchaspr
oduct
s
orsuppl
i
ers
 Basi
cComponentofaTabl
e:Met
aDat
a–Dat
abaseSt
ruct
ure

7
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

 Fi
eld–Col
umn–Dat
aFi
el
dname

 Recor
d-Row-I
nfor
mat
ion

Met
adat sa“
a–i dat
aaboutdat
a”orsynonymousl
ycal
l
edt
abl
est
ruct
uret
hat
def
ineswhatt
ypeofdat
ayourdat
ais?
Quer
ies–Quer
iesusedt
ovi
ew,change,andanal
yzedat
aindi
ff
erentway
s.
Youcanal
souset
hem asasour
ceofr
ecor
dsf
orf
orms,
repor
ts.
For
ms-Af
ormi
sat
ypeofadat
abaseobj
ectt
hati
spr
imar
il
yusedt
oent
eror
di
spl
aydat
ainadat
abase.Youcanal
souseaf
orm asaswi
tchboar
dthat
opensot
herf
ormsandr
epor
tsi
nthedat
abase,
orasacust
om di
alogboxt
hat
accept
suseri
nputandcar
ri
esoutanact
ionbasedont
hei
nput
.
Repor
ts-Ar
epor
tisanef
fect
ivewayt
opr
esenty
ourdat
ainapr
int
edf
ormat
.
Becausey
ouhav
econt
rolov
ert
hesi
zeandappear
anceofev
ery
thi
ng ona

I
nfor
mat
ionSheet
-4 Cr
eat
ingDat
abaseObj
ect
s

r
epor
t,

Dat
aty
pesi
nMi
crosof
tAccess
Thedi
ff
erentki
ndsofMsAccess2007dat
aty
pesar
e:
Text
:al
l
owsf
ort
he st
orageofanyki
nd ofdat
a,char
act
ers,di
git
sand
speci
alchar
act
ers.
Memo: i
s used f
or t
ext
s of mor
e t
han 255 char
act
ers such as
comment
s orex
planat
ions.
Number
:fornumer
icaldat
ausedi
nmat
hemat
icalcal
cul
ati
ons.

Dat
e/Ti
me:
fort
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofdat
eandt
imef
romt
hey
ear100t
o9999.

Cur
rency
:Formonet
ary
/economi
cval
ues and numer
icaldat
a used i
n
mat
hemat
icalcal
cul
ati
onsi
nwhi
cht
hedat
ainv
olv
edcont
ainsbet
weenone
andf
ourdeci
mal
s.
Aut
onumber
:auni
quesequent
ial
number(
incr
easi
ngonebyone)
,oranumber
t
hatAccessassi
gnsev
eryt
imei
taddsanewr
ecor
dtoat
abl
e.

8
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

Yes/
No:Yes and No v
alues,and f
iel
ds t
hatcont
ain one oft
wo v
alues
(
Yes/
No,
True/
Fal
seorAct
ivat
ed/
Deact
ivat
ed)
.
OLEObj
ect
:anobj
ectsuchasaMi
crosof
tExcelspr
eadsheet
,aMi
crosof
tWor
d

Document
,gr
aphi
cs,
images,
sounds,orot
herbi
nar
ies.

Usedt
oembedorl
inkt
odocument
sfr
omot
herpr
ogr
amsl
ikeExcel
andWor
d.

Hy
per
li
nk:t
extoracombi
nat
ionoft
extandnumber
sst
oredast
extandused
asahy
per
li
nkaddr
ess.
At
tachment
:Usedt
ost
oref
il
esi
nanAccessdat
abase.

Theat
tachmentdat
aty
pel
etsy
oust
oreoneormor
efi
l
esperr
ecor
d.

Lookupwi
zar
d…:Al
ookupwi
zar
dfi
eldl
etst
heuserchoosef
rom apr
edef
ined
setofopt
ions,
li
kea"
mal
e"or"
femal
e"sel
ect
ionora"
count
ry"sel
ect
ion.
Desi
gni
ngat
abl
einv
olv
es:

Ent
eri
ng uni
que namesoft
he col
umnsoft
het
abl
eint f
he “i
eld name”
col
umnoft
hedesi
gnv
iew.N
Namesoff
iel
dsandobj
ect
sinMi
crosof
tAccesscanbeupt
o64char
act
ersl
ong.

Theycani
ncl
udeanycombi
nat
ionofl
ett
ers,number
s,spaces,andspeci
al
char
act
ersexceptaper
iod(
.)
,anexcl
amat
ionpoi
nt(
!)
,anaccentgr
ave(
`),
and
br
acket
s([]
).Theyal
socan'
tbegi
nwi
thl
eadi
ngspaces.
Nor
mal
i
zat
ion

Nor
mal
i
zat
ioni
sthepr
ocessofef
fi
cient
lyor
gani
zi
ngdat
ainadat
abase.

Ther
ear
etwogoal
soft
henor
mal
i
zat
ionpr
ocess:

El
imi
nat
ing r
edundant dat
a(f
or exampl
e,st
ori
ng t
he same dat
ain
mor
ethanonet
abl
e)and
Ensur
ingdat
adependenci
esmakesense(
onl
yst
ori
ngr
elat
eddat
ainat
abl
e).

Bot
hoft
hesear
eval
uabl
e goal
sast
heyr
educe t
heamountofspacea
dat
abaseconsumesandensur
ethatdat
aisl
ogi
cal
l
yst
ore

9
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

Modi
fyi
ngDat
abaseObj
ect
I
nfor
mat
ionSheet
-5

Modi
fyy
ournewdat
abasecr
eat
edf
rom at
empl
ate
Ev
eryt
empl
atet
hati
sincl
udedwi
thAccessi
sacompl
etet
racki
ngappl
i
cat
ion
t
hat cont
ains pr
edef
ined t
abl
es,f
orms,r
epor
ts,quer
ies,macr
os,and
r
elat
ionshi
ps.Theset
empl
atesar
edesi
gnedt
obei
mmedi
atel
yusef
ulout
-of
-
t
he-
box,sot
haty
oucancr
eat
eanewdat
abaset
hati
sbasedonat
empl
ate
andgetupandr
unni
ngqui
ckl
y.Howev
er,
ther
emi
ghtbet
imeswheny
ouwant
t
omodi
fyy
ournew dat
abase— f
orexampl
e,t
oaddorr
enameaf
iel
d,or
changear
epor
t.You caneasi
l
yaddaf
iel
dtoat
abl
einDat
asheetv
iew.
Howev
er,y
oucanal
soaddaf
iel
dtoat
abl
einDesi
gnv
iew.Tol
ear
nmor
e
aboutaddi
ngaf
iel
dtoat
abl
einDat
asheetv
iew,
seet
hear
ti
cleAddordel
ete
acol
umni
nadat
asheet
.Wheny
ouaddanewf
iel
dtoat
abl
e,t
hef
iel
disnot
aut
omat
ical
l
yaddedt
oyourexi
sti
ngf
ormsandr
epor
ts.Youmustmanual
l
y

10
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

addt
hef
iel
dtot
hosef
ormsandr
epor
tsi
nor
derf
ori
ttoappeari
nthem.
I
fpossi
ble,y
ou shoul
d av
oiddel
eti
ng af
iel
dfr
om adat
abaset
hatwas
gener
atedf
rom oneoft
hesuppl
i
edt
empl
ates— i
tisl
i
kel
ythatt
hef
iel
dis
empl
oyed i
n ot
herdat
abase obj
ect
s,such as f
orms and r
epor
ts.Thus,
del
eti
ngt
hef
iel
dwi
l
lcr
eat
econsequenceswheny
ouat
temptt
ouset
heot
her
dat
abaseobj
ect
sthatempl
oyt
hef
iel
d— t
hedat
abaseobj
ect
swi
l
lnotwor
k
asexpect
ed.Youwi
l
lhav
etor
emov
eanyr
efer
encest
othef
iel
dfr
om al
loft
he
obj
ect
sthatempl
oyi
tinor
derf
ort
hoseot
herobj
ect
stowor
kcor
rect
ly.
Wheny
oudeci
det
haty
oumustdel
eteaf
iel
dfr
om adat
abaset
hatwas
gener
atedf
rom at
empl
ate,y
oucandosoi
nei
therDat
asheetv
ieworDesi
gn
v
iew.Remembert
hati
fot
herdat
abaseobj
ect
sref
erencet
hedel
etedf
iel
d,y
ou
mustmodi
fyt
hoseot
herobj
ect
stor
emov
ether
efer
ence.Forexampl
e,i
fa
r
epor
tincl
udesacont
rolt
hati
sboundt
othedel
etedf
iel
dandy
our
unt
he
r
epor
t,aner
rormessageappear
s,becauseAccesscannotf
indt
hedat
afort
he
f
iel
d.
Bef
orey
oucandel
eteaf
iel
d,y
oumustensur
ethati
tdoesn'
tpar
ti
cipat
einany
t
abl
erel
ati
onshi
ps.I
fyout
ryt
odel
eteaf
iel
dforwhi
chr
elat
ionshi
psexi
st,
Accesswar
nsy
out
haty
oumustf
ir
stdel
etet
her
elat
ionshi
ps.

I
nfor
mat
ionSheet
-6 Cr
eat
eDat
abaseRel
ati
onshi
p

Tabl
eRel
ati
onshi
p
Newcomer
stot
hewor
ldofdat
abasesof
tenhav
eahar
dti
meseei
ngt
he
di
ff
erencesbet
weenadat
abaseandaspr
eadsheet
.
Theyseet
abl
esofdat
aandr
ecogni
zet
hatdat
abasesal
l
ow y
out
oor
gani
ze
and quer
ydat
ain new way
s,butf
ailt
o gr
asp t
he si
gni
fi
cance oft
he
r
elat
ionshi
pthatgi
vesr
elat
ional
dat
abaset
echnol
ogy&i
tsname.
 Rel
ati
onshi
psal
l
ow y
out
odescr
ibet
heconnect
ionsbet
weendi
ff
erent
dat
abaset
abl
esi
npower
fulway
s.
 Oncey
ou’
vedescr
ibedt
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weeny
ourt
abl
es,y
oucan

11
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

l
aterl
ever
aget
hati
nfor
mat
iont
oper
for
m power
fulcr
oss-
tabl
equer
ies,
knownasj
oins.
 Ar
elat
ionshi
pisal
ogi
cal
connect
ionbet
weent
wot
abl
es.

 Key
sar
efi
eldst
hatar
epar
tofat
abl
erel
ati
onshi
p.Ther
ear
etwoki
ndsofk
eys

Pr
imar
ykey

 At
abl
ecanhav
eonl
yonepr
imar
ykey
.

 Apr
imar
ykeyi
susedt
oident
if
yeachr
ecor
dthaty
oust
orei
nthet
abl
e.

 I
twi
l
lnotal
l
owadupl
i
cat
ionoft
hePr
imar
yKeyt
husmakei
tuni
que.

 Pr
imar
yKeyi
sthe uni
que i
dent
if
icat
ion ofone r
ecor
d.Ther
eisa
uni
quel
yident
if
icat
ionnumber
,suchas
 I
Dnumber

 Aser
ial
number

 codet
hatser
vesasapr
imar
ykey

For
eignk
ey
 At
abl
ecanal
sohav
eoneormor
efor
eignk
ey.

 Af
orei
gnkeycont
ainsv
aluest
hatcor
respondentt
oval
uesi
nthe

ERDi
agr
ams(
Ent
it
yRel
ati
onshi
pDi
agr
ams)

 AnEnt
it
yRel
ati
onshi
p Di
agr
am (
ERD)i
sav
isualr
epr
esent
ati
onof
di
ff
erentdat
ausi
ngconv
ent
ions t
hatdescr
ibehow t
hesedat
aar
e
r
elat
edt
oeachot
her
.

12
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

 Forexampl
e,t
he el
ement
s wr
it
er,nov
el,and consumermaybe
descr
ibedusi
ngERdi
agr
amst
hisway
:

ERdi
agr
am exampl
ewi
thent
it
yhavi
ngat
tri
but
es

I
nthedi
agr
am,t
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nsi
det
heov
alshapesi
sat
tr
ibut
esofa
par
ti
cul
arent
it
y.

ERDi
agr
amSy
mbol
sandNot
ati
ons

El
ement
sinERdi
agr
ams

Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
cel
ement
sinanERDi
agr
am:

 Ent
it
y

13
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

 At
tr
ibut
e
 Rel
ati
onshi
p

Ther
ear
emor
eel
ement
swhi
char
ebasedont
hemai
nel
ement
s

 Weakent
it
y

 Mul
ti
val
veat
tr
ibut
e

 Der
ivedat
tr
ibut
e

 Weakr
elat
ionshi
pand

 Recur
siv
erel
ati
onshi
p.

Car
dinal
i
ty and or
dinar
il
y ar
etwo ot
her not
ati
ons used i
n ER di
agr
ams t
o
f
urt
herdef
iner
elat
ionshi
ps

Ent
it
y

Anent
it
ycanbeaper
son,
place,
event
,orobj
ectt
hati
srel
evantt
oagi
vensy
stem.

Forexampl
e,aschoolsy
stem mayi
ncl
udest
udent
s,t
eacher
s,maj
orcour
ses,
subj
ect
s,f
ees,
andot
heri
tems.

Ent
it
iesar
erepr
esent
edi
nERdi
agr
amsbyar
ect
angl
eandnamedusi
ngsi
ngul
arnouns.

WeakEnt
it
y

Aweakent
it
yisanent
it
ythatdependsont
heexi
stenceofanot
herent
it
y.

I
nmor
etechni
calt
ermsi
tcandef
inedasanent
it
ythatcannotbei
dent
if
ied
byi
tsownat
tr
ibut
es.

I
tusesaf
orei
gnkeycombi
nedwi
thi
tsat
tri
but
edt
ofor
mthepr
imar
ykey
.

Anent
it
yli
keor
deri
tem i
sagoodexampl
efort
his.Theor
deri
tem wi
l
lbewi
l
l
bemeani
ngl
esswi
thoutanor
derso

14
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

At
tri
but
e
Anat
tri
but
eisapr
oper
ty,t
rai
t,orchar
act
eri
sti
cofanent
it
y,r
elat
ionshi
p,
oranot
herat
tr
ibut
e.

Forexampl
e,t
heat
tri
but
eInv
ent
oryI
tem Namei
sanat
tr
ibut
eoft
heent
it
y
I
nvent
oryI
tem.Anent
it
ycanhav
easmanyat
tri
but
esasnecessar
y.

Meanwhi
l
e,at
tri
but
escanal
sohav
ethei
rownspeci
fi
cat
tr
ibut
es.

Forexampl
e,t
heat
tri
but
e“cust
omeraddr
ess”canhav
etheat
tr
ibut
esnumber
,
st
reet
,ci
ty,
andst
ate.

Thesear
ecal
l
edcomposi
teat
tr
ibut
es.

Not
ethatsomet
opl
evelERdi
agr
amsdonotshowat
tr
ibut
esf
ort
hesakeofsi
mpl
i
cit
y.

I
nthoset
hatdo,
howev
er,at
tri
but
esar
erepr
esent
edbyov
alshapes.

At
tr
ibut
es i
n ER di
agr
ams, not
e t
hat an at
tr
ibut
e can have

i
ts own at
tr
ibut
es

Mul
tiv
aluedAt
tri
but
e

I
fanat
tri
but
ecanhav
emor
ethanonev
aluei
ti
scal
l
edamul
ti
val
uedat
tr
ibut
e.

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
hisi
sdi
ff
erentt
oanat
tr
ibut
e hav
ing i
tsown
at
tr
ibut
es.Forexampl
eat
eacherent
it
ycanhav
emul
ti
plesubj
ectv
alues.

15
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

Exampl
eofamul
tival
uedat
tr
ibut
e

Der
ivedAt
tri
but
e

Anat
tri
but
ebasedonanot
herat
tr
ibut
e.

Thi
sisf
oundr
arel
yinERdi
agr
ams.

Forexampl
eforaci
rcl
ethear
eacanbeder
ivedf
rom t
her
adi
us.

Der
ivedAt
tr
ibut
einERdi
agr
ams

Rel
ati
onshi
p

 Ar
elat
ionshi
pdescr
ibeshowent
it
iesi
nter
act
.

 Forexampl
e,t
heent
it
y“car
pent
er”mayber
elat
edt
otheent
it
y“t
abl
e”by
t
her
elat
ionshi
p“bui
l
ds”or“
makes”
.

 Rel
ati
onshi
psar
erepr
esent
edbydi
amondshapesandar
elabel
edusi
ngv
erbs.

 Usi
ngRel
ati
onshi
psi
nEnt
it
yRel
ati
onshi
pDi
agr
ams

Car
dinal
it
yandOr
dinar
il
y

These t
wo f
urt
herdef
ines r
elat
ionshi
ps bet
ween ent
it
ies by pl
aci
ng t
he
r
elat
ionshi
pint
hecont
extofnumber
s.

 I
nanemai
lsy
stem,
forexampl
e,oneaccountcanhav
emul
ti
plecont
act
s.

 Ther
elat
ionshi
pint
hiscasef
oll
owsa“
onet
omany
”model
.

16
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

 Ther
ear
enumberofnot
ati
onsusedt
opr
esentcar
dinal
i
tyi
nERdi
agr
ams.
 Chen,UML,Cr
ow’
sfoot
,Bachmanar
esomeoft
hepopul
arnot
ati
ons.
Cr
eat
elysuppor
tsChen,UMLandCr
ow’
sfootnot
ati
ons.Thef
oll
owi
ng
exampl
eusesUMLt
oshowcar
dinal
i
ty.

Car
dinal
i
tyi
nERdi
agr
amsusi
ngUMLnot
ati
on

I
nfor
mat
ionSheet
- Addi
ng,
Modi
fyi
ng&Del
eti
ng

Way
stoAdd,
Edi
t,
andDel
eter
ecor
ds

Ther
ear
esev
eralway
stoupdat
edat
ainanAccessdat
abase.Youaddar
ecor
d
t
oyourdat
abasewheny
ouhav
eanewi
tem t
otr
ack,suchasanewcont
actt
o
t
heCont
act
stabl
e.Wheny
ouaddanewr
ecor
d,Accessappendst
her
ecor
dto
t
heendoft
het
abl
e.Youal
sochangef
iel
dst
ost
ayup-
to-
dat
e,suchasanew
addr
essorl
astname.To mai
ntai
ndat
aint
egr
it
y,t
he f
iel
ds i
n an Access
dat
abasear
esett
oacceptaspeci
fi
cty
peofdat
a,suchast
extornumber
s.I
f

17
 I
nst
ruct
ionSheet LG1:Cr
eat
eDat
abaseObj
ect
s

y
oudon'
tent
ert
hecor
rectdat
aty
pe,
Accessdi
spl
aysaner
rormessage.Fi
nal
l
y,
y
oucandel
etear
ecor
dwheni
tisnol
ongerr
elev
antandt
osav
espace.
Youuseaf
ormt
omanual
l
yupdat
edat
a.Dat
aent
ryf
ormscanpr
ovi
dean
easi
er,f
ast
er,andmor
eaccur
atewayt
oent
erdat
a.For
mscancont
ainany
numberofcont
rol
ssuchasl
i
sts,t
extboxes,
andbut
tons.I
ntur
n,eachoft
he
cont
rol
sont
hef
orm ei
therr
eadsdat
afr
om orwr
it
esdat
atoanunder
lyi
ng
t
abl
efi
eld.

18