Homework 3 Solutions

EE 454 Power System Analysis

Due Oct 21th at 11:59pm. Submit to
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1396999/assignments/5797017

Problem 1. Consider the diagram of a balanced three phase system in Fig. 2, with the
following equipment ratings: Note that the generators are connected to the primary of the

Generator G1 50 MVA, 13.2 kV, x=0.15 p.u.

Generator G2 20 MVA, 13.2 kV, x=0.1 p.u.
3 − φ ∆ − Y transformer T1 80 MVA, 13.2/165 kV, x=0.08 p.u.
3 − φ ∆ − Y transformer T2 40 MVA, 13.2/165 kV, x=0.1 p.u.
Load 30 MW+j 10 MVAr

transformers. Choose a base power of 100 MVA. Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit of
the system showing all impedance and load in per unit systems.

Figure 1: Figure for problem 1.

Base three phase power: 100M V A

Base per phase power: 100
3
MV A
Base kV in transmission-line circuit = 13.2kV
Base kV in the generator G1 and G2 circuit = 165kV

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On the common base of 100 MVA for the entire system,
 2  
Vbaseold Sbasenew
Zp.u.new = Zp.u.old
Vbasenew Sbaseold
 2
13.2 100
G1 : Z = j0.15 × × = j0.3pu
13.2 50
 2
13.2 100
G2 : Z = j0.1 × × = j0.5pu
13.2 20
 2
13.2 100
T1 : Z = j0.08 × × = j0.1pu
13.2 80
 2
13.2 100
T2 : Z = j0.1 × × = j0.25pu
13.2 40

Base impedance in transmission-line circuit is:

(Vbase )2 (165 × 103 )2

Z= = = 272.25Ω
Sbase 1 × 106 /3
50 + j200
ZT R,LIN E1 = = 0.18 + j0.73pu
272.25
25 + j100
ZT R,LIN E2 = = 0.092 + j0.37pu
272.25
20 + j50
ZT R,LIN E3 = = 0.073 + j0.18pu
272.25

For the load we get:

Sload = 30 + j10
(165)2
Rload = = 0.908Ω
30, 000
(165)2
Xload = = j2.72Ω
10, 000
0.908 + j2.72
Zload,pu = = 0.0033 + j0.01pu
272.25

Problem 2. A balanced Y-connected voltage source with Van = 277∠0◦ is connected to a

balanced Y-load and a balanced ∆-load connected in parallel, where ZY = 20 + j10 Ω and
Z∆ = 25 − j5 Ω. Use base values of Sbase,1φ = 10 kV A and Vbase,LN = 277 V , find the source
current Ia in per-unit and in amperes. Find the total power consumed by the load. Hint:
first convert the value of Z∆ to a Y-connected impedance.

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 Figure 2: Solution figure for problem 1.

Sbase1φ 10, 000

Ibase = = = 36.1A
Vbase,LN 277
V2 (277)2
Zbase = baseLN = = 7.67Ω
Sbase1φ 10, 000

Convert Z∆ to a Y-connected impedance:

Z∆ 25 j5
ZY = = −
3 3 3

ZY 1 ZY 2 (20 + j10)( 25
3
− 5j3 )
ZY eq = = 60+25 = 6.43 − 0.13jΩ
ZY 1 + ZY 2 3
+ j 30−5
3
ZY eq 6.43 − 0.13j
ZY,pu = = = 0.84 − 0.017j = 0.84∠ − 1.2◦ pu
Zbase 7.67
Van 277∠0◦
Van,pu = = = 1∠0◦
Vbase,LN 277
Solving for the current in per unit, we get:
Van,pu 1∠0◦
Ia,pu = = = 1.19∠1.2◦ pu
ZY,pu 0.84∠ − 1.2◦

Solving for the current in amperes, we get:

Ia = (1.19∠1.2◦ )(36.1) = 43∠1.2◦ A

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Total power consumed by the load:

Sload = V × Ia∗ = (277∠0◦ )(43∠ − 1.2◦ ) = 11.9∠ − 1.2◦ KV A per phase

Sload = 35.7 − j0.75 KVA total

Problem 3. Figure 3 shows the one-line diagram of a three phase power system. We select
the power base to be 100 MVA. Draw the diagram showing all impedances in per-unit. The
data are given below: Line 1 and line 2 have series reactances of 48.4 and 65.4 Ω, respectively.

G 90 MVA 22 kV x=0.18 p.u.

T1 50 MVA 22/220 kV x=0.1 p.u.
T2 40 MVA 220/11 kV x=0.06 p.u.
T3 40 MVA 22/110 kV x=0.064 p.u.
T4 40 MVA 110/11 kV x=0.08 p.u.
Load 1+j1.5 Ω

Find the power consumed by the load in per-unit and SI units.

Figure 3: Figure for problem 3.

Sbase = 100 MVA, Vbase1,new = 22kV , Vbase2t,new = 220kV , Vbase2b,new = 110kV , Vbase3,new =
11kV  2  
22 100
XG = j0.18 = j0.2p.u
22 90
 2  
22 100
XT 1 = j0.1 = j0.2p.u
22 50
 2  
22 100
XT 2 = j0.06 = j0.015p.u
22 40
 2  
22 100
XT 3 = j0.064 = j0.16p.u
22 40
 2  
22 100
XT 4 = j0.08 = j0.2p.u
22 40

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Now to find the per unit series reactances:
2
Vbase2t
Zbase2t =
Sbase
2202
Zbase2t = = 484Ω
100
48.4
Xline1 = = j0.1p.u.
484
2
Vbase2b
Zbase2b =
Sbase
1102
Zbase2b = = 121Ω
100
65.4
Xline2 = = j0.54p.u.
484

Now to find the per unit impedance of the load:

2
Vbase3
Zbase3 =
Sbase
11kV 2
Zbase3 = = 1.21Ω
100M V A
Zload 1 + j1.5
Zload,pu = = = 0.83 + j1.24p.u
Zbase3 1.21

Figure 4: Diagram with all impedances in per-unit

Now, to find the power consumed by the load in per-unit, we need to find the equivalent

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impedance of everything besides the load.

Zeq = j0.2 + j(0.45||0.9) = j0.5pu

Zload
VR = VS ×
Zeq + Zload
VG
VS = = 1∠0◦
Vbase
0.83 + j1.24
VR = 1∠0◦ × = 0.77 − j0.11pu
j0.5pu + 0.83 + j1.24
(0.77 − j0.11)(0.77 + j0.11)
∗
SR,pu = (VR VR∗ )/Zload = = 0.226 + j0.34pu
0.83 − j1.24
SR = 100 × SR,pu = 22.6 + 34jM V A

Problem 4. A transmission line cable with length of 2 km consists of 19 strands of identical

conductors, each at 1.5 mm in diameter. Determine the resistance of the entire cable if the
resistivity of the conductor is 1.72 µΩ − cm (micro ohm per centimeter). Hint: pay attention
to the units. It’s easier to convert everything to meters or meters squared.

X-sectional area of all 19 strands is:

π
A = 19 × × (1.5 × 10−3 )2 = 33.576 × 10−6 m2
4
Pl 1.72 × 10−8 × 2000
R= = = 1.025Ω
A 33.576 × 10−6

Problem 5. A single phase line is 70 km long. It should not exceed a loss of 65 kW while
carrying 100 A of current. Compute required conductor diameter if the resistivity of the
material is 1.72 µΩ − cm.

S 65, 000
R= 2
= = 6.5Ω
I (100)2
The maximum allowable line loss = I 2 R = (100)2 R = 65 × 103

Pl
R=
A
Pl 1.72 × 10−8 × 70 × 103
A= = = 0.185 × 10−3 m2
R 6.5
π 2
d = 0.185 × 10−3 × 104 cm2 or d = 1.54cm
4

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Problem 6. A single-phase overhead transmission line consists of two solid conductors hav-
ing a radius of 3 cm, with a spacing 3.5 m between centers. (a) Determine the total line
inductance in mH/m. (b) Given the operating frequency to be 60 Hz, find the total inductive
reactance of the line in Ω/km and in Ω/mi. (c) If the spacing is doubled to 7 m, how does
the reactance change? The value of µ0 is 4π · 10−7 H/m.

(a) Using equation 4.5.6 in the textbook, the total line inductance is given by:
 
−4 D
LT = 4 × 10 ln 0 mH/m
r
3.5
= 4 × 10−4 ln = 0.002mH/m
(0.7788)(0.03)

(b) The total line reactance is given by:

D
XT = 2π(60)4 × 10−4 ln
r0
D
= 0.1508ln Ω/km
r0
D
or 0.2426ln 0 Ω/mi
r
XT = 0.7555Ω/km or 1.215Ω/mi
(c)
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LT = 4 × 10−4 ln = 0.00228mH/m
0.7788(0.03)
XT = 2π(60)(2.28 × 10−6 ) = 0.86 × 10−3 Ω/m = 0.86Ω/km
Change in reactance:
Xnew − Xold 0.86 − 0.76
= = 13.9%
Xold 0.76