Differential

MAT 101
coefficient of
f (x) with
respect to x

Rules of Supplementary Mathematics

differentiation

Standard
Derivatives

Limiting
Differentiation
Values

Differentiation
of Implicit
functions

Higher
Ogunfolu O. Bamidele
Derivatives Mathematics Department
Solution

Approximation
Principle University of Ibadan
Solution

Rate of
Change
 1 Differential coefficient of f (x) with respect to x
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
2 Rules of differentiation
respect to x

Rules of 3 Standard Derivatives

differentiation

Standard
Derivatives 4 Limiting Values
Limiting
Values 5 Differentiation of Implicit functions
Differentiation
of Implicit
functions 6 Higher Derivatives
Higher
Derivatives
Solution
7 Approximation Principle
Approximation
Principle 8 Rate of Change
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Differential coefficient of f (x) with respect to x

Let
Differential y = f (x) (1)
coefficient of
f (x) with
respect to x and let x be changed to x + ∆x then if the corresponding
Rules of change in y is ∆y , the we have:
differentiation

Standard
Derivatives y + ∆y = f (x + ∆x) (2)
Limiting
Values
then 1 and 2 imply that
Differentiation
of Implicit
functions

Higher ∆y = f (x + ∆x) − f (x)

Derivatives
Solution ∆y f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
Approximation
=
Principle ∆x ∆x
Solution

Rate of
Change
 lim∆x→0 f (x+∆x)−f
∆x
(x)
, if it exists is called differential
Differential
coefficient of
coefficient of y with respect to x and is written as dy dx
f (x) with
respect to x
Thus
Rules of
differentiation dy ∆y f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
= lim = lim
Standard dx ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x
Derivatives

Limiting
Values Let f (x) be define at x = a. The derivative of f (x) at x = a is
Differentiation defined as
of Implicit f (a + h) − f (h)
functions lim
Higher h→0 h
Derivatives
Solution provided
  the limit exists and then it is written as f 0 (a) or
Approximation dy
Principle dx x=a
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Remark
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
1 When the limit lim∆x→0 f (x+∆x)−f∆x
(x)
exists then we say
respect to x
that the function f (x) is differentiable on the given interval
Rules of
differentiation 2 The notation h and ∆ also represents the same thing
Standard
Derivatives
which is change so don’t get confuse.
Limiting
Values
Example
Differentiation  
of Implicit dy dy
functions
1 Find dx and dx for y = x 3
x=3
Higher
d(k)
Derivatives 2 Show that dx = 0 where k is a constant.
Solution
dy
Approximation 3 If y = x n . Show that dx = nx n−1 (n is a positive integer)
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 1 We have y = x 3 . Let ∆x be the change in x and let ∆y
be the change in y . Then
Differential
coefficient of
y + ∆y = (x + ∆x)3
f (x) with
respect to x ∆y = (x + ∆x)3 − y
Rules of
differentiation = (x + ∆x)3 − x 3
Standard
Derivatives
= 3x 2 (∆x) + 3x(∆x)2 + (∆x)3
Limiting ∆y
Values = 3x 2 + 3x(∆x) + (∆x)2
Differentiation
∆x
of Implicit
functions
Consequently
Higher dy ∆y
Derivatives = lim = 3x 2
Solution dx ∆x→0 ∆x
Approximation
Principle Also  
Solution dy
Rate of
= 3(32 ) = 27
Change dx x=3
 2 Let y = k = kx 0 ; then
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
respect to x
y + ∆y = k(x + ∆x)0
Rules of ∆y = k(x + ∆x)0 − kx 0
differentiation

Standard =k −k =0
Derivatives
∆y
Limiting lim =0
Values ∆x→0 ∆x
Differentiation dy
of Implicit =0
functions dx
Higher
Derivatives d(k)
Solution ∴ =0
dx
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 3 If y = x n , then

y + ∆y = (x + ∆x)n
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
∆y = (x + ∆x)n − x n (3)
respect to x
Using binomial theorem we have
Rules of
differentiation
n(n − 1) n−2
Standard (x + ∆x)n = x n + nx n−1 (∆x) + x (∆x)2 + · · · + (∆x)n
Derivatives
2
Limiting Plugging this into (3) we have:
Values

Differentiation n(n − 1) n−2

of Implicit ∆y = nx n−1 (∆x) + x (∆x)2 + · · · + (∆x)n
functions
2
∆y n(n − 1) n−2
Higher = nx n−1 + x (∆x) + · · · + (∆x)n−1
Derivatives ∆x 2
Solution ∆y
lim = nx n−1
Approximation ∆x→0 ∆x
Principle
dy
Solution
= nx n−1
Rate of dx
Change
 Rules of differentiation

Differential
coefficient of
Given two differentiable functions f (x) and g (x) then the
f (x) with
respect to x
following algebraic rules hold.
1 d d 0
Rules of
differentiation
dx [cf (x)] = c dx f (x) = cf (x), where c is a constant.
d d d 0 0
Standard 2 dx [f (x) ± g (x)] = dx f (x) ± dx g (x) = f (x) ± g (x)
Derivatives
(Sum and difference rule)
Limiting
d d d
Values 3 dx [f (x)g (x)] = f (x) dx g (x) + g (x) dx f (x) =
Differentiation
of Implicit
f (x)g 0 (x) + g (x)f 0 (x) (Product rule)
functions d d
g (x)f 0 (x)−f (x)g 0 (x)
 
d f (x) g (x) dx f (x)−f (x) dx g (x)
Higher
4 dx =
g (x) [g (x)]2
= [g (x)]2
,
Derivatives
Solution
where g (x) 6= 0 (Quotient rule)
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rules of differentiation (Cont’d)

5 If y = f (u) where u = g (x), then

dy dy du du
Differential
= · = f 0 (u) · = f 0 [g (x)]g 0 (x)
dx du dx dx
coefficient of
f (x) with 0
respect to x since du d
dx = dx g (x) = g (x)
Similarly, if y = f (u) where u = g (v ) and v = h(x) then
Rules of
differentiation
dy dy du dv
Standard = · ·
Derivatives dx du dv dx
Limiting The result in (6) are often called chain rule of
Values
differentiation of composite functions.
Differentiation 6 If y = f (x) and x = f −1 (y ), then dy dx
dx and dy are related by
of Implicit
functions
dy 1
Higher =
Derivatives dx dx/dy
Solution

Approximation
7 If x = f (t) and y = g (t) then
Principle
Solution dy dy /dt g 0 (t)
= = 0
Rate of dx dx/dt f (t)
Change
 Standard Derivatives

Differential
coefficient of We give the following derivatives without proof:
f (x) with
d n n−1
respect to x 1 dx x = nx
Rules of d
differentiation 2 dx k = 0 where k is a constant
Standard d
Derivatives 3 dx sin x = cos x
d
4 dx cos x = − sin x
Limiting
Values
d 2
Differentiation 5 dx tan x = sec x
of Implicit
d 2
dx cot x = − csc x
functions
6
Higher
d
Derivatives 7 dx sec x = sec x tan x
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Standard Derivatives [Cont’d]

d
Differential
8 dx csc x = − cos x cot x
coefficient of
f (x) with 9 d
dx sin−1 x = √ 1
1−x 2
respect to x
−1
Rules of 10 d
dx cos−1 x = √1−x 2
differentiation

11 d −1 x 1
dx tan = 1+x
Standard 2
Derivatives
d −1 x −1
Limiting 12 dx cot = 1+x 2
Values
d x x
Differentiation 13 dx e = e
of Implicit
d x x
functions 14 dx a = a ln(a)
Higher
d d 1
Derivatives 15 dx loge x = dx ln(x) = x
Solution
d 1
Approximation 16 dx loga x = x loge a
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with Example
respect to x .
Rules of 1 Find the derivatives of the following functions:
differentiation

Standard
(a) y = x 7 − 3x 5 + x 3 + 7x + 3
Derivatives (b) y = (x 2 + 5) cos x
Limiting (c) y = sin(2x + 3)
Values 2
(d) y = x +2x+1
x+9
Differentiation
of Implicit (e) y = (3x − 7)5
functions

Higher
2 Let f (x) 3+x
3−x , x 6= 3, find f (2)
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Examples

Solution
Differential 1 (a) y = x 7 − 3x 5 + x 3 + 7x + 3 then
coefficient of
f (x) with
dy d 7 d d 3 d d
respect to x
= x − 3 x5 + x +7 x + 3
Rules of dx dx dx dx dx dx
differentiation
= 7x 6 − 15x 4 + 3x 2 + 7
Standard
Derivatives
(b) y = (x 2 + 5) cos x, then
Limiting
Values
dy d
Differentiation = [(x 2 + 5) cos x]
of Implicit dx dx
functions
d d
Higher = cos x (x 2 + 5) + (x 2 + 5) cos x
Derivatives dx dx
Solution
= cos x(2x) + (x 2 + 5)(− sin x)
Approximation
Principle = 2x cos x − (x 2 + 5) sin x
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of (c) y = sin(2x + 3), let u = 2x + 3 then, y = sin u
f (x) with
respect to x
dy dy du
Rules of = ·
differentiation
dx du dx
Standard
Derivatives dy du
Note: du = cos u and dx =2
Limiting
Values

Differentiation dy
of Implicit = cos u · 2 = 2 cos u
functions dx
Higher = 2 cos(2x + 3)
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 x 2 +2x+1
(d) y = x+9 then;

d d
Differential
dy (x + 9) dx (x 2 + 2x + 1) − (x 2 + 2x + 1) dx (x + 9)
= 2
coefficient of
f (x) with
dx (x + 9 )
respect to x (x + 9)(2x + 2) − (x 2 + 2x + 1) · 1
=
Rules of
differentiation
(x + 9)2
Standard 2(x + 9)(x + 1) − (x 2 + 2x + 1)
=
Derivatives
(x + 9)2
Limiting
Values 2(x 2 + 10x + 9) − x 2 − 2x − 1
=
Differentiation (x + 9)2
of Implicit
functions 2x + 20x + 18 − x 2 − 2x − 1
2
=
Higher (x + 9)2
Derivatives 2
Solution
x + 18x + 17
=
Approximation (x + 9)2
Principle 2
Solution
x + 18x + 17
= 2
Rate of x + 18x + 81
Change
Differential
coefficient of (e) y = (3x − 7)5 , let u = 3x + 7 and y = u 5 then,
f (x) with
respect to x
dy dy du
Rules of = ·
differentiation
dx du dx
Standard
Derivatives dy du
du = 5u 4 and dx =3
Limiting
Values
dy
Differentiation
of Implicit = 5u 4 · 3 = 15u 4
functions du
Higher = 15(3x − 7)4
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 2 Recall
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
Differential set x = 2 and ∆x = h, then we have:
coefficient of
f (x) with f (2 + h) − f (h)
respect to x
f 0 (2) = lim
h→0 h
Rules of
differentiation
3 + (2 + h) 3 + 2 5+h
f (2 + h) − f (h) = − = −5
3 − (2 + h) 3 − 2 1−h
Standard
Derivatives 5 + h − 5(1 − h) 5 + h − 5 + 5h
= =
1−h 1−h
Limiting
Values 6h
=
Differentiation 1 − h 
of Implicit f (2 + h) − f (2) 6h 1
= ×
functions h 1−h h
Higher 6
=
Derivatives 1−h
Solution 6
f 0 (2) = lim
Approximation h→0 1 − h
Principle 6
Solution =
1
Rate of =6
Change
 Limiting Values

Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
respect to x Recall that in chapter 1 we discuss on the limit of rational
Rules of functions where by we have an indeterminate form 00 but we
differentiation
can get through this by factorization. but in some cases it no
Standard
Derivatives always easy to factorize the functions and in some cases we
Limiting cannot even be able to factorize the functions so as to simplify.
Values

Differentiation
But in this section we present a solution that which is the
of Implicit L’Hospital’s rule. We state without proof the L’Hospital’s rule
functions

Higher
as thus:
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 L’Hospital’s Rule

Theorem (L’Hospital’s rule)

Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
Suppose f (x) and g (x) are differentiable in the interval (a, b)
respect to x except possibly at a point x0 in the interval. Then:
Rules of
differentiation
1 If limx→x0 f (x) = limx→x0 g (x) = 0 then
Standard
Derivatives f (x) f 0 (x)
Limiting
lim = lim 0
Values
x→x0 g (x) x→x0 g (x)
Differentiation
of Implicit Where g 0 (x0 ) 6= 0
functions

Higher
2 If limx→x0 f (x) = limx→x0 g (x) = ∞ then:
Derivatives

f 0 (x)
Solution
f (x)
Approximation lim = lim 0
Principle x→x0 g (x) x→x0 g (x)
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with Example
respect to x 2
Rules of Determine limx→1 { xx 2 +3x−4
−7x+6
}
differentiation

Standard
Derivatives
Solution:
Limiting If we substitute x = 1 in to both numerator and denominator
Values
we obtain 00 . Then we use the L’Hospital’s rule
Differentiation
of Implicit
functions x 2 + 3x − 4 2x + 3 5
lim 2
= lim = = −1
Higher x→1 x − 7x + 6 x→1 2x − 7 −5
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Example
Evaluate the following
Differential
coefficient of 1
f (x) with
respect to x e 2x − 1
lim
Rules of x→0 x
differentiation
2
Standard
Derivatives lim x 2 e −x
Limiting
x→∞
Values

Differentiation Solution
of Implicit
functions 1

Higher e 2x − 1 2e 2x
Derivatives lim = lim =2
Solution x→0 x x→0 1
Approximation 2
Principle
x2 2x 2
Solution
lim x 2 e −x = lim = lim x = lim x = 0
Rate of x→∞ x→∞ e x x→∞ e x→∞ e
Change
 Exercise
Evaluate the following limiting values
Differential
coefficient of 1
f (x) with x 3 − 2x + 1
respect to x lim
x→1 2x 3 + 3x − 5
Rules of
differentiation 2
Standard 3x 2 − x + 5
Derivatives lim
x→∞ 5x 2 + 6x − 3
Limiting
Values 3
Differentiation
sin x − x
lim
of Implicit
functions
x→0 x2
Higher 4
Derivatives sin x
lim
x→0 x
Solution

Approximation
Principle 5
Solution ln(1 + x)
lim
Rate of
Change
x→0 x
 Exercise
6
Differential x 2 − sin 3x
coefficient of lim
f (x) with x→0 3x + x 2
respect to x

Rules of
7
differentiation ln(t)
lim
Standard t→1 t 2 − 1
Derivatives

Limiting 8
Values 1 + cos πx
lim
Differentiation x→1 x 2 − 2x + 1
of Implicit
functions 9
Higher ln(cos 3x)
Derivatives lim
Solution x→0+ ln(cos 2x)
Approximation
Principle
10
Solution ln(tan 2x)
lim+
Rate of x→0 in(tan 3x)
Change
 Differentiation of Implicit functions

So far we have established some rules for finding the derivatives

of function of the form y = f (x), which expresses y explicitly
Differential
coefficient of in terms of x only. If we are not given y explicitly as an
f (x) with
respect to x expression of in x alone, but are given instead an equation
Rules of F (x, y ) = 0 in two variables x and y , such as:
differentiation

Standard
Derivatives x2 + y2 = 4
Limiting
Values
x 2 sin y − y cos x = 0
Differentiation
of Implicit
functions
then y is said to be defined implicitly by the equation.
Higher When we assume differentiability, we can use the chain rule to
Derivatives
Solution
differentiate the given equation, thinking of x as th
Approximation independent variable. We can then solve the resulting equation
Principle
Solution
for the derivative dy[ dx] = f 0 (x) of the implicitly defined
Rate of function. Thus the process is called the implicit differentiation.
Change
 Example
dy
FInd dx if x and y are related by the equation
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
respect to x

Rules of Solution We differentiate both sides of the given equation with

differentiation respect to x
d 3 d
Standard
Derivatives (x + y 3 ) = (3xy )
dx dx
Limiting
Values
Note:
d 3 dy
Differentiation
(y ) = 3y 2 (By using chain rule)
of Implicit
dx dx
functions i.e
Higher
d 3 d
Derivatives
(y ) = [f (x)]3 since y = f (x)
Solution
dx dx
Approximation = 3[f (x)]2 · f 0 (x)
Principle
Solution dy dy
= 3y 2 · = 3y 2
Rate of dx dx
Change
 Then we have;
Differential d 3 d
coefficient of (x + y 3 ) = (3xy )
f (x) with dx dx
respect to x 
2 2 dy dy
Rules of 3x + 3y =3 x +y ·1
differentiation dx dx
Standard
dy dy
Derivatives
3y 2 − 3x = 3y − 3x 2
Limiting dx dx
Values
dy
Differentiation (3y 2 − 3x) = 3y − 3x 2
of Implicit dx
functions
dy 3y − 3x 2 3(y − x 2 )
Higher = 2 =
Derivatives dx 3y − 3x 3(y 2 − x)
Solution

Approximation
dy y − x2
= 2
Principle
Solution
dx y −x
Rate of
Change
 Higher Derivatives

Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
respect to x
If a function y = f (x) is differentiable, and if the first derivative
of y (i.e, dy 0
Rules of
differentiation dx = f (x)) is also differentiable, its derivative is
Standard called the second derivative of y and is given by the notations
Derivatives

d 2y d 2f
 
Limiting
Values
d dy d 0

00
= f (x) = f (x)
Differentiation dx dx dx 2 dx dx 2
of Implicit
functions

Higher
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of Example
f (x) with
respect to x dy d 2y
Find dx and dx 2
if x and y are related by the equation
Rules of
differentiation

Standard x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
Derivatives

Limiting
Values
Note in example 5 we’ve already derived that
Differentiation
of Implicit dy y − x2
functions = 2
Higher
dx y −x
Derivatives
Solution
then we have:
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 dy dy
Differential y2 −x = y − x2
coefficient of  dx dx

f (x) with
d dy dy d
respect to x
y2 −x = (y − x 2 )
Rules of dx dx dx dx
differentiation      
2 d dy dy dy d dy dy dy
Standard y + 2y −x − ·1=1· − 2x
Derivatives dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
Limiting
Values

Differentiation
of Implicit
functions

Higher
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential 2
d 2y d 2y

coefficient of dy dy
f (x) with y2 + 2y −x =2 − 2x
respect to x dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
 2
Rules of
differentiation 2 d 2y dy dy
(y − x) 2 = 2 − 2y − 2x
Standard dx dx dx
Derivatives  
 2
dy dy
Limiting 2 dx − dx − x
Values
d 2y
Differentiation =
of Implicit dx 2 y2 − x
functions

Higher The above process can continue indefinitely, giving a whole

Derivatives 3 4 5
Solution sequence of higher derivatives ddxy3 , ddxy4 , ddxy5 , . . .
Approximation
Principle
In function notation these are written as
Solution f 000 (x), f (4) (x), f (5) (x), . . .
Rate of
Change
 Approximation Principle

Differential Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function. We know that the

coefficient of
f (x) with derivative of f at some point x0 is given by
respect to x

Rules of f (x0 + ∆x) − f (x0 )

differentiation f 0 (x0 ) = lim
Standard
∆x→0 ∆x
Derivatives

Limiting
let x = x0 + ∆x =⇒ ∆x = x − x0
Values
f (x) − f (x0 )
Differentiation
of Implicit f 0 (x0 ) = lim
functions x→x0 x − x0
Higher ∆f f (x) − f (x0 )
Derivatives = ≈ f 0 (x0 )
Solution ∆x x − x0
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 When x is close to x0 .
Thus the increment ∆f may be written as
Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with
∆f ≈ f 0 (x0 ) · ∆x
respect to x

Rules of for all x near x0

differentiation
The product f 0 (x0 ) · ∆x is called the differential of f at x0
Standard
Derivatives Since ∆f = f (x) − f (x0 ), we get
Limiting

f (x) ≈ f (x0 ) + ∆f = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) · ∆x

Values

Differentiation
of Implicit
functions
But ∆x = x − x0
Higher
Derivatives
Solution ∴ f (x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) · (x − x0 )
Approximation
Principle
Solution
or
Rate of f (x0 + ∆x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) · ∆x
Change
Differential
Example
coefficient of √
3
f (x) with Evaluate 25 approximately by the use of differentials.
respect to x

Rules of
differentiation
If ∆x is small
Standard ∆y = f (x + ∆x) − f (x) and ∆y 0
∆x = f (x)
Derivatives 0
∆y = f (x) · ∆x approximately.
Limiting √ √ √ −2
Values Let f (x) = 3 x, then ∆y = 3 x + ∆x − 3 x and f 0 (x) = 31 x 3
−2
Differentiation
of Implicit
∆y = f 0 (x) · ∆x ≈ 13 x 3 ∆x
functions
Let x = 27 and ∆x = −2, we have
Higher
Derivatives
√
3 1 −2
Solution
27 − 2 ≈ (27) 3 (−2)
Approximation 3
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of i.e
f (x) with
respect to x √
3 1 1
Rules of 25 − 3 ≈ √ (−2)
differentiation 3 ( 3 27)2
Standard √
3 1 1
Derivatives 25 − 3 ≈ · (−2)
Limiting
3 9
Values √
3 −2
25 − 3 ≈
Differentiation
of Implicit
27
functions √3 2
25 ≈ 3 − ≈ 2.926
Higher
Derivatives
27
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
Differential
coefficient of Exercise
f (x) with
respect to x 1 Determine decimal approximations with at least three

Rules of
differentiation
places of accuracy for each of the following irrational
Standard numbers.
√ √ 1
Derivatives
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 7 3
Limiting
Values 2 Use the approximation principle to approximate the values
Differentiation of the
√ following√radicals √ √
of Implicit
functions (i) 27 (ii) 48 (iii) 51 (iv) 99.5
Higher 1
Derivatives
3 Find approximate value of x4
when x = 2.04
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change

Example
Differential
The length of a side of a square is increasing at the rate of
coefficient of 0.2cms −1 . At what rate is the area increasing when the length
f (x) with
respect to x of the side is 10cm ?
Rules of
differentiation

Standard
Derivatives l
Limiting
Values

Differentiation
of Implicit l
functions

Higher
Area of square (A) = l 2 i.e A = l 2
Derivatives
Solution
Then we have dAdl = 2l
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change[Cont’d]

dA
Differential
coefficient of
From the question we are required to find dt by chain rule we
f (x) with
respect to x
have that
dA dA dl
Rules of = ·
differentiation dt dl dt
Standard
Derivatives We already know that dl
dt = 0.2cms −1 and l = 10cm
Limiting Then
Values
dA
Differentiation
of Implicit = 2l × 0.2 = 2(10) × 0.2 = 20 × 0.2 = 4cms −1
functions dt
Higher
Derivatives Therefore the area of the square is increasing at the rate of
Solution
4cms −1
Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change[Cont’d]

Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with Example
respect to x

Rules of
The force F newtons between two magnetic poles is given by
differentiation the formula.
Standard
Derivatives 1
F = r meter is their distance apart
Limiting
Values
500r 2
Differentiation
of Implicit
Find the rate of change of the force when the poles are 0.2m
functions
apart and the distance between them is increasing at the rate
Higher
Derivatives of 0.03ms −1 .
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change[Cont’d]

Solution
1 1 −2
Differential F = = r
coefficient of
f (x) with
500r 2 500
respect to x dF −2 −3 −1 −3 −1
Rules of = r = r =
differentiation dr 500 250 250r 3
Standard
Derivatives
r = 0.2m, dr dt = 0.03
Limiting
By chain rule
Values dF dF dr
= ·
Differentiation
of Implicit
dt dr dt
functions
dF −1
Higher = × 0.03
Derivatives dt 250(0.2)3
Solution

dF
Approximation
Principle = −0.015Ns −1
Solution
dt
Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change[Cont’d]

Differential
coefficient of
f (x) with Exercise
respect to x

Rules of
1 If V is the volume of a cube with edge length x and the
differentiation
cube expands as time passes, find dV dx
dt in terms of dt .
Standard
Derivatives 2 (a) If A is the area of a circle with radius r and the circle
Limiting expands as time passes, find dA dr
dt in terms of dt .
Values
(b) Suppose oil spills from a ruptured tanker and spreads in a
Differentiation
of Implicit
circular pattern. If the radius of the oil spill increases at a
functions constant rate of 1m/s, how fast is the area of the spill
Higher increasing when the radius is 3om ?
Derivatives
Solution

Approximation
Principle
Solution

Rate of
Change
 Rate of Change[Cont’d]

3 Each side of a square is increasing at a rate of 6cm/s. At

Differential
coefficient of
what rate is the area of the square increasing when the
f (x) with
respect to x
area of the square is 16cm2 .
Rules of 4 The length of a rectangle is increasing at a rate of 8cm/s
differentiation
and its width is increasing at a rate of 3cm/s. When the
Standard
Derivatives length is 20cm and the width is 10cm, how fast is the area
Limiting of the rectangle increasing.
Values

Differentiation 5 A cylindrical tank with radius 5m is being filled with water

of Implicit
functions at a rate of 3m3 /min. How fast is the height of the water
Higher increasing ?
Derivatives
Solution 6 The radius of a sphere is increasing at rate of 4mm/s.
Approximation How fast is the volume increasing when the diameter is
Principle
Solution 80mm ?
Rate of
Change