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Physics2 Lecture 13 Summer 2023-24

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24 views16 pages

Physics2 Lecture 13 Summer 2023-24

Uploaded by

zarifsyed20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 13

Wave speed on a Stretched String:


• A small string element Δl (of mass Δm) of the pulse makes an angle
2ϴ at the center of the circle.
𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ϴ ϴ
𝜏 𝜏
𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• The tension 𝜏 acts along the tangent on both sides of the pulse.
• The horizontal components (𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and −𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) of 𝜏 cancels each
others.
• The resultant restoring force
∆𝑙
𝐹 = 2𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜏 2𝜃 = 𝜏 [if 𝜃 is small]
𝑅
• The centripetal acceleration acts towards the center with the
magnitude
𝒂 = 𝒗𝟐 /𝑹
and the mass of the element (Δl) is
∆𝑚 = 𝜇∆𝑙
where 𝜇 (= ∆𝑚/ ∆𝑙) is the mass per unit length of the string.
Wave speed on a Stretched String:
• Applying Newton’s second law of motion (𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎):

∆𝑙 𝑣2
𝜏 = 𝜇∆𝑙
𝑅 𝑅

𝝉
𝒗=
𝝁
➢This equation gives the wave speed for only the special case of mechanical
waves on a stretched string or rope.
➢For many types of mechanical waves:

Restoring force returning the system to equilibrium


v=
Inertia resisting the return to equilibrium
❑ The equation of a transverse wave on a string is y = (2.0 m)cos[(20 m-1)x - (600 s-1)t].
The tension in the string is 15 N. (a) What is the wave speed? (b) Find the linear density of
this string in grams per meter.

Solution: Given, ym = 2.0 m y = (2.0 m)cos[(20 m-1)x - (600 s-1)t]


k = 20 rad/m
𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔 = 600 rad/s
τ = 15 N

𝜔 600
(a) v = = = 30 m/s
𝑘 20
τ
𝑏 𝑣 =√
𝜇
τ
𝑣 =
2
𝜇
τ 15
𝜇= 2= = 1.67x10-2 kg/m = 16.7 gm/m
𝑣 (30)2
15.6 Wave Interference, boundary condition
and superposition:

• When a wave strikes the


boundaries of its medium, all
or part of the wave is reflected.
• The initial and reflected waves
overlaps in the same region of
the medium. The overlapping
of the waves is called the
interference.
Superposition
Principle:
The transverse displacement of
the medium is the algebraic
sum of the transverse
displacement of the individual
waves.

𝒚 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝒚𝟏 𝒙, 𝒕 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙, 𝒕
Interference of Waves:
Suppose we send two sinusoidal waves of the same wavelength and amplitude in the
same direction along a stretched string.
y1(x, t) = Acos(kx - 𝜔t) 𝜔 (f ), k (𝜆 ), A , v are same
y2(x, t) = Acos(kx - 𝜔t +𝜑)
Superposition principle, y(x, t) = y1(x, t) + y2(x, t)
y(x, t) = Acos(kx - 𝜔t)+ Acos(kx - 𝜔t +𝜑)
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
= A{cos(kx - 𝜔t)+ cos(kx - 𝜔t +𝜑)} [c𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ]
𝟐 𝟐

= A{2 cos ( 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡+ 𝑘𝑥


2
− 𝜔𝑡 +𝜑
) cos ( 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡− 𝑘𝑥+ 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜑
2
)}
= 2Acos{2( 𝑘𝑥 −2𝜔𝑡) +𝜑} cos ( 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡− 𝑘𝑥+
2
𝜔𝑡 − 𝜑
)
= 2Acos{ 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2} cos (−2𝜑)

y(x, t) = [2Acos (𝜑2)] cos (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2) [traveling wave]


𝜑
Resultant displacement = y(x, t) Amplitude = [2A cos ( 2 )]
𝜑
Oscillating term = cos (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
If two sinusoidal waves of the same amplitude and wavelength travel in the same direction along a
stretched string, they interfere to produce a resultant sinusoidal wave traveling in that direction.

Interfering waves: y1(x, t) = Acos(kx - 𝜔t)


y2(x, t) = Acos(kx - 𝜔t +𝜑)
𝜑 𝜑
Resultant wave : y(x, t) = [2Acos ( 2 )] cos (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 2 )

The resultant wave differs from the interfering waves in two respects: (1)
𝜑 𝜑
its phase constant is 2 and (2) its amplitude is [2ym cos ( 2 )]
(1) If 𝜑 = 0 rad (00): fully constructive interference
y(x, t) = [2Acos (02)] cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡+02) }
= [2Acos0] cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
y(x, t) = 2Acos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 [greatest amplitude]

(2) If 𝜑 = 𝜋 rad (1800): fully destructive interference


y(x, t) = [2Acos (𝜋2)] cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋2)
= [2A (0)] cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋2)
y(x, t) = 0
2𝜋
(3) If 𝜑 = rad (1200): intermediate interference
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
3 3
y(x, t) = [2A cos( )] cos{𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + ( )}
2 2
= 2A cos (𝜋3) cos (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋3)
= 2A(12) cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋3)
y(x, t) = Acos (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋3)
❑ What phase difference between two identical traveling waves, moving in the same
direction along a stretched string, results in the combined wave having an
amplitude 1.50 times that of the common amplitude of the two combining waves?
Express your answer in (a) degrees, (b) radians, and (c) wavelengths.
Solution: y(x, t) = [2A cos (𝜑2)] cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2)
𝜑
(a) [2A cos ( 2 )] = 1.50 A
𝜑 1.50
cos ( 2 ) = = 0.75
2
𝜑 −1
2 = cos (0.75) = 41.41
𝜑 = 2(41.41)= 82.820
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(b) φ = 82.820 ( )= 1.45 rad
1800

c 2π rad = λ
λ
1 rad = ( )
2π
λ
φ = 1.45 rad = 1.45 = 0.23λ
2π

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