NumPy + Matplotlib - řešení

January 6, 2021

1 NumPy
• de facto standard pro numerické výpočty v Pythonu
• velké množství dalších modulů postavených nad NumPy (SciPy, scikit-learn, pandas, …)

[1]: import numpy as np

1.1 NumPy pole

• obdoba typu list z Pythonu
• základní objekt, se kterým NumPy pracuje
• pouze prvky stejného typu
• fixní velikost
[5]: a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
a

[5]: array([1, 2, 3])

[6]: a.dtype

[6]: dtype('int64')

[7]: np.array([1, 'ahoj', False])

[7]: array(['1', 'ahoj', 'False'], dtype='<U21')

[14]: np.arange(2, 10, dtype=int)

[14]: array([2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

[15]: np.linspace(0, 1, 11)

[15]: array([0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1. ])

[16]: np.random.sample(10)

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[16]: array([0.79001315, 0.65122915, 0.55360169, 0.56902461, 0.95363964,
0.66821891, 0.68745137, 0.82941886, 0.10186436, 0.69028409])

1.2 Základní operace

[17]: a = np.arange(10)
a

[17]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

[18]: len(a)

[18]: 10

[19]: a[0], a[-1]

[19]: (0, 9)

Operace se provádějí nad celým polem, není nutné používat for cyklus.
[21]: a = list(range(10))
a

[21]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

[22]: [x + 1 for x in a]

[22]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

[23]: b = np.arange(10)
b

[23]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

[24]: b + 1

[24]: array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

[25]: b ** 2

[25]: array([ 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81])

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 1.3 Vícerozměrná pole
[26]: a = np.arange(25)
a

[26]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,

17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24])

[27]: a.shape

[27]: (25,)

[28]: b = a.reshape(5, 5)
b

[28]: array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
[15, 16, 17, 18, 19],
[20, 21, 22, 23, 24]])

[29]: b.shape

[29]: (5, 5)

[176]: b[0]

[176]: array([91, 83, 1, 10, 20, 73, 48, 84, 57, 63])

[34]: b[0, 3]

[34]: 3

[36]: b[0, :]

[36]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])

[37]: b[:, 2]

[37]: array([ 2, 7, 12, 17, 22])

[38]: b[3:6, 2]

[38]: array([17, 22])

[39]: np.zeros(10)

[39]: array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])

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[41]: np.zeros((3, 3), dtype=int)

[41]: array([[0, 0, 0],

[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0]])

[43]: a = np.ones((3, 3))

a

[43]: array([[1., 1., 1.],

[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]])

[45]: a[:, 1] = 4
a

[45]: array([[1., 4., 1.],

[1., 4., 1.],
[1., 4., 1.]])

[46]: a.T

[46]: array([[1., 1., 1.],

[4., 4., 4.],
[1., 1., 1.]])

[48]: np.eye(4)

[48]: array([[1., 0., 0., 0.],

[0., 1., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1.]])

1.4 Otázka: Jaký bude výsledek tohoto výrazu?

3 * np.eye(2) + np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
a)
array([[ 3., 1., 2.],
[ 3., 7., 5.],
[ 6., 7., 11.]])
b)
ValueError
c)

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 array([[ 3, 1, 2],
[ 3, 7, 5],
[ 6, 7, 11]])
d)
array([3, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])

1.5 Užitečné funkce

[57]: a = np.arange(30).reshape(5, 6)
a

[57]: array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
[18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],
[24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]])

[58]: np.min(a), np.max(a), np.sum(a), np.mean(a)

[58]: (0, 29, 435, 14.5)

[59]: a.min(), a.max(), a.sum(), a.mean()

[59]: (0, 29, 435, 14.5)

Všechny zmíněné funkce mají parametr axis, který určuje, zda provést funkci přes řádky nebo
sloupce.
[61]: np.sum(a, axis=0)

[61]: array([60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85])

[62]: np.sum(a, axis=1)

[62]: array([ 15, 51, 87, 123, 159])

1.6 NumPy a lineární algebra

• np.linalg
• velké množství funkcí (determinanty, inverzní matice, vlastní hodnoty, …)

1.6.1 Příklad - soustava lineárních rovnic

x+y =1
2x − y = 2

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 je ekvivalentní: [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 x 1
· =
2 −1 y 2

[63]: A = np.array([[1, 1], [2, -1]])

A

[63]: array([[ 1, 1],

[ 2, -1]])

[65]: b = np.array([1, 2])

b

[65]: array([1, 2])

[67]: x = np.linalg.solve(A, b)
x

[67]: array([1., 0.])

[68]: A @ x

[68]: array([1., 2.])

[71]: np.linalg.inv(A) @ b

[71]: array([1., 0.])

1.7 Vizualizace dat - matplotlib

• asi nejrozšířenější modul
• podobná syntaxe jako v Matlabu
• velké možnosti nastavení, typu grafů
• pracuje nad NumPy poli
[72]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

[82]: xs = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

[83]: plt.plot(xs, np.sin(xs))

[83]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f65b2c43c40>]

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[84]: plt.grid()
plt.plot(xs, np.sin(xs), '-o', color='red')

[84]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f65b2ba9550>]

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[90]: plt.grid()
plt.xlim(-1, 11)
plt.ylim(-2, 2)
plt.title('Goniometrické funkce')
plt.plot(xs, np.sin(xs), label='$y = \sin{x}$')
plt.plot(xs, np.cos(xs), label='$y = \cos{x}$')
plt.legend()
plt.savefig('image.png')

1.7.1 Bar plot

[93]: x = np.random.randint(10, size=10)

x

[93]: array([5, 1, 9, 4, 9, 5, 5, 8, 2, 1])

[96]: plt.title('Sloupcový graf')

plt.bar(np.arange(10) + 1, x, color='red')

[96]: <BarContainer object of 10 artists>

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 1.7.2 Histogram

[104]: plt.hist(np.random.sample(100), bins=20)

[104]: (array([10., 1., 4., 5., 4., 5., 4., 7., 7., 7., 4., 7., 8.,
6., 4., 3., 2., 4., 5., 3.]),
array([0.01256698, 0.06128679, 0.1100066 , 0.15872641, 0.20744622,
0.25616603, 0.30488584, 0.35360565, 0.40232546, 0.45104528,
0.49976509, 0.5484849 , 0.59720471, 0.64592452, 0.69464433,
0.74336414, 0.79208395, 0.84080376, 0.88952357, 0.93824339,
0.9869632 ]),
<BarContainer object of 20 artists>)

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 1.7.3 Scatter plot

[113]: xs = np.random.sample(50)
ys = np.random.sample(50)
sizes = np.random.randint(200, size=50)
colors = np.random.randint(3, size=50)

[109]: colors

[109]: array([1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2,
1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2,
0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1])

[116]: plt.scatter(xs, ys, c=colors, s=sizes)

[116]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b1085dc0>

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 1.8 Otázka: Jsou tyto příkady ekvivalentní?
xs, ys = np.random.sample(10), np.random.sample(10)
1)
for x, y in zip(xs, ys):
plt.scatter(x, y)
2)
plt.scatter(xs, ys)
[119]: xs, ys = np.random.sample(10), np.random.sample(10)

[123]: for x, y in zip(xs, ys):

plt.scatter(x, y, color='red')

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[124]: plt.scatter(xs, ys, color='red')

[124]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b0e879a0>

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 1.9 NumPy - masky
[125]: a = np.random.randint(100, size=16).reshape(4, 4)
a

[125]: array([[41, 75, 9, 46],

[46, 45, 62, 37],
[13, 70, 51, 15],
[95, 85, 97, 82]])

[127]: mask = a > 20

mask

[127]: array([[ True, True, False, True],

[ True, True, True, True],
[False, True, True, False],
[ True, True, True, True]])

[129]: a[mask]

[129]: array([41, 75, 46, 46, 45, 62, 37, 70, 51, 95, 85, 97, 82])

[130]: a[a > 20]

[130]: array([41, 75, 46, 46, 45, 62, 37, 70, 51, 95, 85, 97, 82])

[131]: a[~mask]

[131]: array([ 9, 13, 15])

[132]: xs = np.arange(100)
ys = np.random.sample(100)
plt.scatter(xs, ys)

[132]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b172d0a0>

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[135]: mask = xs < 50
plt.scatter(xs[mask], ys[mask])
plt.scatter(xs[~mask], ys[~mask])

[135]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b0e3ef40>

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[136]: for threshold in np.linspace(0, 1, 6):
mask = (ys > threshold) & (ys < threshold + 0.2)
plt.scatter(xs[mask], ys[mask])

1.9.1 Příklad - náhodnostní výpočet π

[154]: xs = np.random.sample(100000) * 2 - 1
ys = np.random.sample(100000) * 2 - 1

[144]: plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.scatter(xs, ys)

[144]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b0d26b80>

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 Jednotkový kruh je množina bodů, pro které platí x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
[155]: mask = xs ** 2 + ys ** 2 <= 1

[156]: plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.scatter(xs[mask], ys[mask], s=1)
plt.scatter(xs[~mask], ys[~mask], s=1)

[156]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f65b032fa60>

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 počet bodů (2r)2 4r2 4
=
˜ = =
počet bodů v kruhu πr 2 πr 2 π

4 · počet bodů v kruhu

π=
˜
počet bodů

[157]: 4 * np.sum(mask) / len(mask)

[157]: 3.14304

1.10 NumPy vstup a výstup

• textový
– np.savetxt a np.loadtxt
– pracuje se standardním CSV
– potřeba nastavit způsob uložení a načtení
• binární
– np.save a np.load
– rychlejší, menší velikost (?)

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[158]: a = np.random.randint(100, size=50).reshape(5, 10)
a

[158]: array([[91, 83, 1, 10, 20, 73, 48, 84, 57, 63],
[ 5, 22, 26, 3, 55, 31, 32, 31, 36, 85],
[ 6, 85, 85, 74, 35, 67, 19, 91, 16, 85],
[92, 92, 17, 57, 30, 39, 85, 26, 74, 84],
[80, 52, 60, 95, 48, 78, 96, 21, 59, 99]])

[163]: np.savetxt('data.csv', a, fmt='%03d')

[164]: b = np.loadtxt('data.csv', dtype=int)

b

[164]: array([[91, 83, 1, 10, 20, 73, 48, 84, 57, 63],
[ 5, 22, 26, 3, 55, 31, 32, 31, 36, 85],
[ 6, 85, 85, 74, 35, 67, 19, 91, 16, 85],
[92, 92, 17, 57, 30, 39, 85, 26, 74, 84],
[80, 52, 60, 95, 48, 78, 96, 21, 59, 99]])

[165]: np.save('data.npy', a)

[167]: b = np.load('data.npy')
b

[167]: array([[91, 83, 1, 10, 20, 73, 48, 84, 57, 63],
[ 5, 22, 26, 3, 55, 31, 32, 31, 36, 85],
[ 6, 85, 85, 74, 35, 67, 19, 91, 16, 85],
[92, 92, 17, 57, 30, 39, 85, 26, 74, 84],
[80, 52, 60, 95, 48, 78, 96, 21, 59, 99]])

1.11 NumPy - rychlost

[168]: %%timeit
[x ** 2 for x in range(1000)]

235 µs ± 1.74 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

[169]: %%timeit
np.arange(1000) ** 2

2.31 µs ± 22.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

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 1.11.1 Součet dvou seznamů/polí

[170]: a_np = np.random.randint(100, size=10 ** 6)

b_np = np.random.randint(100, size=10 ** 6)
a_py = list(a_np)
b_py = list(b_np)

Python - tři způsoby:

[171]: %%timeit
c_py = []
for i in range(len(a_py)):
c_py.append(a_py[i] + b_py[i])

191 ms ± 1.17 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

[172]: %%timeit
c_py = []
for x, y in zip(a_py, b_py):
c_py.append(x + y)

143 ms ± 583 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

[174]: %%timeit
c_py = [x + y for x, y in zip(a_py, b_py)]

117 ms ± 763 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
NumPy
[175]: %%timeit
c_np = a_np + b_np

920 µs ± 5.48 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

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