Cell Five
Cell Five
Cell Five
Chapter Five
Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion.
Lipid-soluble substances and small ions can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane down
their electro-chemical gradients.
The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, especially to water soluble molecules.
However, for the cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the cell.
For water-soluble ions of less than 0.8 nm diameters, protein channels serve as an alternate route
for passage.
Con’t 4
Generally two type forces are involved in facilitating movement across the plasma
membrane:
Forces that do not require the cell to expend energy for movement – Passive force
Forces requiring energy (as ATP) to be expended to transport across the membrane - Active force
Osmosis
Active transport
Bulk transport
Simple Diffusion 5
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
Molecules have kinetic energy, which makes them move about randomly.
All molecules in liquid and gases are in continuous random motion in any direction as they have more
room to move before colliding with another.
passive transport
no energy needed
Diffusion across cell membrane 6
If a biological membrane divides the solution into separate compartments, the movement of the
different solutes can be affected by the properties of the membrane.
The membrane is said to be permeable to solutes that can cross it more or less easily, but
impermeable to substances that cannot move across it.
Con’t 7
♣ Molecules to which the membrane is permeable diffuse from one compartment to the
other until their concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.
♣ When the concentrations of the diffusing substance are identical on both sides of the
permeable membrane, equilibrium is reached.
♣ Individual molecules are still passing through the membrane after equilibrium is
established, but equal numbers of molecules are moving in each direction, so there is no
net change in concentration.
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
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ions
salts, ammonia
large molecules
sugar aa H2O
outside cell
starches, proteins
Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes
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Factors that influence the rate of net diffusion across a membrane 10
1. The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the difference between the two sides
of the membrane the quicker the rate of diffusion.
2. Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic energy. Molecules
move around faster, so diffusion is faster.
3. The surface area. The greater the surface area the faster the diffusion can take place.
This is because the more molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any one moment.
4. The type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need more energy to get them to
move so they tend to diffuse more slowly.
Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules because they are soluble in the
non polar phospholipid tails.
Factors that influence the rate of net diffusion across a membrane
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1. Permeability of the membrane
2. Saturation
Limited number of carrier site (proteins) are available within a particular plasma membrane for a specific molecule.
At the same time also only a limited amount of a substance can be transported via a carrier Proteins.
At this point, the rate of the diffusion cannot be increased even with the increase in the concentration gradient.
3. Competition
Several closely related compounds may compete for ride across the plasma membrane on the same carrier.
Facilitated diffusion 14
Large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids, cannot diffuse across the
phospholipid bilayer. Also ions such as Na+ or Cl- cannot pass.
These molecules pass through protein channels instead. Diffusion through these
channels is called Facilitated Diffusion.
Movement of molecules is still PASSIVE just like ordinary diffusion, the only
difference is, the molecules go through a protein channel instead of passing
between the phospholipids.
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane
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Facilitated diffusion 16
Is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration across the plasma membrane through channels.
Facilitated Diffusion 17
Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier protein to facilitate the transfer of a particular substance across
the membrane from higher to lower concentration.
This process is passive and does not require energy because movement occurs naturally down a
concentration gradient.
It is a passive-mediated transport
Osmosis 18
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from region of high water
concentration to low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis 19
hypotonic hypertonic
Isotonic
animal cell immersed in mild salt solution
example: blood cells in blood plasma
problem: none
example: Paramecium
Hypertonic
a cell in salt water
example: shellfish
plant cells
plasmolysis = wilt
saltwater
Question 27
protein “pump”
conformational change
“costs” energy = ATP low
ATP
high
“The Doorman”
Active transport is directional
Three types of transporter proteins are involved in active transport:
Symports and antiports are known as coupled transporters because they move two
solutes at once.
Active transport is directional
Con’t 32
ATP ATP
antiport symport
Sodium Potassium pump (Na+ -K – pump)
33
The major ions within the cells and their surrounding are sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K+ ) and
chloride (Cl- ).
The cell surface membrane of most cells have sodium pump is coupled with a potassium pump
that actively moves potassium ion from outside to inside the cell.
The combined pump is called the sodium potassium pump (Na+ -K - pump).
The pump is a carrier protein that spans across the membrane from one side to the other.
Sodium Potassium pump (Na+ -K – pump)
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For every 2K+ions taken into the cell, 3Na+ ions are removed.
35
Na+-K+-pump plays three important roles
1. It establishes sodium and potassium concentration gradients across the plasma membrane of all
cells.
These gradients are important in the nerve and muscle to generate electrical signals.
2. It helps regulate cell volume by controlling the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
This helps minimizing osmotic effects that would induce swelling or shrinking of the cell.
3. The energy used to run the pump also indirectly serves as the energy source for the cotransport of
glucose and amino acids across the membrane.
Bulk Transport
36
How about large molecules?
Bulk transport is a type of transport which involves the transport of large amount of substance like
lipid droplets and solid food particles across plasma membrane by utilizing energy.
Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules
in the membrane.
Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells.
Endocytosis 37
Exocytosis
phagocytosis fuse with lysosome for
digestion
pinocytosis
non-specific
process
receptor-
mediated
endocytosis triggered by
molecular signal
Summery 38
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