Cell Five

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Chapter Five

Transport Across a Cell Membrane


Objectives 2
 At the end of this chapter the students will able to:

 Explain how an equilibrium is established as a result of diffusion.

 Distinguish the differences between diffusion and osmosis.

 Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion.

 Distinguish the difference between passive transport and active transport.

 Explain how the sodium-potassium pump operates.

 Compare endocytosis and exocytosis.


Introduction 3
 The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

 Lipid-soluble substances and small ions can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane down
their electro-chemical gradients.

 The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, especially to water soluble molecules.

 However, for the cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the cell.

 For water-soluble ions of less than 0.8 nm diameters, protein channels serve as an alternate route
for passage.
Con’t 4
 Generally two type forces are involved in facilitating movement across the plasma
membrane:
 Forces that do not require the cell to expend energy for movement – Passive force

 Forces requiring energy (as ATP) to be expended to transport across the membrane - Active force

 Accordingly, there are 4 basic mechanisms of transport:


Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Bulk transport
Simple Diffusion 5
 Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower
concentration.

 Molecules have kinetic energy, which makes them move about randomly.

 All molecules in liquid and gases are in continuous random motion in any direction as they have more
room to move before colliding with another.

 Move from HIGH to LOW concentration

 passive transport

 no energy needed
Diffusion across cell membrane 6

 If a biological membrane divides the solution into separate compartments, the movement of the
different solutes can be affected by the properties of the membrane.

 The membrane is said to be permeable to solutes that can cross it more or less easily, but
impermeable to substances that cannot move across it.
Con’t 7
♣ Molecules to which the membrane is permeable diffuse from one compartment to the
other until their concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.

♣ When the concentrations of the diffusing substance are identical on both sides of the
permeable membrane, equilibrium is reached.

♣ Individual molecules are still passing through the membrane after equilibrium is
established, but equal numbers of molecules are moving in each direction, so there is no
net change in concentration.
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
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 What molecules can get through directly?

 Fats & other lipids

 What molecules can NOT get


lipid
inside cell
salt
through directly?
NH3
 Large polar molecules

 ions

 salts, ammonia
large molecules
sugar aa H2O 

outside cell
 starches, proteins
Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes

1. Oxygen – Non-polar so diffuses very


quickly.

2. Carbon dioxide – Polar but very small


so diffuses quickly.

3. Water – Polar but also very small so


diffuses quickly.

9
Factors that influence the rate of net diffusion across a membrane 10
1. The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the difference between the two sides
of the membrane the quicker the rate of diffusion.

2. Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic energy. Molecules
move around faster, so diffusion is faster.

3. The surface area. The greater the surface area the faster the diffusion can take place.

 This is because the more molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any one moment.

4. The type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need more energy to get them to
move so they tend to diffuse more slowly.

 Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules because they are soluble in the
non polar phospholipid tails.
Factors that influence the rate of net diffusion across a membrane
11
1. Permeability of the membrane

2. Surface area of the membrane

3. Molecular weight of the substance (lighter one diffuses rapidly)

4. Distance through which diffusion must take place

 Increasing permeability and surface area will


increases rate of net diffusion,
 Distance - thickness, that if increased,
decreases the rate of diffusion; and
 Molecular weight if increased, decreases rate
of diffusion.
Carrier- Mediated Transport 12
 Some molecules such as water soluble molecules cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer
 As a result other transporting mechanism will be needed.
 Membrane become semi-permeable with protein channels
 Specific channels allow specific material across cell membrane

 Carrier – mediated transport is one of this mechanisms.


 Since facilitated diffusion is a mode of passive transport, it is mediated by several factors.
Con’t 13
1. Specificity/selectivity
 Each cell possesses protein specified to transport a specific substance or few closely-related chemical compounds.

2. Saturation
 Limited number of carrier site (proteins) are available within a particular plasma membrane for a specific molecule.
 At the same time also only a limited amount of a substance can be transported via a carrier Proteins.
 At this point, the rate of the diffusion cannot be increased even with the increase in the concentration gradient.

3. Competition
 Several closely related compounds may compete for ride across the plasma membrane on the same carrier.
Facilitated diffusion 14
 Large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids, cannot diffuse across the
phospholipid bilayer. Also ions such as Na+ or Cl- cannot pass.

 These molecules pass through protein channels instead. Diffusion through these
channels is called Facilitated Diffusion.

 Movement of molecules is still PASSIVE just like ordinary diffusion, the only
difference is, the molecules go through a protein channel instead of passing
between the phospholipids.
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane
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Facilitated diffusion 16
 Is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration across the plasma membrane through channels.
Facilitated Diffusion 17

 Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier protein to facilitate the transfer of a particular substance across
the membrane from higher to lower concentration.

 This process is passive and does not require energy because movement occurs naturally down a
concentration gradient.

 It is a passive-mediated transport
Osmosis 18
 Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from region of high water
concentration to low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis 19

 Osmosis is the net diffusion of water down its own


concentration gradient.

 Water can readily permeate the plasma membrane.


 The driving force for diffusion of water is its concentration
gradient from area of higher to the area of lower water
concentration.
Osmosis is diffusion of water 20

 Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of


water across a semi-permeable membrane

 The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of


water molecules (high water potential) to an area of low
concentration of water (low water potential) across a partially
permeable membrane.
Concentration of Water 21

♣ Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations


 Hypertonic - more solute, less water
 Hypotonic - less solute, more water
 Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

hypotonic hypertonic

net movement of water


Active Transport 22

Movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high


concentration across its plasma membrane.

Active transport is performed with the aid or expenditure of ATP.


Proteins that carry out active transport are often referred to as “pumps.”
The movement of molecules in active transport is in one direction only.
Managing Water Balance 23

 Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss

freshwater balanced saltwater


Con’t 24

 Isotonic
 animal cell immersed in mild salt solution
 example: blood cells in blood plasma

 problem: none

 no net movement of water flows across


membrane equally, in both directions

 volume of cell is stable balanced


Con’t 25
 Hypotonic
 a cell in fresh water

 example: Paramecium

 problem: gains water,


swells & can burst

 water continually enters into Paramecium cell


 solution: contractile vacuole

ATP  pumps water out of cell


 ATP
 plant cells: turgid freshwater
Con’t 26

 Hypertonic
 a cell in salt water
 example: shellfish

 problem: lose water & die

 solution: take up water or pump out salt

 plant cells
 plasmolysis = wilt
saltwater
Question 27

 Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic

 Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic


 Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell
Active transport 28
Active Transport

 Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient


 shape change transports solute from one side of membrane to other

 protein “pump”
conformational change
 “costs” energy = ATP low

ATP

high
“The Doorman”
Active transport is directional
 Three types of transporter proteins are involved in active transport:

 Uniports move a single solute in one direction.

 Symports move two solutes in the same direction.

 Antiports move two solutes in opposite directions.

 Symports and antiports are known as coupled transporters because they move two
solutes at once.
Active transport is directional
Con’t 32

ATP ATP

antiport symport
Sodium Potassium pump (Na+ -K – pump)
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 The major ions within the cells and their surrounding are sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K+ ) and
chloride (Cl- ).

 The cell surface membrane of most cells have sodium pump is coupled with a potassium pump
that actively moves potassium ion from outside to inside the cell.

 The combined pump is called the sodium potassium pump (Na+ -K - pump).
 The pump is a carrier protein that spans across the membrane from one side to the other.
Sodium Potassium pump (Na+ -K – pump)
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 For every 2K+ions taken into the cell, 3Na+ ions are removed.
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Na+-K+-pump plays three important roles
1. It establishes sodium and potassium concentration gradients across the plasma membrane of all
cells.

 These gradients are important in the nerve and muscle to generate electrical signals.

2. It helps regulate cell volume by controlling the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

 This helps minimizing osmotic effects that would induce swelling or shrinking of the cell.

3. The energy used to run the pump also indirectly serves as the energy source for the cotransport of
glucose and amino acids across the membrane.
Bulk Transport
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 How about large molecules?

 Bulk transport is a type of transport which involves the transport of large amount of substance like
lipid droplets and solid food particles across plasma membrane by utilizing energy.

 Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle.

 Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed.

 Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed.

 Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules
in the membrane.

 Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells.
Endocytosis 37

Exocytosis
phagocytosis fuse with lysosome for
digestion

pinocytosis
non-specific
process

receptor-
mediated
endocytosis triggered by
molecular signal
Summery 38
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