Name: __________________________________ AP Biology Summer Assignment

AP Bio: PART 1- Intro to Statistics

The following assignments are due the first months of school. Exact due date will be discussed during class.

INTRO TO STATISTICS:
Watch the following videos. Take notes in your notebook/device and answer the following questions. You must be
able to APPLY and/or ANALYZE data on assignments throughout this course based on these principles, concepts
and practices:

1. Bozeman- Statistics for Science http://www.bozemanscience.com/statistics-for-science

a. What is n?

b. What is x (bar)?

c. What is M?

d. What was the range of the sample he gave?

e. Explain ‘Degrees of Freedom’ (with any example) and why the formula is n-1

2. Bozeman-Standard Deviation http://www.bozemanscience.com/standard-deviation

a. What is meant by normal distribution?

b. What does standard deviation (SD) measure?
c. Can 2 sets of data have the same mean but a different SD? Explain.
d. 1 SD means % of the population falls within this range; while 2 SD means % falls in this range.
e. Pause the video and calculate the SD from the 2nd set of data given BY HAND. Show your work.
f. Take notes as to how to solve for SD using Excel. You may want to bookmark the video for quick reference for labs
we will be doing throughout the course.

3. Bozeman- Standard Error http://www.bozemanscience.com/standard-error and Kevin Piers Standard Deviation &
Standard Error of Mean https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UPYpOLeRJg

a. From Bozeman: Explain the significance of standard error among 2 different sets of data with different sample
sizes that have the same Mean (in terms of precision).

b. From Piers:

1. What do SEM bars that have overlapping Means on a graph indicate?

2. Explain the significance if SEM bars overlap, but the Means do not overlap.

3. Explain the significance if there is no overlap between SEM bars.

Solve the following problems. You must show ALL WORK. Make sure graphs have Titles and are properly
labeled WITH UNITS: (You may use the AP Bio Exam Formula Sheet https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-
biology-equations-and-formulas-sheet.pdf

1. Graph the following sample data set showing the number of leaf disks that rise in a solution over time as
photosynthesis occurs.

2. A- Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the data set of annual monthly rainfall. B- Use the data to
sketch the appropriate type of graph.

3.

Below are 2 samples of data that were collected (*we will ignore Units & Graph Title for this one):

Sample A: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

Sample B: 10, 15, 20

Calculate the mean for Sample A

Calculate the mean for Sample B

Are the calculated means sufficient in explaining the data? Why or why not? (*Be specific!)

Calculate:
SD for Sample A SD for

Sample B

Explain the significance of the results.

Calculate the Standard Error of Mean for Sample A

Calculate the SEM for Sample B

Graph your results, showing error bars for each. Do the

bars overlap?

Do the means overlap?

Explain whether or not there are ‘significant’ differences between the 2 populations.

4. A student noticed that the ivy leaves growing on the shady side of a building were larger than ivy leaves
growing on the sunny side of the same building. The student collected and measured the maximum width, in
centimeters, of 30 leaves from each habitat. Use statistical analysis to determine if it’s likely that there is a
significant difference in leaf size between the shady and sunny ivy plants with 95% confidence (±2 SE). Graph
the data and indicate error bars. (*see next page)
Calculated Results (from collected data):

Using the data given and constructed graph, justify the significance between the two samples.
 AP Bio: PART 2- Graphing and Statistics
GRAPHING YOUR DATA IN EXCEL: PINTO SEED LAB EXAMPLE
Steps for creating your histograms: (Total of 3 Histograms – one for each variable!)
1. Record your data in excel :
 columns (independent variable: dry/wet seed measurements)
 rows (dependent variable: # of trials/measurements)

Mass
(g) Dry Seed Wet Seed
0.1 0.9
0.1 1.1
0.2 0.8
0.2 0.9
0.2 0.8
0.2 0.8
0.2 0.7
0.2 0.8
0.2 0.9
0.2 0.7
0.2 0.9
0.2 0.8
0.3 1.1
0.3 1

2. Highlight one column of data and click on sort and filter (upper right in the tool bar).
3. Select sort smallest to largest.
4. It will ask you if you want to expand your selection, click “continue with the current selection.”
5. You are now ready to set up your ranges/# of seeds in each range. Create a data table off to the side
of your data like the example below. You may have more ranges – it depends on your data but your
goal is 3-5 ranges.

Size 0 - .3 .4 - .6 .7 - 1 1.1 - 1.2

Dry Pinto Seeds 15 25 30 25
Wet Pinto Seeds 20 15 45 15

6. Highlight your range data table (including the words!), then go to Insert, and click on charts. Insert the
bar chart for this type of data.
7.
 8. Once the graph is inserted, go under chart layouts and insert the correct format shown down below.
You can easily change the axis titles and main title of the graph.

Mass (g) of Seed Range vs. Amount of

Seeds
50
Amount of Seeds

40
30 Dry Pinto Seeds
Wet Pinto Seeds
20
10
0
0 - .3 .4 - .6 .7 - 1 1.1 - 1.2
Mass (g) of Seed Ranges

Steps for using Excel to calculated Descriptive Statistics:

1. Find the Mean for each column of data. Click on the box where you are inserting the Mean (average), then
go to Formulas, and insert function. Search for “Average”. Click on the table icon and highlight all the
numbers in the column to find the average. Click OK. Repeat for all columns.

2. Find the standard deviation for each column of data. Click on the box where you are inserting the standard
deviation, then go to Formulas, and insert function. Search for “ST DEV”. Click on the table icon and
highlight all the numbers in the column to find the standard deviation. Click OK. Repeat for all columns.
Mass (g)
Descriptive Statistics Dry Seed Wet Seed
Mean 0.497727 0.8337879
Median 0.5 0.8
Mode 0.4 0.8
Range
Standard Deviation 0.17056 0.1638329

Now you are ready to create your graphs:

1. Highlight the mean (average) information (including the words!), then go to Insert, and click on charts.
Insert the bar chart for this type of data.

2. Once the graph is inserted, go under chart layouts and insert the correct format shown down below. You
can easily change the axis titles and main title of the graph.

3. Click on the bars, then go up to the tool bar and locate the layout tab. Click on the Error bars and scroll
down to error bar options.

4. In error bar options, under vertical error bars click on both directions. Under the error amount click on
custom.
5. You will highlight all standard deviation information for both the positive and negative values, click OK.
Your error bars should show up on each of your bar graphs. The % error bar with standard deviation
represents the variability of the data or the range of 68% of your data.

Type of Seed vs. Average Mass (g)

0.9
0.8
0.7
Averages Mass (g)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Dry Seed Wet Seed
Type of Seed

6. You will insert your table information and your graph into your lab report. Copy and paste it into the word
document and make sure to title your chart and graph using APA format. For example:
  All graphs are titled – Figure #. Title
 All data tables are titled – Table #. Title

FINDING YOURT T-TEST VALUES

Descriptive statistics

There are two major summary statistics that one usually wants. One is a measure of the central tendency of the
numbers, like a mean (average), median, or mode. The second is a measure of how different the numbers are, which we
measure using standard deviation, standard error, or variance.

 Enter your data in columns.

 Click on the empty cell after your last number in a column.
 Click on formulas
 Click on insert function
 Click on "average"
 If it is not on the list, search for it and highlight it before moving on.
 Do the same thing (using the next empty cell) to get "STDEV". This gives you the standard deviation.

T tests - T tests can be used to compare two groups or treatments.

 Click on any empty cell.

 Click on formulas
 Click on insert function
 Click on “TTEST”
 If it is not on the list, search for it and highlight it before moving on.
 A dialog box will appear. Click in the box next to "Array 1".
 Drag the dialog box out of the way, then highlight your first column of numbers.
 Click in the box next to "Array 2" and highlight your second column of numbers.

To answer the "tails" question, remember your prediction about the direction of the difference between the groups. If
you predicted group A would be lower than group B, pick 1 tail. If you predicted group B would lower than group A, pick
one tail. If you didn’t predict which would be higher, use 2 tails. You can’t change your mind after the data are gathered.
There are three types of T test you can use on Excel. Let’s say you wanted to test whether heart rate increased after
drinking a cup of hot sauce (don’t actually try this!) or whether plant growth would increase after adding fertilizer to
pots of soil. In these cases you would be comparing the heart rate of the same people, or the growth of the same pot of
plants before and after the treatment. This would require a "paired" or "dependent" T test. Excel calls this a "type 1"
test.
Let’s look at another situation. Say you want to know whether nursing students consume more coffee than do biology
students. You would then have two groups of test subjects rather than taking 2 measurements on each person. Now you
would use an "unpaired" or "independent" T-test. Excel calls these "type 2" or "type 3" tests. Now the tricky part is to
decide which of these to use. Are the standard deviations about the same for both groups, or are they different? You can
test this statistically, but let’s just work with how they seem. If in doubt, go with "type 3" for unequal variances.

Now hit "OK" and see what the number is. This is your P-value.
A P-value below 0.05 is generally considered statistically significant (your null hypothesis is rejected) -your two
groups are different!
A P-value above 0.05 is generally considered not statistically significant (your null hypothesis fails to reject) – your
two groups are too similar to claim they are different!
If your number looks like this: 2.03188E-7, Excel is giving you the number in its version of scientific notation. This
number is actually 2.03 X 10 -7, or 0.000000203.

AP Bio: PART 3-Collection

For this assignment, you will “collect” a minimum of 10 photographic examples of biological terms/concepts (see next
page) and post them in a photo journal/album/portfolio binder. Select any of the items from the Biological Collection
List to include in your binder. This will introduce you not only to the language of biology, but also emphasize that biology
is a creative experience learned and understood by conducting rather than just memorizing. Your Photo Binder will be
due the first month of class.

Directions for the Biological Photo Collection Binder:

1. “Collect” an item by taking a picture of it. (or if you’d like to be creative and go above and beyond you can physically
collect the item in a glass jar/container and preserve it in isopropyl alcohol, just making sure no living organisms are
harmed for this process) Define, in your own words, the biological term/concept. Also, within a couple of statements,
explain how the picture represents the term or concept. Use the Biological Collection List on the next page to select
terms/concepts for your binder.

2. Include the photo, definition, and explanation in your binder which will be viewed by the class during a gallery walk. If
you collected any physical specimens, please make sure to have them in for the gallery walk.

3. Be creative. If you choose an item that is internal to a plant or animal, like phloem, you could submit a photograph of
the whole organism or a close up of one part, and then explain what phloem is and specifically where phloem is in the
specimen.

4. Use original photos ONLY. You cannot use an image from any publication or from the internet. You must take the
photo yourself. The best way to prove that the photo is your work is to have something in your picture that represents
you. This could be a key chain, pen, bracelet, small toy, etc, but must be the same item in each image.

5. You should only use natural items. Take a walk in your neighborhood, go to the zoo, go for a hike in the woods, etc.
Humans are natural items and may be used, but only for a few entries.

6. This is an individual project. While brainstorming, discussing, and even going on collecting adventures together is
welcome, your items and photos are to be unique. With over 90 concept choices, probability says there is a very slim
chance that any two students will have the same items chosen from their list.

7. Be careful and respectful! Never touch plants or animals you are unfamiliar with. Don’t kill or hurt any organisms.
Don’t remove any organisms from the natural environment.

Rubric for Biological Collection Photo Journal Binder

Points Biological Collection Photo Entry
1 Table of contents filled out and placed as the first page of the binder
1 Original photo (includes personalized item in each image)
1 Biological term/ concept identified
1 Biological term/concept defined in own words
2 Biological term/concept and photo relationship explained fully
4 Binder is easy to follow, neatly presented, well organized
*Points are earned in an all or none format. If the guideline is not fully met, no points will be awarded.
Biological Collection List (photos or physical specimen collection in isopropyl alcohol)

Artificial Selection Fossils Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures Isolation (Habitat, Behavioral or Temporal)

Adhesion Cohesion Hydrophobic/hydrophilic

Denaturation Surface Tension Flagella

Cellulose Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis ATP

Mitosis Somatic Cell DNA

Mutation Mendel Incomplete dominance

Codominance Multiple Alleles X-linked

Polygenic Inheritance Karyotype Thomas Hunt Morgan

Crossing over Lynn Margulis Darwin

Endotherm/ectotherm Food Chain/Web Carbon Cycle

Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle

Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

Phenotype (dominant vs recessive) Dormant Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

GMO Genetic variation Homeostasis

Keystone species Phloem

Xylem

Ex:. Notice the toy giraffe is the personal item the student uses in
all their pictures to indicate they are originals.
Biological Photo Collection Binder Table of Contents

Name: __________________________________________________- Block:_______________ Date: _______

Photo/Specimen Order Biological terms/concepts Comments(this is for

Mrs. Mamatova)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10