Chapter Two

DC Motor
 The principle upon which a dc motor
works is very simple.
 If a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, mechanical force is
experienced on the conductor, the
direction of which is given by Fleming's
left hand rule (also called motor rule) and
hence the conductor moves in the
direction of force.
 The magnitude of the mechanical force
experienced the conductor is given by

 Where B is the field strength in Teslas

(wb/m2), Ic is the current flowing through
the conductor in amperes and lc is the
length of conductor in meters.
 Cont’d…
 The machine operating as a generator is driven by some
external driving force and dc out put is obtained from it where
as the machine operating as a motor is supplied by electric
current and mechanical rotation is produced.
 However, in generator operation the generated emf produces the
armature current, where as, in motor operation the generated
emf opposes the current direction.
 We also observe that Electro-magnetic torque is developed in
generator as well as motor i.e. there is a motor action in both
generator and motor, operation.
 However, in motor operation the Electro-magnetic torque
developed causes the armature rotation, where as in a generator
operation the Electro-magnetic torque produced opposes the
rotation.
 Types of DC Motors
 All dc motors must receive their excitation from an external
source; therefore, they are separately excited.
 Their field and the armature windings are connected, however,
in one of the three different ways employed for self-excited dc
generators, and so according the field arrangement there are
three types of dc motors namely;
 i) Series wound ii) shunt wound and iii) compound wound.
 Series Wound Motor
 A series motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
series with the armature so that the whole current drawn by the
motor passes through the field winding as well as armature.
 Shunt Wound Motor
 A shunt wound motor is one in which the field winding is
connected in parallel with armature.
 The current supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one
through the shunt field winding and second through the armature.
 Compound Wound Motor
 A compound wound motor has both series and shunt windings
which can be connected as short-shunt or long shunt with
armature winding.
Cont’d…
 Direction of Rotation
 The direction of rotation of a motor can be reversed by
reversing the current through either the armature winding or
the field coils. If the current through both is reversed, the
motor will continue to rotate in the same direction as before.
 Significance of Back EMF
 When the motor armature continues to rotate due to motor action,
the armature conductors cut the magnetic flux and therefore emfs
are induced in them.

 The direction of this induced emf known as back emf is such that
is opposes the applied voltage. Since the back emf is induced due
to the generator action , the magnitude of it is, therefore , given by
the same expression as that for the generated emf in a generator.
 Cont’d…
 The armature circuit is equivalent to a source of emf Eb in series
with a resistance, Ra put across a dc supply mains of V volts.
 Cont’d…

 If the armature speed is high, back emf Eb will be large and

therefore armature current becomes small.
 If the speed to the armature is low, then back emf Eb will be less
and armature current Ia will be more resulting in development of
large torque.
 Torque Equation
 The back emf of dc motor is given by

Multiplying both sides of by Ia,

 VIa = Total electrical power supplied to the Armature of the dc

motor (armature input) and Ia2Ra = power wasted in the
armature (armature copper loss).
 The difference between the armature input and the armature
copper loss is equal to the mechanical power developed by the
armature of the motor.
 Cont’d…
 Hence, mechanical power developed = EbIa, watts
 If Ta is the torque in Newton meter developed by the armature of
the motor, running at N revolutions per minute, then
Mechanical power developed,
Condition for Maximum Power
 Cont’d…
 Example 2.1 A 220 V DC Motor has an armature resistance of
0.75 ohm. It is drawing an armature current of 30 A, driving a
certain load. Calculate the induced EMF in the motor under
this condition.
 Example 2.2 A 4 pole DC motor has lap connected armature
winding . The flux per pole is 30mWb. The number of
armature conductors is 250. When connected to a supply of
230 V it draws an armature current of 40 A. Calculate the back
EMF and the speed at which the motor is running . Armature
resistance is 0.6 ohm.
Example 2.3 Determine developed torque and shaft torque of 220 V, 4
pole series motor with 800 conductors wave connected supplying a load
of 8.2 kW by taking 45 A from the mains. The flux per pole is 25mWb
and its armature circuit resistance is 0.6 ohm.
Example 2.4 A 4 pole, 220 V D.C shunt motor, lap wound has 960 conductors. The
flux per pole is 20 mWb. Determine the torque developed by the armature and the
useful torque in Nm when the current drawn by the motor is 28 A. The armature
resistance is 0.1 ohm and the shunt field resistance is 125 ohm. The rotational losses
of the machine amounts to 800 watts.
Example 2.5 A 60kW, 400 V DC shunt motor has 4 poles and a wave
connected armature of 450 conductors. The flux per pole is 45mWb,
armature resistance is 0.1 ohm and shunt resistance is 200 ohm. If the full
load efficiency is 90.5 %, find 1) Speed, 2) armature torque and 3) useful
torque.
Cont’d…
Example 2.6
 Speed Control of DC Motor
 Speed control means intentional change of the drive speed to a
value required for performing the specific work process.
 This concept of speed control or adjustment should not be
taken to include the natural change in speed which occurs due
to change in the load on the drive shaft.
 The speed of a motor is given by the relation

 It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying

Flux/pole i.e. Flux control
Resistance Ra of the armature circuit i.e.
Rheostat Control and
Applied voltage V i.e. Voltage control
 Speed Control of Shunt Motors
 Variation of Flux or Flux control Method
 By decreasing the flux, the speed can be increase and
vice versa. Hence, the name flux or field control method.
The flux of dc motor can be changed by changing Ish with
help of a shunt field rheostat.
 Armature or Rheostatic Control Method
 This method is used when speeds below the no-load speed are
required. As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage
across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat or
resistance (called controller resistance) in series with the
armature circuit .

speed control of shunt motor by varying resistance in the

armature circuit
Armature-terminal Voltage Control
 In this method, the shunt field is connected to a fixed exciting
voltage and armature is supplied with different voltages. Voltage
across armature is changed with the help of a suitable
switchgear.
 Speed control of DC series motors
A.Flux Control Method
 Variation in the flux of a Series motor can be
brought about in any one of the following ways.
1. Field Divertors
 The series winding are shunted by a variable
resistance knows as field divertor. Any desired
amount of current can be passed through the
divertor by adjusting its resistance.
 Hence the flux can be decreased, consequently, the
speed of the motor increased.
2. Armature Divertors
 A divertor across the armature can be used for
giving speeds lower then the normal speed.
For Ia given constant load torque, if Ia is
reduced due to armature divertor, then φ must
increase.
B. Variable Resistance in series with Motor
 By introducing a resistance in series with the armature, voltage
across the armature can be reduced. And, hence, speed reduces
in proportion with it.

a) Speed control of series motor by variable resistance method