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Department of Electronics and Computer Science

TE(EXCS) SEM-V
Microcontroller & Applications
By
Dr. Arun Chavan

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Subject: Microcontrollers & Applications

Syllabus:

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Subject: Microcontroller & Applications
Text Books:

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Subject: Microcontroller & Applications
Reference Books:

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


8051 Microcontroller Architecture

Module 1: 8051 Microcontroller Architecture

1.1 Introduction to the concepts of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1.2 Overview of various available Microcontrollers

1.3 Applications of Microcontrollers

1.4 8051 Architecture

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller
History of Microprocessor & Microcontroller

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller
History of Microprocessor & Microcontroller

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Basics
• Bit/Nibble/Byte/Word/Double Word
• Bus : Data, Address, Control
• TTL signals
• Basic Gates
• Flip-Flop
• Register
• Latch
• Buffer
• Decoder

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessor is the heart of Computer Micro Controller is the heart of an
system. embedded system.
It is only a processor, so memory and I/O Micro Controller has a processor along
components need to be connected with internal memory and I/O
externally components.

Memory and I/O has to be connected Memory and I/O are already present on
externally, so the circuit becomes large. chip, so the circuit is small.

You can’t use it in compact systems You can use it in compact systems.

Cost of the entire system is high Cost of the entire system is low

Due to external components, the total As external components are low, total
power consumption is high. Therefore, it power consumption is less. So it can be
is not ideal for the devices running on used with devices running on stored
stored power like batteries. power like batteries.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
Most of the microprocessors do not have Most of the microcontrollers offer power-
power saving features. saving mode.
It is used mainly in a embedded systems
It is mainly used in personal computers. like Washing Machine, MP3 players,
Microwave Oven etc.
Microprocessor has a smaller number of
Microcontroller has more register. Hence
registers, so more operations are memory-
the programs are easier to write.
based.

Microprocessors are based on Von Micro controllers arc based on Harvard


Neumann model architecture

It has no RAM, ROM, Input-Output units, It has a CPU along with RAM, ROM, and
timers, and other peripherals on the other peripherals embedded on a single
chip. chip.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
It uses an external bus to interface to
It uses an internal controlling bus.
RAM, ROM, and other peripherals.

Microprocessor-based systems can run at Microcontroller based systems run up to


a very high speed because of the 200MHz or more depending on the
technology evolution and applications. architecture.

It’s used for general purpose


applications that allow you to handle It’s used for application-specific systems.
huge data.

It’s complex and expensive, with a large It’s simple and inexpensive with less
number of instructions to process. number of instructions to process.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Concept of Buses

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Microprocessor & Microcontroller

Quiz

1. Microprocessor has on chip RAM as well as ROM


a. True b. False
2. Microcontrollers are used in the embedded systems
a. True b. False
3. Address, Data & Control buses carry binary information
a. True b. False
4. More number of registers on
a. Microprocessor b. Microcontroller
5. Microprocessors are used in a compact systems
a. True b. False

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Clock Cycle, Machine Cycle & Instruction Cycle

Clock :

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Clock Cycle, Machine Cycle & Instruction Cycle

Basic Terms Related to Timing Diagram

• T-State = 1/Clock Frequency

• Machine or Bus Cycle = Time to Execute One Read/Write


Cycle

• Instruction Cycle = Total Time Required to Fetch and


Execute one Instruction(Combination of Bus Cycles)

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


8051 Architecture
Features of 8051
• 40 pin chip, requires +5v dc supply, provides TTL compatible signals
• 4KB bytes on-chip program memory (ROM), expandable up to 64 KB
• 128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM), expandable up to 64 KB
• Four register banks of 8 registers each
• 128 user defined software flags (128 bit addressable memory)
• 8-bit bidirectional data bus
• 16-bit unidirectional address bus
• 32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit
• Two, 16 bit Timer/Counters
• One full duplex serial port
• Three internal and two external Interrupts
• Four 8-bit input/output ports (Port 0, Port 1, Port 2, Port 3)
• 16-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer(DPTR)
• Provides on chip clock generator ckt.
8051 Architecture

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


8051 Microcontroller
Quiz

1. 8051 has ____ i/o port of _____ bits each


a. 3, 8 bit b. 4, 8 bit c. 4, 16 bit
2. 8051 has _____ of ROM on chip
a. 4 Kb b. 64 Kb c. 8 Kb
3. 8051 has ____ timers of ____ bits each
a. 2, 8 bit b. 3, 8 bit c. 2, 16 bit
4. How much amount of maximum RAM can be connected with
8051 externally
a. 16 Kb b. 64 Kb c. 128 Kb
5. Which ports of 8051 are used as addr/data in expanded mode
a. P1 & P2 b. P0 & P2 c. P2 & P3

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Von Neumann & Harvard Architecture

Von Neumann Architecture:

• It is named after the mathematician


and early computer scientist
John Von Neumann.
• The computer has single storage
system(memory) for storing data
as well as program to be executed.
• Processor needs at least two clock cycles to complete an instruction.
• In the first clock cycle the processor gets the instruction from memory
and decodes it. In the next clock cycle the required data is taken from
memory. For each instruction, this cycle repeats and hence needs at least
two cycles to complete an instruction.
• This is a relatively older architecture and was replaced by Harvard
architecture.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Von Neumann & Harvard Architecture

Harvard Architecture:

• The name is originated from


"Harvard Mark I" a relay based old computer.
• The computer has two separate memories
for storing data and program.
• Processor can complete an instruction in one
cycle if appropriate pipelining strategies are
implemented.
• In the first stage of pipeline the instruction to be executed can be taken
from program memory. In the second stage of pipeline data is taken
from the data memory using the decoded instruction or address.
• Most of the modern computing architectures are based on Harvard
architecture. But the number of stages in the pipeline varies from system
to system.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Overview of various Microcontrollers

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Applications of Microcontrollers

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Applications of Microcontrollers
• Consumer Electronics Products:
• Toys, Cameras, Robots, Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens etc. [any
automatic home appliance]
• Instrumentation and Process Control:
• Oscilloscopes, Multi-meter, Leakage Current Tester, Data Acquisition and
Control etc.
• Medical Instruments:
• ECG Machine, Blood pressure monitoring, Accu-Check etc.
• Communication:
• Cell Phones, Telephone Sets, Automatic answering Machines etc.
• Office Equipment:
• Fax, Printers etc.
• Multimedia Application:
• Mp3 Player, PDAs etc.
• Automobile:
• Speedometer, Auto-Breaking System, Fuel injection system, Air bag release
system etc.
Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science
Assignment No - 1
Short Questions (2 Marks)

1. Define Machine Cycle & Instruction Cycle.


2. What is Duty Cycle ?
3. List any 5 important features of 8051 Microcontroller.

Descriptive Questions (5 Marks)

1. Compare ‘Microprocessor and Microcontroller’.


2. Draw the neat architecture diagram of 8051.

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science


Thank You

Dr. Arun Chavan, Department of Electronics and Computer Science

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