MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Essential

MSCE

Physical
Science
Practicals
Questions and Model Answers

PATRIOTS
PUBLISHERS

Questions i Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

© Kumalo E. Mtambo
Patriots Publishers, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Cell: +265 (881) 985 135; +265 (995) 757 496
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Designed by E B Chikaonda (Mr)
ISBN: 978 - 99908 - 0 - 525 - 3

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the copyright owner.

Questions ii Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

INTRODUCTION

MSCE Physical Science Practicals Questions and Model Answers text book
has covered questions from the year 2000 to 2015 of Physical Science Paper II
(Practical) – Malawi National Examinations Board (MANEB).

This book has also taken into account tips and hints in handling practical
examinations, general instructions and additional explanations to some
questions.

This book takes a simplified approach using short but comprehensive answers
and solutions to the questions (problems). Throughout the answers’ section,
there are many simple and well explained experiments for the reader to easily
comprehend. Guidance is given to the reader on the results of these experiments.
Where the learner finds the book difficult, the teacher should help in giving
guidance which will lead the learner in working out correct solutions.

I hope you will find MSCE Physical Science Practicals Questions and Model
Answers interesting as well as useful and helpful in preparing for your national
examinations and in your everyday life experiences.

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Very many thanks to St. Mary’s Secondary School teachers (Mr. S. Mota and
Mr. D. Namikungulu) and pupils, Mr. Moses Zulu (Mfera CDSS), Mr. Stanely
Ngoma (Liwonde SS) and Patriots Publishers for the editorial and production
of this edition.

I owe a lot of thanks to my parents (Mr. & Mrs. M.M. Mtambo) and family
(Thoko, Takondwa and Praise) for their honourable work which they did by
sending me to school and supporting me as well. Many thanks should go to all
my teachers at all levels.

My special gratitude to MANEB for the examination items which have been
tackled in this book.

Lastly, I thank the Almighty God for the gift of life and knowledge.

Kumalo E. Mtambo

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Examination Hints & Tips. . .. .. .. .. .. vi

Questions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 01
2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 01
2001 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 03
2002 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 05
2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 07
2004 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 09
2005 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13
2007 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15
2008 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17
2009 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19
2010 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21
2011 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23
2012 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
2013 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
2014 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29
2015 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31

Answers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33

References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

HINTS AND TIPS IN WRITING PRACTICAL you arrive with time to spare so that
EXAMINATIONS you can go in calmly rather than in a
frantic rush.
1. Identity card
6. It may sound stupid, but ...
Do not forget your ID otherwise you
will not be allowed to enter the exam Don’t forget to read the instructions
room. and make sure you know what you
are being asked to do. You should go
2. Pens and pencils
into the exam well aware of what is
Some exams require the use of pens, expected of you, but you should always
while others have to be completed in check. Don’t, however, waste a lot of
pencil. Make sure you know what you time on this.
should be using in every paper before
7. Zzzzzz
you go in. In addition, mathematical
sets and electronic calculators may Try to get a good night’s sleep the night
also be required in some exams. Make before any exam.
sure calculators are working perfectly 8. Hangovers
and all pieces are available in the
mathematical box. Try to avoid alcohol the night before
an exam, especially in quantity, as
3. Websites bad hangover is among the very worst
All the major examination boards things to be suffering from in an exam
have websites these days, usually with room.
sample papers and examiners’ reports 9. Seating plan
that you can download. These sites are
well worth a visit as they may offer a Check the seating plan on display to
lot of sound advice. The examiners’ determine where you seat in the room.
report, for instance, can give you an Enter the room until instructed to do so
idea of exactly what it is that they are by the exam room supervisor.
looking for. Consult your teachers if 10. Examination conduct
you cannot handle this on your own.
• Raise your hand to attract the
4. Take spares attention of an invigilator if you
Take spare pens and pencils just in case have a question or if you suspect
the one you are using stops working. there is a mistake on the exam
paper. Do not communicate with
5. On time not in time any person during the exam, other
Allow for problems, hold-ups and than the invigilator.
traffic jams on the way and make sure • Raise your hand and wait for an

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

invigilator if you need to leave each page of the question paper.

the room, e.g. in case of illness. 3. Write your answers on the question
Do not leave the room unless paper in the spaces provided.
permitted by the invigilator.
4. Physical Science paper II consists of
• Listen carefully to the two sections, A and B.
announcements made by the 5. In section A there are two practical
invigilator as they may also questions to be answered in 1 hour.
announce restrictions on removal
of questions papers. 6. You should spend 30 minutes on each
question. The 30 minute period allowed
11. Disallowed! for each question includes 3 minutes
• Unauthorised material (including to tidy up the apparatus and have it
revision notes) or equipment checked by the supervisor.
relevant to the exam. 7. Marks for section A will be given for
• Good luck charms and items. observation, accuracy and interpretation
• Coats and bags must be left in the of results.
area supplied, either at the back 8. Section B consists of two descriptive
of the room or just outside the questions on practical work to be
room. answered in 1 hour. Marks will be given
• Non-clear bottles. for accurate and orderly presentation of
facts supported by relevant diagrams.
• Medicines (unless prior approval
granted). 9. In the table provided on the front page
of the paper, tick against the number of
• Mobile phone, laptops, i-pads,
the question you have answered. The
(Do not take valuable items to the
table looks like the one given below
exam site.)
and your ticking should be in the right
column and neat as demonstrated.
General instructions for physical
Question Tick if Do not write in
science paper ii examinations Number answered these columns
1. You are supposed to check the whole 1
paper to ensure that all the pages are 2
well printed and there is no missing 3
page. Number of pages is always
4
indicated in the instructions.
2. Before beginning, fill in your
Examination Number at the top of 10. Hand in your paper to the invigilator
when time is called to do so.

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Questions viii Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2000 Paper

Section A 25 marks
2. You are provided with a retort stand,
spring, metre ruler, carriage weight,
1. You are provided with dropper bottles 50 g, 100 g, 150 g and 200 g masses.
labelled K, L, M, and N which
contain chloroalkane, alkane, sodium
bicarbonate solution and sodium
hydroxide not necessarily in that order.
You are also given the following: a
spatula, a burner, phenolphthalein
indicator, and dilute hydrochloric acid
(HCl).
On each unknown compound perform
the test shown in table 1 and record
your observations in the appropriate
spaces. Remember to wash the tube Figure 1
with distilled water after each test. a. Hang the spring and attach the
Table 1 carriage weight to its lower end as
shown in figure 1 above.
Test Add 5 drops Add 5 Put 2
phenolph- drops HCl drops of b. Measure the initial length, l
thalein to (acid) to unknown (initial) of the spring and carriage
15 drops 15 drops on spatula weight and record under zero
Substance unknown unknown and bring mass in the appropriate row in
burner table 2 below.
flames
c. Add the 50 g mass to the carriage
Results Results Results
weight.
K
d. Measure the new length, l (new)
L and record it in the table under the
50g mass.
M e. Subtract the initial length, l (initial)
from the new length, l (new) and
N record it in the appropriate place.
f. Repeat steps c, d, and e for masses
(8 marks) 100 g, 150 g and 200 g to complete
On the basis of your results identify the the table of results.
unknowns: K, L, M and N.
(4 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
Table 2 b. Write any two ways of expressing
the concentration of a solution.
Mass (g) 0 50 100 150 200
(2 marks)
Length (cm)
c. Describe how you would prepare
Change in
250 ml of a 0.2 M solution of
length sodium hydroxide, NaOH using
(extension) cm solid sodium hydroxide pellets.
l (new) – l (Relative Formula Mass of sodium
(initial) hydroxide is 40).
(9 marks) (9 marks)
g. From the values in the table, 4. With the aid of a clearly labelled
plot a graph of mass (g) against diagram describe the arrangement you
extension (cm). (3 marks) would use to produce a pure spectrum
h. Calculate the gradient of your gra of white light on a screen. In your
ph. (1 mark) description include an explanation on
why each component is used.
Section B 25 marks (12 marks)

3. a. What is a solution?
(2 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2001 Paper

Section A 25 marks
j. State whether the change in
each case is endothermic or
1. You are provided with 2 test tubes in exothermic.
a rack, a measuring cylinder, stirring A: ________________________
rod, thermometer, spatula, tap water
B: ________________________
and substances A and B.
(2 marks)
a. Pour 5 cm3 of tap water into each
test tube. k. Complete the energy level
diagrams to illustrate the reactions
b. Measure the temperature of the
in solutions of A and B.
water in each test tube and record
in the table below. (i) Solution A
c. Add half a spatula of substance A
into one test tube and stir gently
using a stirring rod. Heat
d. Measure the temperature of the
solution and record in the table.
e. Remove the thermometer from the
test tube and rinse it with water.
(3 marks)
f. Add half a spatula of substance B
into the second test tube and stir (ii) Solution B
gently.
g. Measure and record the
temperature of the solution. Heat
h. Dry the thermometer and return it
into its case.
Solution Initial Final Change In
Tempera- Tempera- Temperature (3 marks)
ture (ºc) ture (ºc) (ºc)
A
2. You are provided with 5 lengths of
PVC pipes.
B a. Measure the mass of each length
of pipe and record in the table
(5 marks) below.

i. Complete the fourth column of Length of pipe 0 5 10 15 20 25

the table. (cm)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Mass of pipe 0 compare the components of the dyes of

(grams) the two brands of soap to see if they are
(3 marks) different.

b. Plot a graph of mass of pipe against Describe an experiment that could be

length of pipe. (Use a scale of 2 done to isolate the components of the
cm to represent 5 g on the vertical dyes.
axis and 2 cm to represent 5 cm (13 marks)
length on horizontal axis).
4. a. Why does sound travel faster in
(7 marks)
solids than in gases?
c. Calculate the slope of the graph.
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
b. With the aid of a labelled diagram
describe an experiment which
Section B 25 marks can be used to find out if sound
3. A new brand of red soap is found to waves require a medium for their
cause skin irritation when used. An old propagation.
brand of the same soap did not cause (10 marks)
skin irritation. A chemist decides to

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2002 Paper

Section A 25 marks
before heating =
• mass of lamp plus ethanol
1. You are provided with a thermometer, after heating =
water, beaker, ethanol in a lamp, tripod
• mass of ethanol used up =
stand, retort stand, stop watch, some
matches and a beam balance. (5 marks)
a. Pour 200 cm3 of water into a h. Calculate the amount of heat
beaker. gained by the water (specific heat
capacity for water is 4.2J/g ºC)
b. Set up the apparatus as shown in
Figure 1. (3 marks)
i. How much heat was supplied by
ethanol? (1 mark)
j. Calculate heat supplied per gram
of ethanol. (2 marks)
k. State one source of error in this
experiment. (1 mark)
2. You are provided with a burette, a funnel,
a measuring cylinder, a beaker, clamp
and clamp stand, 0.1 M hydrochloric
Figure 1
acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide
c. Measure and record the (NaOH) of unknown concentration,
temperature of water before phenolphthalein indicator, a white tile
heating. or paper.
d. Weigh and record mass of lamp a. Set up the apparatus as shown in
plus ethanol before heating. Figure 2.
e. Light the lamp and heat the water
for 10 minutes.
f. Record the temperature of the
water after heating.
g. Weigh and record the mass of the
lamp plus ethanol after heating.
• temperature of water before
heating =
• temperature of water after
heating = Figure 2

• mass of lamp plus ethanol b. Fill the burette with hydrochloric

acid (HCl) to the zero mark.
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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

c. Pour 10 cm3 of sodium hydroxide of results.

into a beaker. j. Calculate the average volume of
d. Add a drop of phenolphthalein hydrochloric used. (1 mark)
indicator to the sodium k. Calculate the concentration of
hydroxide. sodium hydroxide solution.
e. Slowly add hydrochloric acid from (6 marks)
the burette to sodium hydroxide,
shaking the beaker all the time,
until pink colour disappears. Section B 25 marks
Note and record the volume of
3. a. Define resonance. (2 marks)
hydrochloric acid used.
b. Describe with the aid of a diagram,
Initial volume Final volume of Volume of
of Hydrochloric Hydrochloric HCl used
an experiment you would carry
acid (cm3) acid (cm3) (cm3) out to obtain resonance between a
tuning fork and a column of air in
a bottle. (9 marks)
(6 marks) c. State two instances where
resonance is useful. (2 marks)
f. Empty the beaker and rinse it with
distilled water. 4 Explain in terms of collision theory
g. Pour 10 cm3 of sodium hydroxide how reaction rate is affected by the
into the beaker and add a drop of following factors:
phenolphthalein indicator. a. concentration (4 marks)
h. Repeat step 2e. b. temperature (4 marks)
i. Note and record volume of c. particle size (4 marks)
hydrochloric acid used in the table

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2003 Paper

Section A 25 marks
e) Record the reading on the spring
balance in the appropriate space
1. You are provided with a 500 g mass, in the table.
clamp, a spring balance, a nail, a
Distance between mass and Effort (N)
metre rule with holes drilled into it at
fulcrum (cm)
regular intervals of 10 cm and a wire
hook or a string. 10
20
a) Arrange the apparatus as shown in
30
diagram below.
40
100

50
60
90
effort

(6 marks)
80
Spring balance

f) Repeat procedures b to e using the

70

distances shown in the table.

60

g) Plot a graph of effort against

50

distance between mass and

40

fulcrum. (Scale: 2cm to represent

G-clamp

30

0.5N on the vertical axis and 2cm

to represent 10cm on horizontal
20

Load

axis).
10

(6 marks)
h) What is the relationship between
the effort applied and the distance
Fulcrum
Nail

from the mass to the fulcrum?

(1 mark)
2. You are provided with copper sulphate,
b) Hook the 500 g mass 10 cm from an evaporating basin, a gas burner, a
the fulcrum. triple beam balance, a tripod stand and
a wire gauze.
c) Hook the spring balance on the
last hole (100 cm from fulcrum). a) Weigh the evaporating basin on
triple beam balance and record
d) Lift the spring balance so that the mass.
the metre rule is in horizontal
position ____________________________
____________________ (1 mark)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

b) Add crystals of hydrated copper Section B 25 marks

sulphate until the reading increases
by approximately 5g. 3. The electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid
c) Record the mass of the evaporating (H2SO4) is essentially the electrolysis of
basin plus hydrated copper water. With the aid of clearly labelled
sulphate. diagram show that this statement is
____________________________ true.
____________________ (1 mark) Support your answer by giving relevant
d) Mass of hydrated copper sulphate ionic equations and explanations for the
= _________________ (1 mark) reactions that take place at the anode
e) Heat the evaporating basin gently and cathode during the electrolysis of
until the hydrated copper sulphate dilute sulphuric acid.
turns into a white powder. (13 marks)
f) Weigh the evaporating basin plus 4. a. A resistor with unknown
white powder and record the resistance is connected in
results. ____________ (1 mark) parallel to a 4ohm resistor. The
g) Subtract mass of empty voltage across the resistors and
evaporating basin from the mass the total current in the circuit
of evaporating basin and white are measured.
powder and record the results.
(i) Draw a circuit diagram for this
___________________ (1 mark)
experiment. (3 marks)
h) Mass of hydrated copper sulphate
minus mass of white powder = (ii) Calculate the value of unknown
resistor if the effective resistance
___________________ (1 mark)
is 2 ohms.
i) Calculate the percentage of water
in the hydrated copper sulphate. (3 marks)
(3 marks) b. (i) Draw an electric circuit
j) What name is given to water comprising diode, a cell and
found in the crystals? a bulb such that the diode is
forward biased.
__________________ (1 mark)
k) Mention any two sources of error (3 marks)
in the experiment. (2 marks) (ii) Explain the effect of reversing the
cell on the bulb. (3 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2004 Paper

Section A 25 marks
g. Use the graph to explain the results
of the experiment. (3 marks)
1. You are provided with 2 cells, a cell 2. You are provided with four unknown
holder, an ammeter, connecting wires organic compounds labelled P, Q,
and nichrome wire with different R and S belonging to the following
number of strands. families: alkanes, alkenes, alkanol and
a. Set the apparatus as shown carboxylic acid not necessarily in that
below. order.
You are also provided with dilute
sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein
and bromine solution in dropper
bottles, four test tubes in a rack and
A distilled water in a wash bottle.
Gap a. On each substance, perform the
b. Complete the circuit by placing tests shown in the table of results
nichrome wire with one strand in and record your observations in
the gap. the appropriate space. Wash the
c. Note the ammeter reading and test tubes after use.
record it in the table of results. Table of results
d. Remove the nichrome wire from
Test Add 1 – 2 Add 1 drop Add 1 – 2
the gap.
drops of of phenol- drops of
e. Repeat steps b to d using nichrome substance phthalein substance
wires with two, three, four and to 15 to 15 drops to 15
five strands. Substance drops of NaOH then drops of
distilled 1 drop of bromine
water substance
Table of results
RESULT RESULT RESULT
Number of strands Current (A) P
1 Q
2 R
3 S

4 (9 marks)
5 b. Identify the families to which the
(5 marks) compounds belong.
f. Plot a graph of current against P _________________________
number of strands. (5 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Q _________________________ b. What would happen to the image

if the candle was moved further
R _________________________ away from the lens?
S _________________________ (2 marks)
(4 marks) 4. Anewly discovered element represented
by the symbol X is suspected to belong
Section B 25 marks to Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(i) Describe an experiment you
3. a. With the help of well labelled would do to prove that the element
sketch diagram, explain how a belongs to Group 1.
convex lens would form a real
image of a burning candle. (9 marks)
In your diagram show the position (ii) Write a balanced chemical
of the object, image, principal equation for the reaction between
focus and principal axis. element X and water.
(11 marks) (3 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2005 Paper

Section A 25 marks
10 cm.
g. Plot a graph of number of
1. You are provided with a stop watch, vibrations per second against
metre rule, 50 g mass, clamp stand, length of string. (5 marks)
clamp and a string.
h. Using the graph, determine how
a. Set up the apparatus as shown in the length of string affects number
the figure below: of vibrations per second.
(1 mark)
clamp stand string 40 cm i. Mention a variable that is kept
constant. (1 mark)
50 g
2. You are provided with a thermometer,
two test-tubes, a piece of magnesium
b. Pull the mass to one side and leave ribbon, potassium hydrogen carbonate
it to vibrate freely. or sodium hydrogen carbonate, dilute
c. Record the time taken to make 10 hydrochloric acid solution, spatula or
complete vibrations. tea spoon and a measuring cylinder.
d. Calculate the number of vibrations a. Pour 2 cm3 (or 2 cm column) of
performed in 1 second. hydrochloric acid into a test-tube.
e. Record the readings in the b. Measure temperature of the acid
appropriate space in the following and record it as initial temperature
table. in the table of results.
c. Drop the magnesium ribbon in the
Table of results acid and record the changes taking
place as the reaction occur.
Length Time for 10 Number of
in cm complete vi- vibrations d. Record the final temperature
brations (sec) per second reached in the table of results.
40 e. In the second test-tube, pour 2 cm3
30 (or 2 cm column) of hydrochloric
20 acid and record its temperature as
10 its initial temperature in the table
of results.
(6 marks)
f. Repeat the procedures (b) to (e) f. Add spatula full of potassium
using lengths 30 cm, 20 cm and hydrogen carbonate or sodium

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

hydrogen carbonate to the acid, i. Draw an energy level diagram for

record the final temperature the reaction of hydrochloric acid
reached and other changes taking and magnesium ribbon.
place as the reaction proceeds. (3 marks)

Table of results
Liquid Initial Sub- Final Tem- Other Section B 25 marks
in the temper- stance temper- pera- changes
test ature added ature ture observed
tube (°C) reached change during 3. a. With the help of a labelled
during (°C) reaction diagram, explain how a step
reaction
(°C) down transformer works. In
Hydro- Mag- your diagram, show the coils in
chloric nesium primary and secondary circuits
acid ribbon
and current source. (8 marks)
Hydro- Potas-
chloric
acid
sium
hydro-
b. Explain how a fuse works.
gen
carbon-
(4 marks)
ate or
sodium 4. a. Define the following terms:
hydro-
gen (i) “oxidation” (1 mark)
car-
bonate (ii) “reduction” (1 mark)
(7 marks) b. With the aid of well labeled
diagrams, describe an experiment
g. Which one of the reactions above
you would carry out to show
is an endothermic reaction?
that both air and water are
(1 mark) necessary conditions for rusting.
h. Give a reason for the answer to (10 marks)
(g). (2 marks)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2006 Paper

Section A 25 marks
j. Calculate the percentage
composition by mass of carbon in
1. You are provided with sugar, a tin, sugar. (3 marks)
tripod stand, wire gauze, a gas or k. Calculate the number of moles of
ethanol burner, matches and a balance. carbon produced (RAM of C =
a. Weigh the empty tin and record 12). (3 marks)
the mass in the table of results. l. Mention any two sources of error
b. With the tin still on the balance, in this experiment. (2 marks)
add sugar until the mass increases 2. You are provided with a candle,
by approximately 10 g. matches, a lens holder, convex lens, a
c. Record the mass of sugar in the white screen and a metre rule.
table of results. a. Arrange the candle, convex lens
d. Heat the sugar in the tin until, and screen as shown below.
black solid (carbon) is formed.
Lens White screen
e. Weigh the tin + black substance.
Lens holder
f. Heat and reweigh several times
until the mass is constant. Meter ruler
Candle
g. Record the mass of tin + carbon in
the table of results.
b. Light the candle.
h. Calculate the mass of carbon
(g – a). c. With the candle at 22.5 cm from
the lens, produce a well focused
i. Record mass of carbon in the
image of the flame on the screen.
table of results.
d. Measure and record the image
Table of results distance in the table of results.
e. Repeat steps (c) and (d) for the
Item Mass (g)
object distances shown in the
Empty tin
table of results.
Tin + Sugar
Sugar
Table of results
Tin + Carbon
Carbon Object distance Image distance
(cm) (cm)
(5 marks) 22.5

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

28.0 carried out in order to determine the

length of nichrome wire that could
37.5
be used to make a 1.5 Ω resistor.
45.0
(13 marks)
52.5
4. Using the following materials only:
(5 marks) a balance, water of density 1 g/cm3,
f. Draw a graph of image distance cooking oil and a clear empty bottle,
against object distance. (6 marks) describe an experiment that could
be done to determine the density of
g. Using the graph, find the object
cooking oil. (12 marks)
distance when the image distance
is 30 cm. (1 mark)

Section B 25 marks

3. Describe an experiment that could be

Questions 14 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2007 Paper

Section A 25 marks
HCl from the initial volume and
record.
1. You are provided with a burette, Initial volume of HCl = _______
clamp and clamp stand, measuring
(1 mark)
cylinder, conical flask, phenolphthalein
indicator, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (0.1 Final volume of HCl = ________
M NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (1 mark)
of unknown concentration.
Volume of HCl used = ________
a. Set up the apparatus as shown in
(1 mark)
the figure below.
k. Write a balanced equation for the
reaction.
(3 marks)
l. Calculate the concentration of
HCl.
(4 marks)
m. State any two sources of error in
the experiment. (2 marks
b. Fill the burette to the mark with
the hydrochloric acid (HCl). 2. You are provided with a string, meter
c. Record the volume of HCl. ruler, stop watch and 4 masses (50 g,
100 g, 150 g and 250 g).
d. Measure 10 ml of the 0.1 M NaOH
and transfer it into the conical a. Arrange the apparatus as shown
flask. below.
e. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator into the conical flask.
f. Add the HCl gradually, in small
amounts, from the burette into the
conical flask.
g. Shake the conical flask as you
gradually add the HCl.
h. Stop adding HCl when a colour
change is observed in the flask.
i. Record the volume of HCl or
remaining in the burette.
j. Subtract the final volume of

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

150
250
(6 marks)
f. Plot a graph of number of
vibrations per second (frequency)
against mass. (5 marks)
g. Using the graph, determine
how mass affects the number of
vibrations per second. (1 mark)
h. Give one variable that has been kept
b. Pull the mass to one side and leave constant in the experiment.
it to vibrate freely. (1 mark)
c. Record the time taken to make 10
complete vibrations. Section B 25 marks
d. Repeat steps b and c using the
100 g, 150 g and 250 g masses 3. Construct a flow diagram that could be
respectively. used to identify acetic acid, ethanol,
hexene and hexane, using tests that
e. Complete the column for number
of vibrations per second in the make use of distilled water, bromine
table. solution, sodium hydroxide solution
and phenolphthalein indicator.
(12 marks)
Table of Results
4. With the aid of a diagram, describe
Mass (g) Time for 10 Number of an experiment that could be done
complete vibrations per to identify unknown substances W,
vibrations second (fre- X and Y given that they are a diode,
(sec) quency) an insulator and a resistor but not
50 necessarily in that order. (13 marks)
100

Questions 16 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2008 Paper

Section A 25 marks

1. You are provided with four test tubes,

distilled water, bromine solution,
sodium hydroxide solution and
phenolphthalein indicator. You are also
provided with unknown liquids labelled
W, X, Y and Z which are hexane,
ethanol, cyclohexene and ethanoic acid
but not necessarily in that order.
a. Perform the tests given in the Flow
diagram in the figure below and
complete the diagram by filling in b. Measure 80 cm of the nichrome
the letters W, X, Y and Z in the wire and connect it on the gap
appropriate boxes. XY.
c. Close the switch.
(8 marks) d. Read and record the ammeter
b. Identify liquids W, X, Y and Z. and voltmeter readings in the
appropriate spaces in the table of
W: _______________________
results.
X: _______________________
e. Calculate resistance and record it
Y: _______________________ in the appropriate space in table
Z: _______________________ of results.

(4 marks) f. Repeat steps (b) to (e) for the

lengths of nichrome wire shown
2. You are provided with a nichrome in the table of results.
wire, metre rule, 2 cells, a cell holder,
a voltmeter, an ammeter, a switch and
Table of results
connecting wires.
Length Ammeter Voltmeter Resis-
a. Connect the circuit shown in the
(cm) reading reading tance
figure. (A) (V) (V/I)
80
60
40

Questions 17 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

20 can be prepared using sodium

chloride crystals. Explanation
(6 marks) should include all the necessary
g. Plot a graph of length against mathematical calculations.
resistance. (6 marks) (Relative atomic mass of Na = 23
and Cl = 35.5). (12 marks)
h. What is the relationship between
length of wire and resistance? 4. a. Describe an experiment that could
be carried out to determine the average
(1 mark)
speed of an athlete given the following
materials: tape measure, stop watch
Section B 25 marks and a whistle. (10 marks)
3. a. Define a “standard solution”. b. State any two possible sources of
(1 mark) error in the experiment.
b. Explain how 500 cm3 of a 0.2 (2 marks)
M sodium chloride solution

Questions 18 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2009 Paper

Section A 25 marks
respectively.
e. Complete the column for number
1. You are provided with a spring, clamp of vibrations per second in the
and clamp stand, stop watch and 4 table.
masses (50 g, 100 g, 150 g and 200 g).
Mass Time for 10 Number of
a. Arrange the apparatus as shown (g) complete vi- vibrations
below. brations (sec) per second
(frequency)
50
100
150
200
(6 marks)
f. Plot a graph of number of
vibrations per second (frequency)
against mass. (5 marks)
g. Using the graph, determine
or how mass affects the number of
vibrations per second. (1 mark)
2. You are provided with four beakers,
distilled water, a measuring cylinder,
sand paper and solutions of copper
sulphate, zinc sulphate, iron sulphate
and magnesium sulphate. You are also
provided with pieces of copper, zinc,
iron and magnesium metals.
a. Pour about 2 cm3 of copper
sulphate solution into each of the
four beakers.
b. Pull the mass downwards by b. Clean the copper, zinc, iron and
a small amount and leave it to magnesium metals using sand
vibrate freely. paper.
c. Record the time taken to make 10 c. Put a piece of each metal into each
complete vibrations. of the four beakers containing
d. Repeat steps b and c using 100 copper sulphate solution.
g, 150 g and 200 g masses,

Questions 19 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

d. Observe the contents of the h. Use the results to arrange the

beakers for 2 to 3 minutes. metals in order of increasing
reactivity. (1 mark)
e. Record the results in the table
below by indicating “Reaction”
or “No reaction”. Section B 25 marks
f. Rinse the beakers with distilled
water. 3. a. Mention any two properties of
light. (2 marks)
g. Repeat steps (a) to (f) using
solutions of zinc sulphate, iron b. With the aid of a labelled diagram,
sulphate and magnesium sulphate, describe how a pure spectrum
respectively. could be produced from white
Table of Results light. (11 marks)
4. With the aid of a clearly labelled
Metals Copper Zinc Iron Mag-
diagram, describe how impure copper
Solutions ne-
could be purified by electrolysis. The
sium
description should include relevant
Copper chemical equations.
sulphate
Zinc sul- (12 marks)
phate
Iron sul-
phate
Mag-
nesium
sulphate
(12 marks)

Questions 20 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2010 Paper

Section A 25 marks 40
50
1. You are provided with a candle,
matches, meter ruler, lens, lens holder (5 marks)
and a screen. h. Plot a graph of (U + V) against
a. Arrange the apparatus as shown U.
in Figure 1 below. (5 marks)
Lens White screen i. Use the graph to find the focal
length of the lens. (2 marks)
Lens holder
2. You are provided with two test tubes
Meter ruler in a rack, a measuring cylinder,
Candle thermometer, spatula, tap water,
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) crystals
and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Figure 1
pellets.
b. Light the candle.
a. Pour 5cm3 of water into each test
c. Move the object (candle) until it tube.
is 20 cm away from the lens.
b. Measure the initial temperature of
d. Move the screen until a clear
water in each test tube and record
image of the object is formed on
the screen. the results in the appropriate
spaces in the table.
e. Measure the image distance, V and
record it in the table of results. c. Add half spatula of ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl) crystals in one
f. Repeat steps c to e for object
test tube and shake gently.
distances shown in the table.
g. Complete the (U + V) column of d. Measure the temperature of the
the table. ammonium chloride solution and
record the results in the table.
Table of results e. Repeat steps c and d using sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) pellets.
Object Image (U + V) cm
distance, U distance, V
(cm) (cm) Table of Results
20
25
30

Questions 21 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Solution Initial Final Tempera- 4. Figure 2 is a diagram showing forces

Tem- Tem- ture change A, B and C acting on a ball which is
perature perature (final tem- falling through a liquid.
(0C) (0C) perature
– initial
tempera-
ture) (0C)
Ammonium
Chloride
(NH4Cl)
Sodium
hydroxide
(NaOH)

(6 marks)
f. State whether the change in
each case is exothermic or Figure 2
endothermic.
a. Name the forces A, B and C.
Ammonium chloride: _ (1 mark)
A: _______________________
Sodium hydroxide: ___ (1 mark)
B: _______________________
g. Draw two energy level diagrams
to illustrate the dissolving of C: ______________ (3 marks)
ammonium chloride and sodium b. With the aid of a well labeled
hydroxide. (4 marks) diagram, describe an experiment
h. State any one source of error in that could be done to demonstrate
the experiment. ______ (1 mark) that resistance of a media affects
the speed of an object falling
through the media.
Section B 25 marks
Your description should use: 2
3. a. Give one advantage of local identical ball bearing, water, oil
method of preparing alcohol over and 2 transparent jars of the same
modern technology. (1 mark) size. (9 marks)
b. With the aid of a well labelled
diagram, describe how alcohol
(Kachasu) can be produced
locally from cereals, sugar and
water.

Questions 22 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2011 Paper

Section A 25 marks
Table 1
Ammeter 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3
1. You are provided with a voltmeter, an
reading (A)
ammeter, a resistance wire, a cell and
connecting wires. Voltmeter
reading (V)
a. Connect a circuit as shown in
Figure 1. (5 marks)
i. Disconnect the circuit.
j. Plot a graph of voltage against
current. (6 marks)
k. From your graph find the voltage
when current is zero. (1 mark)
l. What can you say about the
voltage in (k)? (1 mark)
Figure 1
m. Arrange the apparatus as you
b. Move the crocodile clip Y along found it.
the resistance wire until the
ammeter reads 0.9A. 2. You are provided with a set of test
tubes and unknown organic substances
c. Measure the voltage across length labelled X, Y and Z. You are also
XY of the resistance wire. given the following reagents: Bromine
d. Record the voltmeter reading in solution, dilute NaOH, distilled water
appropriate space in Table 1. and phenolphthalein indicator. On
e. Move the crocodile clip Y along each unknown compound perform the
the resistance wire until the tests shown in Table 2 and record your
ammeter now reads 0.7A. observations in the appropriate spaces.
f. Measure the new voltmeter Remember to wash the tube after each
reading across the new length XY test.
of the wire. Table 2
g. Record the voltmeter reading in Test Substance Substance Sub-
Table 1 under 0.7A. X Y stance Z
h. Repeat steps e, f and g for
ammeter readings of 0.5A, 0.4A,
and 0.3A.

Questions 23 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Add 2 On the basis of observations made, state the

drops of family of organic compounds to which each
unknown of the substances belongs.
substance
to 15 drops X: ________________________________
of
distilled
Y: ________________________________
water in a Z: ________________________ (3 marks)
test tube.
Add 2
drops of Section B 25 marks
unknown
substance 3. With the aid of a well labelled diagram,
to 15 drops describe an experiment that could
of be done to show that frequency of a
bromine
solution in
vibrating pendulum increases with
a test tube decrease in length of string.
To 15 (12 marks)
drops of
dilute 4. a. What is the difference between
NaOH in “strong acid” and “weak acid”?
a test tube
add 2 (1 mark)
drops of
b. With the aid of a well labelled
phenol-
phthalein diagram, describe an experiment
indicator. that could be done to distinguish
now add 2 a strong acid from a weak acid
drops of using the conductivity apparatus.
unknown
substance. (12 marks)
(9 marks)

Questions 24 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2012 Paper

Section A 25 marks
e. Repeat steps b, c, and d for the
following lengths of the string: 60
1. You are provided with a string, a meter cm, 40 cm and 20 cm.
ruler, mass, stop watch, clamp and Table of results
clamp stand.
Length of Time for
a. Arrange the apparatus as shown pendulum
(cm)
10
vibrations
( Time (s) )
Frequency Number of vibrations
in Figure 1. (s)
80
60
40
20

(6 marks)
f. Plot a graph of frequency against
length of pendulum. (5 marks)
g. Use the graph to describe the
relationship between frequency
OR
and length of a pendulum.
(2 marks)
2. You are provided with a burette,
beaker or conical flask, a retort stand,
a measuring cylinder, ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH), 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
(0.1 M NaOH) and phenolphthalein
indicator.
a. Set up the apparatus as shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 1
b. Pull the mass sidewards by a small
amount and allow it to swing
freely.
c. Record in the table of results the
time taken to make 10 complete
vibrations.
d. Calculate frequency and record it Figure 2
in the table. b. Measure 10 ml of the 0.1 M

Questions 25 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

sodium hydroxide and pour it into h. Calculate the concentration

a beaker. of ethanoic acid used in the
experiment. (4 marks)
c. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator into the beaker. i. Give two ways of reducing errors
in the experiment. (2 marks)
d. Pour 20 ml of ethanoic acid into
the burette.
Section B 25 marks
e. Slowly add the ethanoic acid
from the burette into the beaker
and shake until colour change is 3. In a laboratory, labels fell off from
observed. bottles containing an alkane, an alkene,
an alkanol and a carboxylic acid.
f. Record the results in the Describe an experiment that could be
appropriate spaces in the table of
done to identify the contents of the
results.
bottles. (12 marks)
Table of Results
4. a. State any three properties of water
Initial vol- Final vol- Volume of waves. (3 marks)
ume of acid ume of acid acid used
b. Plain water waves are passed
(ml) (ml) (ml)
through two obstacles; one with a
narrow gap and the other with a
(3 marks) wide gap. With the aid of diagrams,
g. Write a balanced chemical describe the waves emerging from
equation for the reaction. the gaps. (10 marks)
(3 marks)

Questions 26 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2013 Paper

Section A 25 marks 25
20
1. You are provided with a candle,
matches, meter ruler, lens, lens holder (6 marks)
and a screen. h. Plot a graph of 1/v against 1/u.
a. Arrange the apparatus as shown (5 marks)
in Figure 1 below.
i. Use the graph to find the focal
Lens White screen length of the lens. (2 marks)

Lens holder
2. You are provided with 3 test tubes,
measuring cylinder, distilled water,
Meter ruler a test tube rack, copper sulphate
Candle solution, aluminium sulphate solution,
iron sulphate solution, copper foil,
Figure 1 aluminium foil and iron nails.

b. Light the candle. a. Pour 2 cm3 of copper sulphate

solution in each of the 3 test
c. Move the object (candle) until it tubes.
is 50 cm away from the lens.
b. Place a piece of copper foil,
d. Move the screen until a clear aluminium foil and an iron nail in
image of the object is formed on each test tube.
the screen.
c. Observe and record the results
e. Measure the image distance, v and by indicating “reaction” or “no
record it in the table of results. reaction” in the appropriate spaces
f. Repeat steps (c) to (e) for object in the table below.
distances shown in the table. d. Rinse the test tubes using distilled
g. Complete the 1/v and 1/u columns water.
of the table. e. Repeat steps (a) to (d) using
aluminium sulphate and iron
Table of results sulphate solutions.

Object Image distance, 1/v 1/u Table of results

distance, v (cm)
u (cm) Metal Copper Alu- Iron
50 sulphate minium sulphate
solution sulphate solution
40 solution
30 Copper

Questions 27 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Aluminium 3. With the aid of a labelled velocity –

Iron time graph, describe the motion of a
sky diver dropped from an aeroplane in
(9 marks) the sky before and after the parachute
f. Arrange the metals in order of opens. (12 marks)
their reactivity, with the most
4. Using concentrated solutions of
reactive metal at the top.
ammonia and hydrochloric acid,
(2 marks) describe an experiment that could be
g. Which of the metals is the done to demonstrate that light particles
strongest reducing agent? travel faster than heavy particles.
(1 mark) The description should include the
following materials: glass tube, corks
and cotton wool. (13 marks)
Section B 25 marks

Questions 28 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2014 Paper

Section A 25 marks Current Voltage “Lost voltage”

(A) across cell (V)
1. You are provided with a cell, cell (V)
holder, ammeter, voltmeter, 1 meter
nichrome wire, connecting wires and a
0.2
switch.
0.4
a. Connect a circuit as shown in the 0.6
following figure:
(4 marks)
h. Plot a graph of voltage across cell
against current. (5 marks)
A Connector (Crocodile clip)

Nichrome wire i. Explain the cause of “voltage loss”

when the switch is closed.
(3 marks)
b. With the switch open, measure the
voltage across the cell and current 2. You are provided with copper sulphate
in the circuit. (CuSO4) solution, a beaker, copper
strip, 2 cells, connecting wires, an iron
c. Record the voltage and current in
nail and a switch.
the table of results.
a. Arrange the apparatus as shown
d. Close the switch and adjust the
in the following figure:
connector until the ammeter reads
0.2 A.
e. Read the voltage across the cell
and record in the appropriate
space in the table of results.
f. Repeat steps (d) and (e) using the
ammeter readings given in the
table.
b. Close the switch and observe the
g. Complete the table by working out
experiment for 5 minutes.
the voltage losses. (Voltage with
switch open minus ( - ) voltage c. Record your observations in the
with switch closed). table of results.
Table of results

Questions 29 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Table of results 3. a. With the aid of a labelled diagram,

describe an experiment that could
Metal Initial colour Final colour
be done to show how the frequency
Iron nail of a vibrating spring is affected by
Copper foil mass hung on the spring.
(4 marks) (12 marks)
d. Using appropriate half equation, b. Mention one source of error in the
explain the observation on the experiment. (1 mark)
iron nail. (8 marks)
4. With the aid of a diagram, describe an
e. Why is a copper strip used as the experiment that could be done to show
anode in the experiment? whether sugar and sodium chloride are
(1 mark) molecular or ionic compounds.
(12 marks)
Section B 25 marks

Questions 30 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals
MSCE 2015 Paper

Section A 25 marks
n. Use the graph to explain the results
of the experiment. (3 marks)
1. You are provided with 2 cells, a cell 2. You are provided with a cell, a bulb, a
holder, an ammeter, connecting wires beaker, 2 nails, connecting wires and
and nichrome wire with different 40 ml of different liquids labelled J, K,
number of strands. L, M, N and O.
h. Set the apparatus as shown a. Set up the apparatus as shown
below. below:
Cell

Bulb

A
Gap Nails
i. Complete the circuit by placing
nichrome wire with one strand in
the gap.
j. Note the ammeter reading and
record it in the table of results. b. Pour 40 ml of liquid J into the
k. Remove the nichrome wire from beaker.
the gap.
c. Dip the nails into the liquid.
l. Repeat steps b to d using nichrome
wires with two, three, four and d. Observe the bulb and record
five strands. “light” or “no light” in the
appropriate space in the table of
results.
Table of results
e. Remove the nails from the
Number of strands Current (A) beaker.
1 f. Rinse the beaker and the nails
2 with distilled water.
3 g. Repeat steps b to f using liquids
4 K, L, M, N and O.
5
(5 marks) Table of results
m. Plot a graph of current against Liquid Observation
number of strands. (5 marks) J

Questions 31 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

K Section B 25 marks
L
3. With the aid of a labelled diagram,
M
explain how a slide projector works to
N produce an image.
O
(12 marks)
(6 marks)
4. With the aid of labelled diagrams,
h. Classify the liquids as ionic or
describe an experiment that could be
covalent.
carried out to show that both water and
Ionic: ________________________ oxygen are necessary for rusting.
Covalent: _____________________ (13 marks)
(6 marks)

Questions 32 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

SUGGESTED ANSWERS
2000 PAPER II Model Solutions
1.
TEST Add 5 drops phenol- Add 5 drops HCl Put 2 drops of un-
phthalein to 15 drops (acid) to 15 drops known on spatula and
unknown unknown bring burner flames
RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS

SUBSTANCE
K No colour change No colour change Burns in air (oxygen)
L Turns pink or purple No colour change No burning
M No colour change No colour change No burning
N No colour change Precipitate formed No burning
K – Alkane, L – sodium hydroxide, M – chloroalkane, and N – sodium bicarbonate.
Note: In answering this question, the assumption is that the confidential instructions
indicated that dropper bottles K, L, M and N contained alkane, sodium hydroxide,
chloroalkane and sodium bicarbonate respectively.
2. f.
Mass (g) 0 50 100 150 200
Length (cm) 2.2 3.4 5.2 7.4 9.5
Change in length 0 1.2 3.0 5.2 7.3
(extension) cm
l (new) – l (initial)
g. graph paper to be provided

h. Gradient = =
= 25 g/cm

Questions 33 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Mass (g) against Extension (cm)

y
Mass (g)

200

150

100

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
extension (cm)
3. a. A solution is a mixture of a solute and solvent in which a solute has completely
dissolved in a solvent.
b. (i) grams per dm3 or grams per litre and
(ii) moles per dm3 or moles per litre
c. Firstly, mass of solid NaOH required must be calculated:
Number of moles = molarity × volume
0.2 M × (250/1000) litre = 0.05 mol
Mass of NaOH required = number of moles × RFM
= 0.05 mol × 40 g/mol = 2 g
Using a triple beam balance or electronic digital balance, an exact mass of 2 g solid
NaOH is weighed and transferred into a volumetric flask of capacity 250 ml. Distilled
water is slowly added to solid NaOH while stirring using a glass rod. The distilled water
is added until all the mass is completely dissolved and the mark is reached. The solution
prepared has a concentration of 0.2 M.

Questions 34 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

4.

lamp
(source
of white screen
light) convex
lens prism

An apparatus is arranged as shown in the diagram. The filament of a lamp (bulb) acts as
a narrow source of white light. The rays of white light are incident on the convex lens.
The convex lens converges (brings together) the parallel rays of light on the prism. As
the light passes through the prism, the light splits into a range of colours. White light
is actually a mixture of colours rather than a single colour, and the prism refracts these
different colours by different amounts. The band of colours obtained on the white screen
is called a spectrum and the colours are in this order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet (ROYGBIV).

2001 PAPER II Model Solutions

1.
Solution Initial temperature (ºc) Final temperature (ºc) Change in temperature (ºc)
A 24 22 -2
B 24 29 +5

Note: In answering this question, the assumption is that the confidential instructions
indicated that substance A is ammonium nitrate or ammonium chloride or sodium
hydrogen carbonate and substance B is sodium hydroxide.

j. A is endothermic
B is exothermic
k. (i) Solution A

Questions 35 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

(products)

A + H2O (reactants)
(ii) Solution B
B + H2O (reactants)

(products)
2. a.
Length of pipe (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Mass of pipe (grams) 0 5 10 16 22 27
b.
Mass (g) against Length (cm)

Questions 36 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

y
30
Mass (g)

25

20

15

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 x
length (cm)

c. Slope = =
= 1.1 g/cm
3.

Questions 37 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

The apparatus is arranged as shown in the two diagrams. The liquid solvent (such as water)
rises by capillary action up the chromatography paper (filter paper). While passing over
the mixture spot (red soap spot), the solvent dissolves the spot and the mixture then rises
up the paper; being carried inside the liquid solvent. But the ingredients of the mixture
have different solubilities i.e. some are more soluble than others in the solvent. The more
soluble ingredients adhere (cling) to the chromatography paper less strongly than the less
soluble. Such difference makes the ingredients to rise up the chromatography paper at
different speeds. This causes the separation of the ingredients thereby rising at different
heights. As each ingredient dries up, a pattern of spots is then formed and finally the
components of the dyes of the soap could be isolated. Finally, the chemist can compare
the components of the dyes of the two brands of soap to see if they are different.
4. a. Sound is produced by vibrations as such it travels faster in solids than in gases
because the particles in solids are more closely packed than in liquids.
b.

An apparatus is arranged as shown in the diagram. The jar is well sealed and the electric
bell is made to ring. The sound could be heard clearly from outside of the jar by an
observer. The vacuum pump is then started up. After some time the sound becomes fainter
(quieter) and fainter until finally the bell could no longer be heard from the outside. The
bell could be seen to be working, because of the continued movements of the striking
hammer from the outside. Finally, air is allowed to enter the jar once more and the result
is that the sound is heard again loudly. This is an indication, therefore, that sound cannot
travel through a vacuum. Sound needs a medium to carry its energy.
In summary, the above experiment demonstrates that without a medium sound cannot

Questions 38 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

propagate and hence for the propagation of sound medium must be present.

2002 PAPER II Model Solutions

1.
• temperature of water before heating = 24 ºC
• temperature of water after heating = 42 ºC
• mass of lamp plus ethanol before heating = 432 g
• mass of lamp plus ethanol after heating = 429 g
• mass of ethanol used up = (432 – 429) =3g
h. H = m × c × ΔT
H = 200 g × 4.2 J/g ºC × 18 ºC
H = 15120 J
Note: 1 cm3 of water has a mass of 1 g hence 200 cm3 weighs 200 g, c is the specific heat
capacity of water and temperature change (ΔT) = 42 ºC – 24 ºC = 18 ºC
i. 15120 J
j. Heat supplied per gram of ethanol = heat supplied = 15120 J = 5040 J/g
mass 3g
k. (1) Incorrect reading of the instruments i.e. thermometer and beam balance.
(2) Some of the heat energy supplied by ethanol is lost since the beaker is not
covered (sealed).
(3) Faulty instrument (instrument error).
2.
Initial volume of Hydrochloric Final volume of Volume of HCl used (cm3)
acid (cm3) Hydrochloric acid (cm3)
00 9.8 9.8
9.8 19.7 9.9
j. Average volume of HCl used = 9.8 + 9.9
2
= 9.85
= 9.9 cm3 (to 1 d.p.)

Questions 39 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

k. C1 × V1 _______
_______ C2 × V2
n1 = n2

C1 × 10cm3 = 0.1 M × 9.9cm3

_________ ____________
1 1

C1 = 0.099
Concentration of NaOH is 0.1 M (to 1 d.p.)

Note: n1 and n2 are determined from a balanced chemical equation involving the reaction
between HCl and NaOH i.e. 1 mole of HCl reacts with 1 mole of NaOH:
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

3. a. Resonance is the effect that takes place when a body is made to vibrate at its
natural frequency by vibrations received from another vibrating source of the same
frequency.
b.

Water

The apparatus is set as shown in the diagram. The length of the air column is adjusted
by raising and lowering a reservoir of water (dyed red). The raising and lowering of the

Questions 40 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

reservoir adjusts the height of water in the open-air tube, and thus adjusts the length of
the air column inside the tube. As the length of the air column is decreased, the natural
frequency of the air column is increased.
While adjusting the height of the liquid in the tube, a vibrating tuning fork is held
above the air column of the tube. When the natural frequency of the air column is
tuned to the frequency of the vibrating tuning fork, resonance occurs and a loud
sound results. The vibrating tuning fork forces air particles within the air column
into vibrational motion.
In conclusion, resonance occurs when two interconnected objects share the same
vibrational frequency. When one of the objects is vibrating, it forces the second
object into vibrational motion. The result is a large vibration. And if a sound wave
within the audible range of human hearing is produced, a loud sound is heard.
c. (i) A child’s swing (a playground swing) can be made to swing high by someone
pushing in time with the free swinging.
(ii) A person on a diving board – jumping up and down of the diver is the ‘forcing
vibration’ and the ‘following vibration’ are the vertical oscillations of the
diving board itself.
4. a. Concentration
The products of a reaction are formed as a result of the collisions between reactant
particles. There are more particles in a more concentrated solution than in a less
concentrated (dilute) solution. Collisions of particles occur more often in a more
concentrated solution. The more often they collide, the greater the chance they
have of reacting. This means that the rate of a chemical reaction will increase if the
concentration of reactants is increased.
b. Temperature
When the temperature at which the reaction is carried out is increased, the energy
that the particles have also increases – the particles move faster. This increases the
number of collisions of reacting particles, and the collisions which occur are more
energetic and so more likely to form products. Therefore, if the temperature at
which a reaction takes place is increased then the rate of reaction will increase.
c. Particle size
When the particle size of the reactants is decreased it means the surface area has
been increased i.e. there is an increased amount of surface of reacting particles
with which to collide. The products of a reaction are formed when collisions occur
between reactant particles. Therefore, the increase in surface area (or the decrease
in particle size) of the reacting particles increases the rate of reaction.

Questions 41 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2003 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. e.
Distance between mass and fulcrum (cm) Effort (N)
10 0.5
20 1.0
30 1.5
40 2.0
50 2.5
60 3.0
g.
Effort (N) against Distance (cm)
y
4.0
Effort (N)

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x
Distance (cm)

Questions 42 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

h. As the distance between mass and fulcrum increases the effort also increases. There
is a direct relationship between distance and effort.

2. a. Mass of empty evaporating basin = 32.5 g

c. Mass of empty evaporating basin + hydrated CuSO4 = 37.5 g
d. Mass of hydrated CuSO4 = 5 g
f. Mass of empty evaporating basin + white CuSO4 = 35.7 g
g. (Mass of evaporating basin + white CuSO4) – mass of empty evaporating basin
= 35.7 g – 32.5 g = 3.2 g
h. Mass of hydrated copper sulphate – mass of white powder = 5 g – 3.2 g = 1.8 g

i. Percentage of water in the hydrated copper sulphate = × 100 = 36%

j. Water of crystallisation
k. (1) Faulty instrument or equipment e.g. a balance (2) Inaccurate reading of
measurements i.e. mass on a balance (3) Incomplete heating of hydrated
copper sulphate (i.e. not thoroughly heated to remove all the water

3.

The experiment is set up as shown in the diagram above. The switch is closed and
observations are made and recorded. In the solution the following ions are present; H+

Questions 43 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

(aq), OH- (aq), and SO42- (aq).

The reaction at negative cathode electrode is a reduction (electron gain). The hydrogen
ions (H+) are attracted to the negative cathode and are discharged as hydrogen gas. So
the hydrogen ions are reduced to hydrogen molecules by electron gain according to the
half-equation:
2H+ (aq) + 2e → H2 (g) (hydrogen gas, bubbles seen on the negative electrode)
The positive anode reaction is an oxidation electrode reaction (electron loss). The
negative sulphate ions (SO42-) or the traces of hydroxide ions (OH-) are attracted to the
positive electrode. But the sulphate ions are too stable and nothing happens. Instead
either hydroxide ions or water molecules are discharged and oxidised to form oxygen.
2H2O (l) → 4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e (oxygen gas released)
Overall equation for the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid is 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2
(g); which is also the overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

4. a. (i)

(ii) Effective (combined) resistance = 2Ω

Using the following notations; RT = 2Ω, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = unknown resistance

RT =

2Ω =

Questions 44 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2Ω(4Ω + R2) = 4ΩR2

8Ω2 + 2ΩR2 = 4ΩR2
8Ω2 = 2ΩR2

= R2
4Ω = R2
Value of unknown resistance = 4Ω
b. (i)
diode

cell bulb

(ii) When the cell is reversed the bulb does not give light. Practically, if the
connections are the other way round, the diode does not conduct; its resistance
is large and it is reversed biased.

2004 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. e.
Table of results
Number of strands Current (A)
1 0.5
2 0.9
3 1.3
4 1.7
5 2.2

Questions 45 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

f.
Current (A) against Number of strands

y
3.0
Current (A)

2.5

2.0

1.5

0.1

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of strands x

g. The graph shows that as the number of strands increases the amount of current
flowing also increases (direct relationship). This is the case because increasing
number of strands makes the thickness (cross-section area) to increase resulting
into decreasing electrical resistance. As a result much current flows more easily in
thicker wire (more strands) than in thinner wire (less strands).

2. a.

Questions 46 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Test Add 1 – 2 drops of Add 1 drop of phe- Add 1 – 2 drops of

substance to 15 drops nolphthalein to 15 substance to 15 drops
of distilled water drops NaOH then 1 of bromine
drop of substance
RESULT RESULT RESULT

Substance
P One layer observed The pink colour The brown colour
that is formed turns remains the same
colourless
Q Two layers observed The pink colour The brown colour
remains the same remains the same
R One layer observed The pink colour The brown colour
remains the same remains the same
S The pink colour The brown colour
Two layers observed remains the same turns colourless
b.
P: Carboxylic acid
Q: Alkane
R: Alkanol
S: Alkene
Note: In answering this question, it is assumed that the confidential instructions
indicated that compounds P, Q, R and S are carboxylic acid, alkane, alkanol and
alkene respectively.

3. a. Ray diagram showing position of object, image, principal focus and principal axis
convex lens
object image
F
principal axis
F

An image of any object (e.g. burning candle) may be located by use of ray diagrams.

Questions 47 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Ray diagrams are always drawn to scale using lines to represent rays. The position of
the object decides what kind of light ray diagram will be drawn and the image position.
Information about the images formed by a lens can be obtained by drawing any two of
the following rays:
• A ray parallel to the principal axis which is refracted (bent) through the principal
focus F on the other side of converging lens.
• A ray through the optical centre C which is undeviated (not refracted or bent).
• A ray through the principal focus F which refracted (bent) parallel to the principal
axis.
All rays always start from the same point and a combination of any two of three will
give us the position of the image. Precisely, the image forms at the point where the rays
cross each other and it is upside down as shown in the diagram above.
b. The image is diminished and it becomes clear (sharp) with decreasing image
distance.

4. (i) A small piece of the element is cut using a knife and it is placed in a test tube
containing distilled water. Observations are made and recorded as the reaction
progresses.
A burning candle (the flame part) is brought closer to the mouth of the test tube.
Observations are made and recorded.
A red litmus paper is dipped into the solution formed (or 1 – 2 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator are added to the solution formed). Once again, observations are made and
recorded.
Table of results
Activity Observation
Bringing the flame closer to the mouth of a test tube
Dipping a red litmus paper is dipped into the solu-
tion
Adding 1 – 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to
the solution

Conclusion:
When a small piece of freshly cut alkali metal is put in a test tube with distilled water

Questions 48 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

bubbles of a gas are formed that give a ‘pop’ sound when ignited (brought near a flame).
The gas is hydrogen. The liquid formed turns phenolphthalein solution into a pink colour
or changes litmus paper to blue colour. The liquid is a base.
(ii) 2X (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2XOH (aq) + H2 (g)

2005 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. e.
Length in cm Time for 10 complete Number of vibrations per sec-
vibrations (sec) ond
40 12 10/12 = 0.83
30 11 10/11 = 0.9
20 9 10/9 = 1.1
10 7 10/7 = 1.4
g.
Number of vibrations per second (Hz) against Length of a string (cm)

Questions 49 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

y
1.6
Number of vibrations per sec (Hz)

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 10 20 30 40 x
Length of string (cm)
h. As the length of string increases the number of vibrations per second (frequency)
decreases. Thus, a decrease in the length of string results into an increase in the
number of vibrations per second (frequency).
i. Mass on the string

2. e.

Questions 50 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Liquid in the Initial Substance Final tem- Temperature Other chang-

test tube temperature added perature change (°C) es observed
(°C) reached during reac-
during tion
reaction
(°C)
Hydrochloric 26 Magnesium 45 19 A gas
acid ribbon evolves out
of the test
tube and
the test tube
becomes
warmer (hot-
ter)
Hydrochloric 26 Potassium 22 -4 Some
acid hydrogen bubbles are
carbonate formed and
or sodium the test tube
hydrogen becomes
carbonate colder.
g. The reaction between hydrochloric acid solution and potassium hydrogen carbonate
(or sodium hydrogen carbonate) is endothermic.
h. The reaction gains (or absorbs) heat energy from the surrounding into the system as
result the surrounding temperature falls down. The change in heat energy (heats of
reaction) is positive for this type of reaction.
i.
2HCl + Mg
H1 Reactants
– ∆H
energy
H2 products
MgCl2+H2

progress of reaction (time)

Questions 51 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

3. a.
soft iron coil

bulb

a.c Supply

secondary coil
primary coil

With a step-down transformer, the primary is connected to a low voltage a.c.

supply. The secondary is connected to any electrical appliance (e.g. a small bulb).
As current flows backwards and forwards and backwards through the primary, it
sets up an alternating magnetic field in the core. This induces an alternating e.m.f.
and current in the secondary and so the bulb lights up.
A transformer is said to be a step-down if it has few turns in secondary than in
primary, and the secondary or output voltage is less than the primary or input
voltage.
b. A fuse breaks the circuit if a fault in an appliance causes too much current flow. This
protects the wiring and the appliance if something goes wrong. The fuse contains a
piece of wire that melts easily. If the current going through the fuse is too great, the
wire melts and breaks the circuit.
4. a. (i) Oxidation is the loss of electron(s) by an element, molecule or ion.
(ii) Reduction is the gaining of electron(s) by an element, molecule or ion.
b.

Questions 52 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

a. Place three iron nails in a test tube (1) with some white dry calcium chloride solid.
The top of the test tube plugged with some cotton wool. Calcium chloride absorbs
water vapour from the air and so the air is dry – water is not present.
b. Place three iron nails in a stoppered test tube (2) of boiled water with a layer of oil
on top of the water. The water is boiled for about 15 minutes to drive off all the
dissolved oxygen. The oil prevents oxygen from the air dissolving in the water.
c. Three nails are placed in an open test tube (3) containing some water.
d. Allow the tubes to stand in a beaker or test tube rack for a few days and examine
for rusting.
e. Expected results: Rusting only occurs in tube 3; no rusting without water or without
oxygen.
f. Conclusion: Water and oxygen are together needed for rusting.

In summary;
Tube 1: No rusting, CaCl2 being a drying agent makes the tube to have no water. There
is only one essential requirement which is oxygen (from the air).
Tube 2: No rusting, in boiled water dissolved oxygen is removed and the layer of oil
prevents air from dissolving in the water. As such water alone cannot make
rust on the iron nails.
Tube 3: Rusting is observed on the iron nails since oxygen (from the air) and water are
available.

Questions 53 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2006 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. i
Item Mass (g)
Empty tin 25
Tin + Sugar 35
Sugar (35 – 25) = 10
Tin + Carbon 29.5
Carbon (29.5 – 25) = 4.5

j. % Composition by mass of carbon in sugar = × 100 = × 100 =

45%

k. Number of moles of carbon = = = 0.375 mol

l. (i) Faulty instrument (faulty balance)
(ii) Incomplete burning or heating of sugar

2. e.
Object distance (cm) Image distance (cm)
22.5 45
28.0 32
37.5 25
45.0 23
52.5 21

f.
Image distance against Object distance

Questions 54 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

y
60
Image distance (cm)

50

40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Object distance (cm)
g. Object distance = 30 cm

3.

cell switch

A ammeter

Gap

V
Voltmeter

The circuit is set as shown in the diagram above. A 100 cm nichrome wire is connected
in the gap. The switch is closed to complete the circuit. The ammeter and voltmeter

Questions 55 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

readings are observed and recorded in the table of results. The switch is opened and the
nichrome wire is removed.
Following the above procedure; 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm and 20 cm lengths of nichrome
wire are connected in the gap respectively and their ammeter and voltmeter readings are
observed and recorded in the table of results.
The resistance of each length of nichrome wire is calculated and recorded in ohms (Ω)
using the formula:

Resistance =

Table of results
Length (cm) Ammeter reading (A) Voltmeter reading (V) Resistance (V/I)
100
80
60
40
20
Finally, a graph of resistance (Ω) against length (cm) is plotted. From the plotted graph,
length of nichrome wire that could be used to make 1.5 Ω resistor is easily determined.
This is done by drawing a horizontal line from a point (1.5 Ω) on the y – axis to the graph
line and now draw it vertically (downwards) until it touches the x – axis. The point on
the x – axis is the length of nichrome wire required.

2007 PAPER II Model Solutions

1.
Initial volume of HCl = 00 ml
Final volume of HCl = 10 ml
Volume of HCl used = 10 ml

k. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

l. _______
C1 × V1 =C × V2
______
2
n1 n2

Questions 56 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

C × 10 ml = 0.1
_________
1
M × 10 ml
___________
1 1

C1 = 0.1
Concentration of HCl is 0.1 M
m. (1) Incorrect reading of the instruments i.e. burette and measuring cylinder.
(2) Overshooting of HCl solution from the burette to the conical flask when the
colour change takes place i.e. unable to close the burette immediately after
observing the colour change.
(3) Use of poorly calibrated instruments or faulty instrument (instrument error).

2. e.
Mass (g) Time for 10 complete vibrations Number of vibrations per second
(sec) (frequency)
50 14 0.7
100 14 0.7
150 14 0.7
250 14 0.7

f.

Questions 57 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Vibrations per second (Hz) against Mass (g)

y
1.0
Vibrations per sec (frequency/Hz)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 50 100 150 200 250 x

Mass (g)
g. Increase in mass does not affect the number of vibrations per second i.e. change in
mass does not make change in vibrations per second (frequency).
h. (1) length of string (2) type of string

3.

Questions 58 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

ethanol
pink colour remains the same

(Acid test)
To a pink mixture of NaOH solution
and phenolphthalein
one layer acetic acid indicator add some drops
ethanol of each sample respectively

(Solubility test)
Acetic acid pink colour turns colourless
Add a few drops of each acetic acid
Ethanol
Hexene sample to few drops of red/brown colour remains the same
hexane
Hexane distilled water respectively
hexene
(Bromine test)
hexane
A few drops of each sample are
two layers added to bromine solution separately

hexene
red/brown colour turns colourless

4.

The circuit is set as shown in the diagram. Firstly, substance W is connected in the gap
and the switch is closed. The ammeter reading is observed and recorded. The substance
is removed and reconnected while reversed. The ammeter reading is checked again.
The above procedure is repeated for substances X and Y respectively.
From the results the three substances could be identified; the one that conducts current
in both directions is a resistor, the one that conducts in one direction only is a diode and
the one that does not conduct in either direction is an insulator.
Note: An ammeter could be replaced with a bulb in this experiment. Hence, the conclusion
will be a substance that conducts in both directions by giving light is a resistor, the one
that gives light in one direction only is a diode and the one that does not give light in
either direction is an insulator.

Questions 59 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2008 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. a.

Put 10 drops of sodium Pink

W
hydroxide in a clean
one layer W test tube. Add 2 drops
Y of phenolphalein and
15 drops of unknown
liquid. Shake gently Y
W Put 15 drops of distilled Colourless
water in each test tube
X
Y Add 2 to 3 drops of each
unknown liquid in each Red/
Z
test tube and shake Brown
gently. X
Put 10 drops of bromine
X solution in a clean test tube.
two layers Z Add 2 drops of unknown
liquid. Shake gently
Z
Colourless

b. W: ethanol
X: hexane
Y: ethanoic acid
Z: cyclohexene
Note: It does not mean that every time one conducts such type of experiments they will
get the above order of results. You are supposed to know the chemical tests and their
expected results. Thus, alkanes and alkenes are insoluble in water hence they will show
two layers when mixed or added to water. Alkenes react with bromine solution and this
is noticed when red or brown colour of bromine solution disappears (turns colourless)
the moment an alkene is added to bromine solution. This is known as bromine test.
It must be also known that small alkanols and carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids) are soluble
in water hence they will show one layer when mixed or added to water. Carboxylic acids
(alkanoic acids) are easily identified by carrying acid test. Acids normally turn the pink
solution (mixture) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and phenolphthalein solution
into colourless.

Questions 60 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2. e.
Length (cm) Ammeter reading (A) Voltmeter reading (V) Resistance (V/I)
80 0.3 2.3 7.7
60 0.4 2.0 5
40 0.7 1.7 2.4
20 0.9 1.3 1.4
Caution: These results are not final. Results are dependent on the size of nichrome wire
used and the strength of cells.
g.
Length of a wire (cm) against Resistance (Ω)
y
100

80
Length (cm)

70

60

40

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 x
Resistance (Ω)
h. As the length of a nichrome wire increase, its electrical resistance increases as well.
There is a direct relationship between length of a wire and its resistance.

Questions 61 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

3. a. A standard solution is a solution of known molarity (or concentration).

Explanation: A standard solution is a solution containing a precisely known
concentration of an element or a substance, a known weight of solute is
dissolved to make a specific volume. It is prepared using a standard substance,
such as a primary standard.
b.
Volume required = 500 cm3 = 500/1000 = 0.5 dm3
Molarity required = 0.2 M = 0.2 mol/dm3
Relative formula mass (RFM) of NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g/mol
Number of moles of NaCl = volume × molarity = 0.5 dm3 × 0.2 mol/dm3 = 0.1
mol
Mass of NaCl required = RFM × number of moles = 58 g/mol × 0.1 mol = 5.8 g
Using a triple beam balance (electronic balance) measure an exact mass of 5.8 g of
NaCl.Using distilled water the mass is dissolved up to an exact volume of 500 cm3. The
solution prepared is 500 cm3 of a 0.2 M sodium chloride solution.
4. a Firstly, the stop watch is set at zero (0) second. An observer stands on the other end
of a running field with a stop watch in hand. The starting and the finishing lines are
clearly marked.
An observer blows the whistle to alert an athlete to start running while at the same
time, the stop watch is started. The moment an athlete reaches the finishing line the
watch is stopped and the time taken is recorded.
Using a tape measure, the distance between the starting line and finishing line is
measured and recorded.
Finally an average speed of an athlete is calculated using the the following formula:
Average speed = Distance covered (m)
Time taken (s)
An average speed is expressed in meters per second (m/s).
b. (i) Faulty instrument e.g. stop watch
(ii) Incorrect reading of instruments e.g. stop watch and tape measure
(iii) Poor timing on the part of an observer

Questions 62 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2009 PAPER II Model Solutions

1 e.
Mass (g) Time for 10 complete vibrations Number of vibrations per second
(sec) (frequency)
50 3 3.3
100 4 2.5
150 5 2.0
200 6 1.7
f.
Number of vibrations per second (Hz) against Mass (g)

Questions 63 Model Answers

 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

y
4.0
Number of vibrations per sec (freq./ Hz)

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0 50 100 150 200 250 x

Mass (g)
g. As mass increases the number of vibrations per second decreases or decreasing
mass causes an increase in number of vibrations per second (frequency).

2.
Metals Copper Zinc Iron Magnesium
Solutions
Copper sulphate Reaction Reaction Reaction

Questions 64 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Zinc sulphate No reaction No reaction Reaction

Iron sulphate No reaction Reaction Reaction

Magnesium No reaction No reaction No reaction

sulphate
h. Copper, iron, zinc, magnesium

3. a. (i) reflection (ii) refraction (iii) dispersion

b.

lamp
(source
of white screen
light) convex
lens prism

An apparatus is arranged as shown in the diagram. The filament of a lamp (bulb)

acts as a narrow source of white light. The convex lens converges (brings together)
the parallel rays of light on the prism. As the light passes through the prism, the
light splits into a range of colours. White light is actually a mixture of colours
rather than a single colour, and the prism refracts these different colours by different
amounts. The band of colours obtained on the white screen is called a spectrum
and the colours are in this order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
(ROYGBIV).
4.

Questions 65 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

An apparatus is arranged as shown in the diagram. The switch is closed. During the
process the impure copper (anode) loses mass because the copper atoms lose electrons
and become copper ions;
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2ê
The electrons released at the anode travel around the external circuit to the cathode.
There, at the cathode, the electrons are passed on the copper ions (from CuSO4 solution)
and the pure copper is deposited or plated on the cathode. This can be shown by the half
equation;
Cu2+ + 2ê → Cu(s)
Any impurities fall to the bottom of the cell and collect below the anode.

2010 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. g.
Object distance, U (cm) Image distance, V (cm) (U + V) cm
20 60 80
25 37.5 62.5
30 30 60
40 24 64
50 21.5 71.5

Questions 66 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

U + V (cm) against U (cm)

h.
y
100
(u + v) cm

90

80

70

60

50
10 20 30 40 50 x
0
U (cm)
Table of results
i. U at minimum point of the graph = 30 cm

Focal length of the lens = = = 15 cm

2. e.
Solution Initial Final Temperature change (final
Temperature Temperature temperature – initial
(0C) (0C) temperature) (0C)
Ammonium 26 22 -4
Chloride (NH4Cl)
Sodium hydroxide 26 40 14
(NaOH)
f.

Questions 67 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

Ammonium chloride: endothermic reaction

Sodium hydroxide: exothermic reaction
g.
Exothermic reaction
NaOH + H2O
H1 Reactants
– ∆H
energy
H2 products
Na+ + OH–

progress of reaction (time)

Endothermic reaction

NH4+ + Cl–
Heat energy
(kJ/mol) + ∆H

NH4Cl + H2O

progress of reaction (time)

h. Faulty instrument and inaccurate measurement (poor observation)

3. a. It is cheap because the raw materials are locally available and easily accessible.
b. In local method, sugar, maize husks, warm water are mixed and left to stand for at
least three days for the mixture to ferment. After fermentation, the ethanol produced
is separated from the mixture using distillation method.
The following diagram shows how ethanol is separated from its mixture in local
way of producing ethanol:

Questions 68 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

delivery tube

The fermented mixture of sugar and maize husks is heated in a big clay pot until boiling
takes place. Since ethanol has lower boiling point than water, it boils off first. Ethanol
vapour rises and moves through the delivery tube and passes over the cold water
(condenser) where it condenses to liquid ethanol. Pure ethanol (kachasu) is collected as
distillate in the collecting bottle.
Note: At sea level, pure ethanol boils at 78ºC and pure water boils at 100ºC.

4. a.
A: frictional force (fluid resistance)
B: upthrust
C: weight (gravitational force)
b.
The apparatus is set as shown in the diagrams above. The heights of the liquids in both
jars are measured and recorded. The stop watch is set at zero. In the first jar containing
water, the ball is released at the same time the stop watch is started. As soon as the ball
hits the bottom the watch is stopped and the time taken is recorded.
The above procedure is followed, now using the jar containing oil.
The speed of the ball ( both in water and oil) is calculated using the formula:

Speed = Distance (height) in cm . The speed is calculated in cm/s.

Time in seconds
In conclusion, the two speeds are compared to establish if really resistance of a media
affects the speed of an object falling through the media.

Questions 69 Model Answers

MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2011 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. h.
Ammeter reading (A) 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3
Voltmeter reading (V) 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.2
j.
Voltage (V) against Current (A)
y

3
Voltage (V)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 x

0
Current (A)
k. Voltage = 2.95V
l. The voltage found in (k) is the electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
2.

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Test Substance X Substance Y Substance Z

Add 2 drops of unknown One layer Two layers One layer
substance to 15 drops of
distilled water in a test
tube.
Add 2 drops of unknown Remains red/brown Turns red/brown Remains red/
substance to 15 drops of to colourless(red/ brown
bromine solution in a test brown colour
tube disappears)
To 15 drops of dilute Turns pink colour Remains pink Remains pink
NaOH in a test tube add 2 to colourless (pink
drops of phenolphthalein colour disappears)
indicator. Now add 2
drops of unknown sub-
stance.
X: carboxylic acid (alkanoic acid) Y: alkene Z: alkanol
In answering this question, it is assumed that the confidential instructions indicated that
substances X, Y and Z are organic compounds from the families of carboxylic acid
(alkanoic acid), alkene and alkanol respectively.

3.

An apparatus is set as shown in the diagram. The stop-clock is set to zero reading.
With a string length of 60 cm, the pendulum mass is pulled aside about 10cm (or any
sizeable distance) and released. The stop-clock is started as soon as the mass is released.
Count 10 complete vibrations (oscillations) and stop the clock and record the time taken.
The experiment is repeated using different lengths of string of 45 cm, 30cm and 15 cm

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respectively. In each case the frequency is calculated using the formula:

Frequency = No. of complete vibrations (oscillations)
Time taken
The results are tabulated as shown in the following table and a graph of frequency against
length is plotted in order to deduce the relation between the two variables.
Length of string Time taken for 10 complete oscillations Frequency
(cm) (sec) (Hz)
60
45
30
15
Finally, it can be noted from the graph that the frequency of a vibrating pendulum
increases with decrease in length of string.
Note: As a candidate you are not only confined to use the above lengths but you can as
well use any sizeable (reasonable) lengths.
4. a. A strong acid is the one ionises completely when dissolved in water and releases a lot
of protons (hydrogen ions) whereas a weak acid partially ionises when dissolved in
water and releases a few protons.
b.

An apparatus is set as shown in the diagram. One of the acids is put in the beaker
(container) and the switch is closed. The ammeter reading is observed and recorded. The
switch is opened. Then, the acid is removed and replaced with the remaining one. Once
again, the switch is closed and the reading of the ammeter is noted.

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It can be concluded from the results that an acid that gives higher ammeter reading is a
strong acid and the one that gives a smaller ammeter reading is a weak acid. This comes
from the fact that a strong acid releases more protons (hydrogen ions) hence it conducts
more than a weak acid.

Note: An ammeter could be replaced with a bulb and the conclusion is a strong acid will
give brighter light than a weak acid – an indication that a strong acid conducts more
current than a weak acid.

The following factors must be kept constant: concentration of the two acids, distance
between electrodes, the depth of electrodes and number of cells.

2012 PAPER II Model Solutions

1 e.

)
Length of Time for 10
pendulum (cm) vibrations (s) Frequency ( Number of vibrations
Time (s)
80 18 0.6
60 15 0.7
40 13 0.8
20 9 1.1
f.
Frequency (Hz) against Length (cm)

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y
1.2

1.0
Frequency (Hz)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 20 40 60 80 100 x
Length (cm)
g. As the length of a pendulum increases its frequency decreases (thus, frequency
increases with decreasing length of a pendulum).

2. f.
Initial volume of acid (ml) Final volume of acid (ml) Volume of acid used (ml)
00 10 10
g. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)
h.
C × V1
_______
1
= ______
C2 × V2
n1 n2

C × 10 ml = ____________
_________
1
0.1 M × 10 ml
1 1

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0.1 M × 10 ml
____________
C =
1 10 ml

C1 = 0.1 M
Concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.1 M
i. 1. By making sure that the tap of the burette is immediately closed soon after the
colour change i.e. this will reduce an error as a result of overshooting.
2. By making sure that the correct readings of the burette and measuring
cylinder are taken i.e. ensuring proper position of the level of the eye and the
meniscus of the solutions.
3. By making sure that the materials are thoroughly cleaned before use i.e.
rinsing the glass ware with distilled water thoroughly.
4. By adding ethanoic acid drop by drop from the burette.

3. Firstly, solubility test is carried out. Each of four samples is added to distilled water
respectively and the results will show that; an alkanol and a carboxylic acid give one
layer (soluble) while an alkane and an alkene show two layers (insoluble).
Secondly, bromine test is carried out to identify an alkene from an alkane. A few drops
of each sample are added to bromine solution separately. A sample of an alkene will turn
red or brown bromine solution to colourless unlike an alkane which will not change the
colour of bromine solution.
Finally, an acid test is conducted to distinguish a carboxylic acid from an alkanol.
A sample of each of the two is added to a pink or purple mixture of phenolphthalein
indicator and sodium hydroxide solution respectively. A sample that turns pink or purple
colour to colourless is an acid (carboxylic acid) and the other one must be an alkanol.
Note: This question could also be answered by constructing a flow diagram.

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pink colour remains the same alkanol

(Acid test)
To a pink mixture of NaOH solution
and phenolphthalein
one layer alkanol indicator add some drops
carboxylic acid of each sample respectively

alkanol (Solubility test)

Add a few drops of each pink colour turns colourless carboxylic acid
carboxylic acid
alkane sample to few drops of red/brown colour remains the same
distilled water alkane
alkene
alkane
(Bromine test)
alkene
A few drops of each sample are
two layers added to bromine solution separately

alkene
red/brown colour turns colourless

4. a. (i) reflection (ii) refraction and (iii) diffraction (iv) interference

b.

wide direction
water narrow gap of water
waves gap
wave

Something is observed when two obstacles with a narrow gap between them in the path
of plain water waves. Waves passing through the gap spread out in all directions and the
wave fronts produced are circular. This is an example of an effect known as diffraction
– the bending of waves as they pass around obstacles.

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Diffraction is only significant if the size of the gap is comparable with the wavelength
of the waves i.e. if the gap is narrow as shown in the first diagram. The second diagram
shows what happens when plain water waves pass through a much wider opening (gap).
The waves continue in their original direction and the wave fronts remain straight. Some
diffraction does occur at the edges of the wave ‘beam’, but the effect is slight. In other
words, some spreading occurs but it is less obvious.

2013 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. g.
Object distance, u (cm) Image distance, v (cm) 1/v 1/u
50 21.4 0.047 0.02
40 24 0.041 0.025
30 30 0.033 0.033
25 37.5 0.027 0.04
20 60 0.017 0.05

h.
1/V (cm-1) against 1/U (cm-1)

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y
80
×10-3

70
1/V (cm-1)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x
1/u (cm-1) ×10-3
i. Extrapolating the graph to y – axis, 1/v = 0.067; at this point focal length (f) =
image distance (v)
1/v = 0.067; v = 14.9
Therefore, f = v = 14.9 cm
or
1/u = 0.067
u = 14.9
Therefore f = u = 14.9 cm
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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

2. e.
Metal Copper sulphate Aluminium sulphate Iron sulphate
solution solution solution
Copper No reaction No reaction No reaction
Aluminium Reddish-brown coating No reaction Silvery-gray coating
Iron Reddish-brown coating No reaction No reaction
f. Al
Fe
Cu
g. Aluminium (Al) is the strongest reducing agent because it readily loses electrons
and is easily oxidised in a chemical reaction as compared to iron and copper.

3.

Before the parachute opens:

1. When the skydiver jumps out of the plane s/he accelerates due to the force of
gravity pulling them down.
2. As s/he speeds up the upward force air resistance increases. S/he carries on
accelerating as long as the air resistance is less than their weight.
3. Eventually, s/he reaches their terminal speed (velocity) when the air resistance and
weight become equal. The forces are said to be balanced.

After the parachute opens:

4. When the canopy opens it has a large surface area which increases the air resistance.

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This unbalances the forces and causes the parachutist to slow down.
5. As the parachutist slows down, their air resistance gets less until eventually it equals
the downward force of gravity on them (their weight). Once again the two forces
balance and they fall at terminal speed. This time it is a much slower terminal
speed than before and they land safely on the ground.

4.

The apparatus is set as shown in the diagram above. One piece of cotton wool is soaked
in concentrated ammonia solution and another is soaked in concentrated hydrochloric
acid and these are put at opposite ends of a dry glass tube. The HCl and NH3 gases
diffuse in tube. Gases diffuse at different rates. The speed of diffusion depends on the
speed of its molecules and is greater for lighter molecules. Then after a few minutes a
white cloud of ammonium chloride appears. This shows the position at which the two
gases meet and react. The white cloud forms in the position shown because the ammonia
particles are lighter than the hydrogen chloride particles (released from the hydrochloric
acid) and so move faster. Generally, lighter particles move faster than heavier ones at a
given temperature.

2014 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. g.
Current (A) Voltage across cell (V) “Lost voltage” (V)
0 1.6 0
0.2 1.4 0.2
0.4 1.3 0.3
0.6 1.2 0.4
h.
Voltage (V) against Current (A)

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals
y
Voltage (V)

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 x

Current (A)
i. In a circuit, a battery provides the difference in potential between two terminals
by doing work against the electric field, to give electrons potential energy. Once

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these charges get this potential energy, they naturally do work to get to their neutral
positions by changing this potential energy to kinetic energy which drives current
through the circuit. But since electrons travel through a medium they lose some
of this energy as heat due to collision with atoms or molecules. A measure of
the energy lost/expended between two points in a circuit is known as potential drop
(voltage loss). The drop in potential increases with resistance. Due to the law of
energy, the sum of all voltage drops must equal the applied voltage; hence there
will be a greater voltage drop across a load in a circuit if the total resistance of the
circuit is lower.
2. c.
Metal Initial colour Final colour
Iron nail Silver-grey Reddish brown
Copper foil Brown Brown (slightly light brown)
d. The electrons lost by copper foil (dipped in CuSO4 solution) travel through the
external circuit to the cathode (nail). The ions present in the solution are Cu+2
(aq) (positive ions) and SO4–2 (aq) (negative ions). The positive Cu+2 (aq) ions are
attracted to the cathode where they gain electrons to form copper atoms. The copper
atoms form a reddish brown coating on the iron nail. The reduction half-equation
that takes place at the cathode is:
Cu+2 (aq) + 2e → Cu (s)
e. Using an anode made of the plating metal has the advantage of replacing the ions
of copper (Cu+2) that have been converted to solid copper on the surface of the
object.
3. a.

Set the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. The stop watch is set to zero. Hang a
mass of 50 g, gently pull down the mass and release it. Start the stop-watch as soon as

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the mass is released. Count 10 complete oscillations and stop the watch and record the
time taken.
The above procedure is repeated using different masses of 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250
g respectively. The frequency for each mass is calculated (in Hertz) and recorded in the
table of results.

Frequency =

Table of results
Mass (g) Time taken to complete Frequency (Hz)
10 oscillations (s)
50
100
150
200
250
Finally, a graph of frequency against mass is plotted. From the graph, the relationship
between frequency and mass can be established based on the shape.
Note: Practically, as the mass hung on the spring increases the frequency decreases.
b. Inaccurate reading of the stop watch and poor timing when counting number of
complete of oscillations.

4.

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MSCE Physical Science Practicals

The apparatus is set as shown in the diagram above. Two solutions of sugar and sodium
chloride are prepared.
Sugar solution is put in the beaker (container) and the switch is closed. The ammeter
reading is observed and recorded. The switch is opened.
Then, the sugar solution is removed and replaced with sodium chloride solution. Once
again, the switch is closed and the reading of the ammeter is noted.

Table of results
Substance Ammeter reading (A) Remarks (conductor or
non-conductor)
Sugar solution

Sodium chloride
solution
It can be concluded from the results that a solution that conducts is prepared from an ionic
compound and the one that doesn’t conduct is prepared from a molecular compound.
This comes from the fact that ionic compounds releases “free” ions when dissolved in
water (or when in molten state) hence they conduct current. Molecular compounds do
not form ions when dissolved hence they do not conduct current.
Note: An ammeter could be replaced with a small bulb and the conclusion is that a
solution made from an ionic compound conducts current and will light the bulb whereas
the one prepared from a molecular compound does not conduct electricity and no light
is observed from the bulb.

2015 PAPER II Model Solutions

1. e.
Table of results
Number of strands Current (A)
1 0.5
2 0.9
3 1.3
4 1.7

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 MSCE Physical Science Practicals

5 2.2
f.
Current (A) against Number of strands
y
3.0
Current (A)

2.5

2.0

1.5

0.1

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of strands x

g. The graph shows that as the number of strands increases the amount of current
flowing also increases (direct relationship). This is the case because increasing
number of strands makes the thickness (cross-section area) to increase resulting
into decreasing electrical resistance. As a result much current flows more easily in
thicker wire (more strands) than in thinner wire (less strands).
2. g. In this question, you expect liquids that are ionic to conduct current and give light
and those that are covalent normally do not conduct current hence no light will be
observed.
Liquid Observation
J Light
K No light

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L Light
M No light
N No light
O No light
The different liquids that were provided were: sodium chloride solution (J), sugar
solution (K), copper sulphate solution (L), cooking oil (M), ethanol (N) and distilled
water (O).
h. Ionic: J and L
Covalent: K, M, N and O
3.

A projector forms a real image on a screen of a slide in a slide projector. The image is
larger than the slide and is further away from the lens. It is usually so highly magnified
that very strong but even illumination of the slide is needed if the image is also to be
bright. This is achieved by directing light from a small but powerful lamp on to the
‘object’ by means of a concave mirror and a condenser lens system.
In a projector the object (slide or film) must be inverted to give an upright image and
must be between 2F and F from the projection lens.
The projection lens is a lens of long focal length and its function is to produce a focussed,
magnified, real and upright image (when object is inverted) on the screen.
The lamp (light bulb) is used to illuminate the object (slide or film). But much light from
the lamp is lost because some rays do not strike and light up the object. The light rays
that are directed away from the object are therefore reflected back towards the object by
the concave mirror.
In order to concentrate the light from the lamp upon the object, a pair of converging
lenses of short focal length called condenser is used. The function of the condenser
is to converge and condense (concentrate) as much light as possible onto the object
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(slide) so as to illuminate it very well.

4.

g. Place three iron nails in a test tube (1) with some white dry calcium chloride solid.
The top of the test tube plugged with some cotton wool. Calcium chloride absorbs
water vapour from the air and so the air is dry – water is not present.
h. Place three iron nails in a stoppered test tube (2) of boiled water with a layer of oil
on top of the water. The water is boiled for about 15 minutes to drive off all the
dissolved oxygen. The oil prevents oxygen from the air dissolving in the water.
i. Three nails are placed in an open test tube (3) containing some water.
j. Allow the tubes to stand in a beaker or test tube rack for a few days and examine
for rusting.
k. Expected results: Rusting only occurs in tube 3; no rusting without water or
without oxygen.
l. Conclusion: Water and oxygen are together needed for rusting.

In summary;
Tube 1: No rusting, CaCl2 being a drying agent makes the tube to have no water. There
is only one essential requirement which is oxygen (from the air).
Tube 2: No rusting, in boiled water dissolved oxygen is removed and the layer of oil
prevents air from dissolving in the water. As such water alone cannot make
rust on the iron nails.
Tube 3: Rusting is observed on the iron nails since oxygen (from the air) and water are
available.

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Reference Books

Harlow, Heinemann Educational

Duncan, T. (1995), GSCE Physics, 3rd Edition, London: John
Murray
Pople, S (1995), Explaining Physics, GSCE Edition, Oxford:
Oxford University Press
Pople, S (1999), Complete Physics, GSCE Edition, Oxford:
Oxford University Press
Mwanza, A. D, et al (2012), Excel & Succeed Senior Secondary
Physical Science, Form 3, Nairobi, longhorn
Rowell, G & Herbert, S (1995), physics, Cambridge low price
edition, Cambridge University Press
Thomson, M, et al, (2008) physical Science, south Carolina
edition, New York, McGraw Hill
Kumalo Mtambo & Moses Zulu, Essential Chemistry Book 3
& 4, Patriots Publishers, Malawi
Kumalo Mtambo & Stainly NM Ngoma, Essential Physics
Book 3 & 4, Patriots Publishers, Malawi

Questions 88 Model Answers