EXPERIMENT – 1 (A)

AIM:
Creating a One-Dimensional Array (Row / Column Vector); Creating a Two-Dimensional Array
(Matrix of given size)
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:

>> % One Dimensional Array

>> A= [10 20 30 40 50]
A=
10 20 30 40 50

>> % Two Dimensional Array

>> B= [10 20 30; 40 50 60; 70 80 90]
B=
10 20 30
40 50 60
70 80 90

DISCUSSION:

Creating a matrix:

In MATLAB we use the matrix constructor operator [ ] or with the colon operator (first: step:
last).

Creating one dimensional matrix:

Simply enter elements separated by comma or space.

Row = [E1, E2,...Em]

Creating two dimensional matrixes:

To start a new row, terminate the current row with a semicolon:

A = [row1; row2; ...; rown]

RESULT:

One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Matrix was successfully created.

CONCLUSION:

One Dimensional and two dimensional matrices were created using constructor operator [ ] and
colon operator (first: step: last).
 EXPERIMENT – 1 (B)
AIM:
Performing Arithmetic Operations - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Exponentiation.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:

>> A=[10 30 50; 20 40 60; 70 90 110]

A=
10 30 50
20 40 60
70 90 110
>> B=[20 40 60;30 50 70;80 100 120]
B=
20 40 60
30 50 70
80 100 120

>> % Addition
>> C=A+B
C=
30 70 110
50 90 130
150 190 230

>> % Subtraction
>> C=A-B
C=
-10 -10 -10
-10 -10 -10
-10 -10 -10

>> % Multiplication
>> C=A*B
C=
5100 6900 8700
6400 8800 11200
12900 18300 23700

>> % Exponentiation
>> C=exp (A)
C=
1.0e+047 *
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 5.9210

DISCUSSION:

Matrix Addition (+):

A+B adds A and B. A and B must have the same dimensions, unless one is scalar.

Matrix Subtraction (-):

A-B subtracts B from A. A and B must have the same dimensions, unless one is scalar.

Matrix Multiplication (*):

A*B is the linear algebraic product of A and B. The number of columns of A must equal the
number of rows of B, unless one is a scalar.

Exponentiation:

Y = exp(X)

It returns the exponential for each element of X.

RESULT:

Two-Dimensional Matrix were created and Arithmetic Operations: +, -, *, exp() were

successfully performed on them.

CONCLUSION:

Various Arithmetic Operations were successfully operated and results were obtained.
 EXPERIMENT – 1 (C)
AIM:
Performing Matrix operations - Inverse, Transpose and Rank.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:

>> A= [50 20 30; 10 90 40; 100 70 80]

A=
50 20 30
10 90 40
100 70 80

>> % Inverse
>> B=inv(A)
B=
0.1257 0.0143 -0.0543
0.0914 0.0286 -0.0486
-0.2371 -0.0429 0.1229

>> % Transpose
>> B=transpose(A)
B=
50 10 100
20 90 70
30 40 80

>> % Rank
>> B=rank(A)
B=
3

DISCUSSION:

Inverse Operation:

Y = inv(X) returns the inverse of the square matrix X.

Transpose Operation:

B = transpose (A) returns the transpose of the matrix.

Rank Operation:

k = rank (A)

The rank function provides an estimate of the number of linearly independent rows or columns
of a full matrix.

RESULT:

Two-Dimensional Matrix is created and matrix operations: inverse, Transpose and Rank were
performed on it.

CONCLUSION:

Various Matrix Operations were successfully operated and results were obtained.
 Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT – 2 (A)
AIM:
Performing Matrix Manipulations - Concatenating, Indexing, Sorting, Shifting, Reshaping,
Resizing and Flipping about a Vertical Axis / Horizontal Axis.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:

>> A= [70 50 30; 10 100 90; 40 60 20]

A=
70 50 30
10 100 90
40 60 20
>> B= [20 100 70; 40 30 50; 10 90 60]
B=
20 100 70
40 30 50
10 90 60

>> % Concatenation
>> % 1) Horizontal Concatenation
>> horzcat(A,B)
Ans =
70 50 30 20 100 70
10 100 90 40 30 50
40 60 20 10 90 60

>> % 2) Vertical Concatenation

>> vertcat(A,B)
Ans =
70 50 30
10 100 90
40 60 20
20 100 70
40 30 50
10 90 60

>> % Indexing
>> A(:,2)
Ans =
50
100
60
>> A(1,:)
Ans =
70 50 30
>> A(2,2)
Ans =
100

>> % Sorting
>> sort(A)
Ans =
10 50 20
40 60 30
70 100 90
>> sortrows(A)
ans =
10 100 90
40 60 20
70 50 30
>> sort(sort(A,2),1)
Ans =
10 40 60
20 50 70
30 90 100

>> % Shifting
>> circshift(A,2)
Ans =
10 100 90
40 60 20
70 50 30
>> circshift(A,[2,-1])
Ans =
100 90 10
60 20 40
50 30 70

>> % Reshaping
>> A= [20 60 30 40 50; 10 40 80 30 70; 80 60 10 70 90]
A=
20 60 30 40 50
10 40 80 30 70
80 60 10 70 90
>> reshape(A,5,3,[])
Ans =
20 60 30
10 30 70
80 80 50
60 10 70
40 40 90

>> % Flipping

>> % Flipping Matrix about Vertical Axis

>> fliplr(A)

Ans =

30 50 70
90 100 10
20 60 40

>> % Flipping Matrix about Horizontal Axis

>> flipud(A)
Ans =
40 60 20
10 100 90
70 50 30
DISCUSSION:

Concatenation: It is the process of joining one or more matrices to make a new matrix using
horzcat (Horizontally concatenate matrices) or vertcat (Vertically concatenate matrices).

Indexing: To reference a particular element in a matrix, specify its row and column number
using the following syntax: A (row, column).

Sorting: The sort function sorts matrix elements along a specified dimension. Syntax for the
function is: sort (matrix, dimension,’mode’).

Shifting: The circshift function shifts the elements of a matrix in a circular manner along one or
more dimensions. Rows or columns that are shifted out of the matrix circulate back into the
opposite end.

Flipping: B = fliplr(A) returns A with columns flipped in the left-right direction and B =
flipud(A) returns A with rows flipped in the up-down direction.

RESULT:

Matrices were created and Matrix manipulations (Concatenating, Indexing, Sorting, Shifting,
Reshaping, Resizing and Flipping) were performed on them.

CONCLUSION:

Various Matrix manipulations were successfully operated and results were obtained.
 EXPERIMENT – 2 (B)
AIM:
Creating Arrays X & Y of given size (1 x N) and Performing Relational Operations - >, <, ==,
<=, >=, ~=
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> A= [10 30; 50 70]
A=
10 30
50 70
>> B= [80 60; 40 20]
B=
80 60
40 20

>> % Equal To
>> eq(A,B)
Ans =
0 0
0 0

>> % Less Than

>> lt(A,B)
Ans =
1 1
0 0

>> % Greater Than

>> gt(A,B)
ns =
0 0
 1 1

>> % Less Than Equal To

>> le(A,B)
Ans =
1 1
0 0

>> % Greater Than Equal To

>> ge(A,B)
Ans =
0 0
1 1

>> % Not Equal To

>> ne(A,B)
Ans =
1 1
1 1
DISCUSSION:

Relational Operations:

Test for equality/greater than or equal/ greater than/ less than or equal/ less than/ inequality is
performed using eq/ ge/ gt/ le/ lt/ ne respectively.
The relational operators are <, >, <=, >=, ==, and ~=. Relational operators perform element-by-
element comparisons between two arrays. They return a logical array of the same size, with
elements set to logical 1 (true) where the relation is true, and elements set to logical 0 (false)
where it is not.

RESULT:

Matrices were created and Relational Operations (>, <, ==, <=, >=, ~=) were performed on them.
CONCLUSION:

Various Matrix Relational Operations were successfully operated and results were obtained.
 EXPERIMENT – 2 (C)
AIM:
Creating Arrays X & Y of given size (1 x N) and Performing Logical Operations - ~, &, |, XOR
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> A= [1 0 1 0 1]
A=
1 0 1 0 1
>> B= [1 0 0 0 1]
B=
1 0 0 0 1

>> % NOT
>> ~A
Ans =
0 1 0 1 0
>> ~B
Ans =
0 1 1 1 0

>> % AND
>> A&B
Ans =
1 0 0 0 1

>> % OR
>> A|B
ns =
1 0 1 0 1
>> % XOR
>> xor(A,B)
Ans =
0 0 1 0 0
DISCUSSION:

Logical Operations:
The symbols &, |, ~, xor are the logical array operators AND, OR, NOT and exclusive OR.
Logical operations return a logical array with elements set to 1 (true) or 0 (false), as appropriate.
Logical AND (&):
expr1 & expr2 represents a logical AND operation between values, arrays, or expressions expr1
and expr2. In an AND operation, if expr1 is true and expr2 is true, then the AND of those inputs
is true. If either expression is false, the result is false.
Logical OR (|):
expr1 | expr2 represents a logical OR operation between values, arrays, or expressions expr1 and
expr2. In an OR operation, if expr1 is true or expr2 is true, then the OR of those inputs is true. If
both expressions are false, the result is false.
Logical NOT (~):
~expr represents a logical NOT operation applied to expression expr. In a NOT operation, if expr
is false, then the result of the operation is true. If expr is true, the result is false.
Exclusive OR (xor):
C = xor (A, B) performs an exclusive OR operation on the corresponding elements of arrays A
and B. The resulting element C(i,j,...) is logical true (1) if A(i,j,...) or B(i,j,...), but not both, is
nonzero.

RESULT:

Matrices were created and Logical Operations (~, &, |, XOR) were performed on them.
CONCLUSION:

Various Logical Operations were successfully operated and results were obtained.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT – 3 (A)
AIM:
Generating a set of Commands on a given Vector (Example: X = [1 8 3 9 0 1]) to add up the
values of the elements (Check with sum)
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> X= [1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10]
X=
1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10

>> % SUM
>> Y=sum(X)
Y=
55
>> Y=sum(X(3:7))
Y=
27
>> Z=cumsum(X)
Z=
1 4 9 16 25 27 31 37 45 55
DISCUSSION:

Sum of all/specific elements of a vector were calculated using sum ().

sum (A) returns the sum of all the elements of the vector.

sum (A(i:j)) returns sum of ith to jth elements of the vector.

RESULT:

Matrices was created and sum of all as well as specific elements was calculated using sum ().
CONCLUSION:

Vector was created and sum of all as well as specific elements was successfully calculated.
 EXPERIMENT – 3 (B)
AIM:
Generating a set of Commands on a given Vector (Example: X = [1 8 3 9 0 1]) to compute the
Running Sum (Check with sum), where Running Sum for element j = the sum of the elements
from 1 to j, inclusive.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> X=[1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10]
X=
1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10
>> Len=length(X)
Len =
10
>> Sum=0
Sum =
0
>> for i=1:Len
Sum=Sum+X(i)
end
Sum =1
Sum = 4
Sum=9
Sum = 16
Sum =25
Sum =27
Sum =31
Sum =37
Sum = 45
Sum =55
DISCUSSION:

For loop is used here to calculate the running sum of all elements of the vector. If the matrix is
of two dimensions then we have to use two For loops.

RESULT:

Vector was created and its running sum was calculated using for loops.

CONCLUSION:

Running sum of a matrix was successfully calculated.

 EXPERIMENT – 3 (C)
AIM:
Generating a Random Sequence using rand() / randn() functions and plotting them.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> X=rand(3)
X=
0.7922 0.0357 0.6787
0.9595 0.8491 0.7577
0.6557 0.9340 0.7431
>> Y=randn(3)
Y=
-0.3034 0.8884 -0.8095
0.2939 -1.1471 -2.9443
-0.7873 -1.0689 1.4384
>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(X)
>> title('Plot of X')
>> xlabel('X-axis')
>> ylabel('Y-axis')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> plot(Y)
>> title('Plot of Y')
>> xlabel('X-axis')
>> ylabel('Y-axis')
 Plot of X Plot of Y
1 1.5

0.9 1

0.8
0.5

0.7
0

0.6
-0.5

Y-axis

Y-axis
0.5
-1
0.4

-1.5
0.3

-2
0.2

0.1 -2.5

0 -3
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
X-axis X-axis

DISCUSSION:

Generating Random Sequence:

r = randn (n) returns an n-by-n matrix containing pseudorandom values drawn from the standard
normal distribution while r = rand(n) returns an n-by-n matrix containing pseudorandom values
drawn from the standard uniform distribution on the open interval (0,1).
Plotting using plot ():
Plot (Y) plots the columns of Y versus the index of each value when Y is a real number and
plot(X1,Y1,...,Xn,Yn) plots each vector Yn versus vector Xn on the same axes. Functions xlabel
and ylabel were used to label x and y axis.
Plotting using stem ():
It plots discrete sequence data. Stem (X, Y) plots X versus the columns of Y. X and Y must be
vectors or matrices of the same size.
Subplot ():
Subplot divides the current figure into rectangular panes that are numbered row-wise. h = subplot
(m,n,p) or subplot (mnp) breaks the figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes, selects
the pth axes object for the current plot, and returns the axes handle.

RESULT:

Random sequence was generated using rand () and randn (). And plotting was done using plot,
subplot and stem functions.

CONCLUSION:

Functions rand, randn, plot, subplot and stem were successfully performed.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT – 4 (A)
AIM:
Evaluating a given expression and rounding it to the nearest integer value using Round, Floor,
Ceil and Fix functions.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> % Round
>> round(-99.97855)
Ans =
-100
>> round(99.97855)
Ans =
100

>> % Ceil
>> ceil(99.97855)
Ans =
100
>> ceil(-99.97855)
Ans =
-99

>> % Floor
>> floor(99.97855)
Ans =
99
>> floor(-99.97855)
Ans =
-100
>> % Fix
>> fix(50.55555)
Ans = 50
>> fix(-50.55555)
Ans = -50
DISCUSSION:

Rounding:
Y = round(X) rounds the elements of X to the nearest integers. Positive elements with a
fractional part of 0.5 round up to the nearest positive integer. Negative elements with a fractional
part of -0.5 round down to the nearest negative integer.

Flooring:
B = floor (A) rounds the elements of A to the nearest integers less than or equal to A.

Fixing:
B = fix (A) rounds the elements of A toward zero.

Ceiling:
B = ceil (A) rounds the elements of A to the nearest integers greater than or equal to A.

RESULT:

Matrices were created and different rounding functions (round, floor, fix, ceil) were applied on
them and results were obtained
CONCLUSION:

Various rounding functions were successfully implemented.

 EXPERIMENT – 4 (B)
AIM:
Generating and Plots of Trigonometric Functions - sin(t),cos(t), tan(t), sec(t), cosec(t) and cot(t)
for a given duration, ‘t’.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> % Generating and Plotting Trignometric functions

>> t=-pi:0.1:pi

t=

Columns 1 through 9
-3.1416 -3.0416 -2.9416 -2.8416 -2.7416 -2.6416 -2.5416 -2.4416 -2.3416
Columns 10 through 18
-2.2416 -2.1416 -2.0416 -1.9416 -1.8416 -1.7416 -1.6416 -1.5416 -1.4416
Columns 19 through 27
-1.3416 -1.2416 -1.1416 -1.0416 -0.9416 -0.8416 -0.7416 -0.6416 -0.5416
Columns 28 through 36
-0.4416 -0.3416 -0.2416 -0.1416 -0.0416 0.0584 0.1584 0.2584 0.3584

>> % Generating and Plotting sin (t)

>> X=sin(t)

X=
Columns 1 through 9
-0.0000 -0.0998 -0.1987 -0.2955 -0.3894 -0.4794 -0.5646 -0.6442 -0.7174
Columns 10 through 18
-0.7833 -0.8415 -0.8912 -0.9320 -0.9636 -0.9854 -0.9975 -0.9996 -0.9917
Columns 19 through 27
-0.9738 -0.9463 -0.9093 -0.8632 -0.8085 -0.7457 -0.6755 -0.5985 -0.5155

>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('sin(t)')
>> title('Sin(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('sin(t)')
>> title('Sin(t)')
 Sin(t) Sin(t)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
sin(t)

sin(t)
0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t

>> % Generating and Plotting cos(t)

>> X=cos(t)

X=

Columns 1 through 9
-1.0000 -0.9950 -0.9801 -0.9553 -0.9211 -0.8776 -0.8253 -0.7648 -0.6967
Columns 10 through 18
-0.6216 -0.5403 -0.4536 -0.3624 -0.2675 -0.1700 -0.0707 0.0292 0.1288
Columns 19 through 27
0.2272 0.3233 0.4161 0.5048 0.5885 0.6663 0.7374 0.8011 0.8569

>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('cos(t)')
>> title('Cos(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('cos(t)')
>> title('Cos(t)')
 Cos(t) Cos(t)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
cos(t)

cos(t)
0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t

>> % Generating and Plotting tan(t)

>> t=(-pi/2)+0.05:0.05:(pi/2)-0.05

t=

Columns 1 through 9
-1.5208 -1.4708 -1.4208 -1.3708 -1.3208 -1.2708 -1.2208 -1.1708 -1.1208
Columns 10 through 18
-1.0708 -1.0208 -0.9708 -0.9208 -0.8708 -0.8208 -0.7708 -0.7208 -0.6708

>> X=tan(t)

X=
Columns 1 through 9
-19.9833 -9.9666 -6.6166 -4.9332 -3.9163 -3.2327 -2.7395 -2.3652 -2.0702
Columns 10 through 18
-1.8305 -1.6310 -1.4617 -1.3154 -1.1872 -1.0734 -0.9712 -0.8785 -0.7936
Columns 19 through 27
-0.7151 -0.6421 -0.5736 -0.5090 -0.4475 -0.3888 -0.3323 -0.2776 -0.2245
Columns 28 through 36
-0.1725 -0.1214 -0.0709 -0.0208 0.0292 0.0794 0.1299 0.1811 0.2333
Columns 37 through 45 0.2867 0.3416 0.3985 0.4577 0.5196 0.5848 0.6540
0.7279 0.8073
>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('tan(t)')
>> title('Tan(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('tan(t)')
>> title('Tan(t)')
Tan(t) Tan(t)
15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
tan(t)

tan(t)

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
t t

>> % Generating and Plotting asin(t)

>> t=-1:0.02:1

t=
Columns 1 through 9
-1.0000 -0.9800 -0.9600 -0.9400 -0.9200 -0.9000 -0.8800 -0.8600 -0.8400
Columns 10 through 18
-0.8200 -0.8000 -0.7800 -0.7600 -0.7400 -0.7200 -0.7000 -0.6800 -0.6600
Columns 19 through 27
-0.6400 -0.6200 -0.6000 -0.5800 -0.5600 -0.5400 -0.5200 -0.5000 -0.4800
Columns 28 through 36
-0.4600 -0.4400 -0.4200 -0.4000 -0.3800 -0.3600 -0.3400 -0.3200 -0.3000
Columns 37 through 4
>> X=asin(t)
X=

Columns 1 through 9
-1.5708 -1.3705 -1.2870 -1.2226 -1.1681 -1.1198 -1.0759 -1.0353 -0.9973
Columns 10 through 18
-0.9614 -0.9273 -0.8947 -0.8633 -0.8331 -0.8038 -0.7754 -0.7478 -0.7208
Columns 19 through 27
-0.6945 -0.6687 -0.6435 -0.6187 -0.5944 -0.5704 -0.5469 -0.5236 -0.5007

>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('asin(t)')
>> title('Cosec(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('asin(t)')
>> title('Cosec(t)')

Cosec(t) Cosec(t)
2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
asin(t)

asin(t)

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
t t

>> % Generating and Plotting acos(t)

>> X=acos(t)

X=
 Columns 1 through 9
3.1416 2.9413 2.8578 2.7934 2.7389 2.6906 2.6467 2.6061 2.5681
Columns 10 through 18
2.5322 2.4981 2.4655 2.4341 2.4039 2.3746 2.3462 2.3186 2.2916
Columns 19 through 27
2.2653 2.2395 2.2143 2.1895 2.1652 2.1412 2.1176 2.0944 2.0715

>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('acos(t)')
>> title('Sec(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('acos(t)')
>> title('Sec(t)')
Sec(t) Sec(t)
3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2
acos(t)

acos(t)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
t t

>> % Generating and Plotting atan(t)

>> t=-5:0.1:5

t=

Columns 1 through 9
-5.0000 -4.9000 -4.8000 -4.7000 -4.6000 -4.5000 -4.4000 -4.3000 -4.2000
Columns 10 through 18
 -4.1000 -4.0000 -3.9000 -3.8000 -3.7000 -3.6000 -3.5000 -3.4000 -3.3000
Columns 19 through 27
-3.2000 -3.1000 -3.0000 -2.9000 -2.8000 -2.7000 -2.6000 -2.5000 -2.4000

>> X= tan(t)

X=

Columns 1 through 9
-1.3734 -1.3695 -1.3654 -1.3612 -1.3567 -1.3521 -1.3473 -1.3423 -1.3371
Columns 10 through 18
-1.3316 -1.3258 -1.3198 -1.3135 -1.3068 -1.2998 -1.2925 -1.2847 -1.2766
Columns 19 through 27
-1.2679 -1.2588 -1.2490 -1.2387 -1.2278 -1.2161 -1.2036 -1.1903 -1.1760
Columns 28 through 36
-1.1607 -1.1442 -1.1264 -1.1071 -1.0863 -1.0637 -1.0391 -1.0122 -0.9828

>> subplot(1,2,1)
>> plot(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('atan(t)')
>> title('Cot(t)')
>> subplot(1,2,2)
>> stem(t,X)
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('atan(t)')
>> title('Cot(t)')

Cot(t) Cot(t)
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
atan(t)

atan(t)

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5
-5 0 5 -5 0 5
t t
DISCUSSION:

Trignometric Functions:

Y = sin(X) returns the circular sine of the elements of X/sine of argument in radians. Similarly
cos, tan, acos, asin, atan perform.

Plotting using plot ():

Plot (Y) plots the columns of Y versus the index of each value when Y is a real number and
plot(X1,Y1,...,Xn,Yn) plots each vector Yn versus vector Xn on the same axes. Functions xlabel
and ylabel were used to label x and y axis.

Plotting using stem ():

It plots discrete sequence data. Stem (X,Y) plots X versus the columns of Y. X and Y must be
vectors or matrices of the same size.

Subplot ():

Subplot divides the current figure into rectangular panes that are numbered rowwise. h = subplot
(m,n,p) or subplot (mnp) breaks the figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes, selects
the pth axes object for the current plot, and returns the axes handle.

RESULT:

Matrices were created and trigonometric functions (sin(t), cos(t), tan(t), acos(t), asin(t), atan (t))
were generated and plotted. And plotting was done using plot, subplot and stem functions.
CONCLUSION:

Various trigonometric functions were generated and plotted.

 EXPERIMENT – 4 (C)
AIM:
Generating and Plots of Logarithmic and other Functions – log(A), log10(A), Square root of A,
Real nth root of A.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> X=1:1:20
X=
Columns 1 through 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Columns 16 through 20
16 17 18 19 20

>> % Log(X)
>> Y=log(X)
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.6931 1.0986 1.3863 1.6094 1.7918 1.9459 2.0794 2.1972
Columns 10 through 18
2.3026 2.3979 2.4849 2.5649 2.6391 2.7081 2.7726 2.8332 2.8904
Columns 19 through 20
2.9444 2.9957
>> plot(X,Y)
title('Log (X)')
xlabel('Values of X ')
ylabel('log x')
 Log (X)
3

2.5

log x

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Values of X

>> % Log10(X)
>> Y=log10(X)
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.3010 0.4771 0.6021 0.6990 0.7782 0.8451 0.9031 0.9542
Columns 10 through 18
1.0000 1.0414 1.0792 1.1139 1.1461 1.1761 1.2041 1.2304 1.2553
Columns 19 through 20
1.2788 1.3010
>> plot(X,Y)
title('Log10 (X)')
xlabel('Values of X ')
ylabel('log10 x')
 Log10 (X)
1.4

1.2

0.8
log10 x

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Values of X

>> % Sqrt(X)
>> Y=sqrt(X)
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 1.4142 1.7321 2.0000 2.2361 2.4495 2.6458 2.8284 3.0000
Columns 10 through 18
3.1623 3.3166 3.4641 3.6056 3.7417 3.8730 4.0000 4.1231 4.2426
Columns 19 through 20
4.3589 4.4721
>> plot(X,Y)
title('Sqrt (X)')
xlabel('Values of X ')
ylabel('sqrt (x)')
 Sqrt (X)
4.5

3.5

sqrt (x) 3

2.5

1.5

1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Values of X

>> % nthroot(X)
>> Y=nthroot(X,5)
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 1.1487 1.2457 1.3195 1.3797 1.4310 1.4758 1.5157 1.5518
Columns 10 through 18
1.5849 1.6154 1.6438 1.6703 1.6952 1.7188 1.7411 1.7623 1.7826
Columns 19 through 20
1.8020 1.8206
>> plot(X,Y)
title('5th Root (X)')
xlabel('Values of X ')
ylabel('5th root (x)')
 5th Root (X)
1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5
5th root (x)

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Values of X

DISCUSSION:

Logarithmic Functions:

Y = log(X) returns the natural logarithm of the elements of X.

Y = log10(X) returns the base 10 logarithm of the elements of X.

Square root:

B = sqrt(X) returns the square root of each element of the array X.

Real nth root of A:

y = nthroot(X, n) returns the real nth root of the elements of X. Both X and n must be real and n
must be a scalar. If X has negative entries, n must be an odd integer.

RESULT:

Matrix was created and Logarithmic Functions (log and log10) along with other functions ( sqrt
and nthroot) were implemented and results were obtained.And plotting was done using plot,
subplot and stem functions.
CONCLUSION:

Various Logarithmic and other functions were successfully implemented and plotted.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT - 5

AIM:
Creating a vector X with elements, Xn = (-1)n+1/(2n-1) and Adding up 100 elements of the
vector, X; And, plotting the functions, x, x3, ex, exp(x2) over the interval 0 < x < 4 (by choosing
appropriate mesh values for x to obtain smooth curves), on A Rectangular Plot
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0(R2011a)

PROCEDURE:

>> % Creating Vector X

>> for n=1:100

X(n)=((-1)^(n+1))/(2*n-1)
end

X=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 -0.3333 0.2000 -0.1429 0.1111 -0.0909 0.0769 -0.0667 0.0588
Columns 10 through 18
-0.0526 0.0476 -0.0435 0.0400 -0.0370 0.0345 -0.0323 0.0303 -0.0286
Columns 19 through 27
0.0270 -0.0256 0.0244 -0.0233 0.0222 -0.0213 0.0204 -0.0196 0.0189
Columns 28 through 36
-0.0182 0.0175 -0.0169 0.0164 -0.0159 0.0154 -0.0149 0.0145 -0.0141
Columns 37 through 45
0.0137 -0.0133 0.0130 -0.0127 0.0123 -0.0120 0.0118 -0.0115 0.0112
>> % Adding elements of vector X
>> Y=sum(X(n))
Y=
-0.0050

>> % Creating interval vector Z

>> Z=0.04:0.04:4
Z=

Columns 1 through 9
0.0400 0.0800 0.1200 0.1600 0.2000 0.2400 0.2800 0.3200 0.3600
Columns 10 through 18
0.4000 0.4400 0.4800 0.5200 0.5600 0.6000 0.6400 0.6800 0.7200
Columns 19 through 27
0.7600 0.8000 0.8400 0.8800 0.9200 0.9600 1.0000 1.0400 1.0800
Columns 28 through 36
1.1200 1.1600 1.2000 1.2400 1.2800 1.3200 1.3600 1.4000 1.4400
>> % Plotting Functions
>> % Plotting X
>> plot(Z,X)
>> xlabel('Z')
>> ylabel('X')
>> title('Plotting X')
Plotting X
1

0.8

0.6

0.4
X

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Z

>> % Plotting X^3

>> A=X.^3
A=

Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 -0.0370 0.0080 -0.0029 0.0014 -0.0008 0.0005 -0.0003 0.0002
Columns 10 through 18
-0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
Columns 19 through 27
0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
Columns 28 through 36
-0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
Columns 37 through 45
0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000

>> plot(Z,A)
>> xlabel('Z')
>> ylabel('X^3')
>> title('Plotting X^3')
 Plotting X3
1.2

0.8

0.6
X3

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Z

>> % Plotting e^X

>> A=exp(X)
A=
Columns 1 through 9
2.7183 0.7165 1.2214 0.8669 1.1175 0.9131 1.0800 0.9355 1.0606
Columns 10 through 18
0.9487 1.0488 0.9575 1.0408 0.9636 1.0351 0.9683 1.0308 0.9718
Columns 19 through 27
1.0274 0.9747 1.0247 0.9770 1.0225 0.9789 1.0206 0.9806 1.0190
Columns 28 through 36
0.9820 1.0177 0.9832 1.0165 0.9843 1.0155 0.9852 1.0146 0.9860

>> plot(Z,A)
>> xlabel('Z')
>> ylabel('e^X')
>> title('Plotting e^X')
 Plotting eX
3

2.5

2
eX

1.5

0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Z

>> % Plotting e^(X^2)

>> A=exp(X.^2)
A=

Columns 1 through 9
2.7183 1.1175 1.0408 1.0206 1.0124 1.0083 1.0059 1.0045 1.0035
Columns 10 through 18
1.0028 1.0023 1.0019 1.0016 1.0014 1.0012 1.0010 1.0009 1.0008
Columns 19 through 27
1.0007 1.0007 1.0006 1.0005 1.0005 1.0005 1.0004 1.0004 1.0004
Columns 28 through 36
1.0003 1.0003 1.0003 1.0003 1.0003 1.0002 1.0002 1.0002 1.0002

>> plot(Z,A)
>> xlabel('Z')
>> ylabel('e^(X^2)')
>> title('Plotting e^(X^2)')
 Plotting e(X2)
2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

e(X2)
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Z

DISCUSSION:
The vector was constructed using for loop and the given formula. And sum of all elements was
calculated using sum ().Then functions x, x3, ex, exp(x2) were plotted over the interval 0 < x < 4
using plot().

RESULT:
Vector x was created and subsequently x, x3, ex, exp(x2) were plotted over the interval 0 < x < 4.

CONCLUSION:
Several functions (x, x3, ex, exp(x2)) were successfully plotted for a vector X.
 EXPERIMENT - 6

AIM:
Generating a Sinusoidal Signal of a given frequency (say, 100Hz) and Plotting with Graphical
Enhancements: Titling, Labeling, Adding Text, Adding Legends, Adding New Plots to Existing
Plot, Printing Text in Greek Letters, Plotting as Multiple and Subplot.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0(R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> % Generating parameter t
>> t=0:0.05*pi:2*pi

t=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.1571 0.3142 0.4712 0.6283 0.7854 0.9425 1.0996 1.2566
Columns 10 through 18
1.4137 1.5708 1.7279 1.8850 2.0420 2.1991 2.3562 2.5133 2.6704
Columns 19 through 27
2.8274 2.9845 3.1416 3.2987 3.4558 3.6128 3.7699 3.9270 4.0841
Columns 28 through 36
4.2412 4.3982 4.5553 4.7124 4.8695 5.0265 5.1836 5.3407 5.4978
Columns 37 through 41
5.6549 5.8119 5.9690 6.1261 6.2832

>> % Generating sin(t)

>> X=sin(t)

X=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.1564 0.3090 0.4540 0.5878 0.7071 0.8090 0.8910 0.9511
Columns 10 through 18
0.9877 1.0000 0.9877 0.9511 0.8910 0.8090 0.7071 0.5878 0.4540
Columns 19 through 27
0.3090 0.1564 0.0000 -0.1564 -0.3090 -0.4540 -0.5878 -0.7071 -0.8090
Columns 28 through 36
-0.8910 -0.9511 -0.9877 -1.0000 -0.9877 -0.9511 -0.8910 -0.8090 -0.7071
Columns 37 through 41
-0.5878 -0.4540 -0.3090 -0.1564 -0.0000

>> % Plotting with graphical enhancements

>> % Plotting sin(t) (With Titling, Labeling, Adding Text and Legends)
>> plot(t,X,'R-')
>> xlabel('t')
>> ylabel('sin(t)')
>> title('Plotting sin(t)')
>> legend('sin(t)')
>> text(pi,0,' \leftarrow sin(\pi)','FontSize',18)
Plotting sin(t)
1
sin(t)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

 sin()
sin(t)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t

>> % Adding new plots to existing plots,Printing Text in Greek Letters

>> % Adding sin(3*t) to sin(t)

>> hold on
>> Y=sin(3*t)
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.4540 0.8090 0.9877 0.9511 0.7071 0.3090 -0.1564 -0.5878
Columns 10 through 18
-0.8910 -1.0000 -0.8910 -0.5878 -0.1564 0.3090 0.7071 0.9511 0.9877
Columns 19 through 27
0.8090 0.4540 0.0000 -0.4540 -0.8090 -0.9877 -0.9511 -0.7071 -0.3090
Columns 28 through 36
0.1564 0.5878 0.8910 1.0000 0.8910 0.5878 0.1564 -0.3090 -0.7071
Columns 37 through 41
-0.9511 -0.9877 -0.8090 -0.4540 -0.0000

>> plot(t,Y,'B +-')

>> xlabel('Radians')
>> ylabel('Amplitude')
>> legend('sin(t)','sin(3t)')
>> title('Plotting sin(3{\alpha}) Over existing curve sin({\alpha})')
>> text(4.1,-0.8,' \leftarrow sin(t)','FontSize',18)
>> text(1,0.2,' \leftarrow sin(3t)','FontSize',18)
 Plotting sin(3 ) Over existing curve sin( )
1
sin(t)
sin(3t)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2  sin(3t)

Amplitude  sin()
0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8  sin(t)
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Radians

DISCUSSION:

Generating and plotting a Sinusoidal Signal: Input parameter t was generated using colon
operator (start:step:stop).Sinusoidal Signal was generated using sin() and plotted using plot().
Plotting with Graphical Enhancements:
Titling: title('string') outputs the string at the top and in the center of the current axes.
Labeling: xlabel('string') labels the x-axis of the current axes. ylabel('string') labels the y-axis of
the current axes.
Adding Text: text(x,y,z,'string','PropertyName',PropertyValue..): adds the string in quotes to the
location defined by the coordinates and uses the values for the specified text properties.
Adding Legends: legend('string1','string2',..): displays a legend in the current axes using the
specified strings to label each set of data.
Adding New Plots to Existing Plot: hold on: It retains the current plot and certain axes
properties so that subsequent graphing commands add to the existing graph.
Printing Text in Greek Letters: You can define text that includes symbols and Greek letters
using the text function, assigning the character sequence to the String property of text objects.
You can also include these character sequences in the string arguments of the title, xlabel, ylabel,
and zlabel functions. Example: xlabel('Time \musec.') displays Time μsec on graph.

RESULT:
Sinusoidal Signals were successfully generated and Plotted and several Graphical Enhancements
like Titling, Labeling, Adding Text, Adding Legends, Adding New Plots to Existing Plot,
Printing Text in Greek Letters were successfully performed.

CONCLUSION:

Sinusoidal Signal were successfully generated and plotted with several graphical enhancements.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT - 9

AIM:
Generating a Square Wave from sum of Sine Waves of certain Amplitude and Frequencies.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0(R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> % Defining Constant A
>> A=3
A=
3

>> % Generating parameter t

>> t=0:0.05*pi:2*pi
t=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.1571 0.3142 0.4712 0.6283 0.7854 0.9425 1.0996 1.2566
Columns 10 through 18
1.4137 1.5708 1.7279 1.8850 2.0420 2.1991 2.3562 2.5133 2.6704
Columns 19 through 27
2.8274 2.9845 3.1416 3.2987 3.4558 3.6128 3.7699 3.9270 4.0841
Columns 28 through 36
4.2412 4.3982 4.5553 4.7124 4.8695 5.0265 5.1836 5.3407 5.4978
Columns 37 through 41
5.6549 5.8119 5.9690 6.1261 6.2832

>> % Generating & Plotting Square wave using Fourier Series Expansion
>> sum=0
sum =
0

>> for n=1:2:100

Y=(sin(n*t))/n
sum=sum+Y
end
Y=
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.0016 -0.0031 0.0046 -0.0059 0.0071 -0.0082 0.0090 -0.0096
Columns 10 through 18
0.0100 -0.0101 0.0100 -0.0096 0.0090 -0.0082 0.0071 -0.0059 0.0046
Columns 19 through 27
-0.0031 0.0016 -0.0000 -0.0016 0.0031 -0.0046 0.0059 -0.0071 0.0082
Columns 28 through 36
-0.0090 0.0096 -0.0100 0.0101 -0.0100 0.0096 -0.0090 0.0082 -0.0071
sum =
Columns 1 through 9
0 0.8171 0.7692 0.7964 0.7769 0.7925 0.7792 0.7910 0.7801
Columns 10 through 18
0.7905 0.7804 0.7905 0.7801 0.7910 0.7792 0.7925 0.7769 0.7964
Columns 19 through 27
0.7692 0.8171 0.0000 -0.8171 -0.7692 -0.7964 -0.7769 -0.7925 -0.7792

>> C=(4*A*sum)/pi
C=
Columns 1 through 9
0 3.1211 2.9383 3.0420 2.9675 3.0270 2.9764 3.0214 2.9799
Columns 10 through 18
3.0193 2.9809 3.0193 2.9799 3.0214 2.9764 3.0270 2.9675 3.0420
Columns 19 through 27
2.9383 3.1211 0.0000 -3.1211 -2.9383 -3.0420 -2.9675 -3.0270 -2.9764
>> plot(t,C)

>> % Generating and Plotting sine wave over the existing curve
>> hold on
>> D=sin(t)
D=

Columns 1 through 9
0 0.1564 0.3090 0.4540 0.5878 0.7071 0.8090 0.8910 0.9511
Columns 10 through 18
0.9877 1.0000 0.9877 0.9511 0.8910 0.8090 0.7071 0.5878 0.4540
Columns 19 through 27
0.3090 0.1564 0.0000 -0.1564 -0.3090 -0.4540 -0.5878 -0.7071 -0.8090
Columns 28 through 36
-0.8910 -0.9511 -0.9877 -1.0000 -0.9877 -0.9511 -0.8910 -0.8090 -0.7071
Columns 37 through 41
-0.5878 -0.4540 -0.3090 -0.1564 -0.0000
>> plot(t,D,'R+-')
>> xlabel('Radians')
>> ylabel('Amplitude')
>> title('Generating Square Wave')
>> text(pi/2,1.125,' \downarrow sin(t)','FontSize',18)
>> text(3,3,' \leftarrow Square Wave','FontSize',18)
 Generating Square Wave
4

3  Square Wave

1  sin(t)
Amplitude
0

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Radians

DISCUSSION:
Input parameter t was generated using colon operator (start:step:stop).

Generating Square Wave Using Fourier Series Expansion:

The Fourier series expansion for a square-wave is made up of a sum of odd harmonics. The more
waves you add more smooth the square wave will become.

X(t)= 4*A/ π [ sin(w*t) + (1/3)*sin(3*w*t) + (1/5)*sin(5*w*t) + .. ]

Adding New Plots to Existing Plot:

hold on: It retains the current plot and certain axes properties so that subsequent graphing
commands add to the existing graph.

RESULT:

Square Wave was generated from sum of Sine Waves of certain Amplitude and Frequencies
using Fourier Series Expansion.

CONCLUSION:

Square Wave was successfully generated and plotted.

 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT – 7
AIM:
Solving First Order Ordinary Differential Equation using Built-in Functions.
Consider the following Ordinary Differential Equation:
x(dy/dx) + 2y = x3
where, dy/dx = (x3-2y) / x 1<x<3 and y=4.2

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>>% Clearing Everything
>> clc;clear all;clf

>> % Creating an Ordinary Differential Equation

>> ode1 = @ (x,y) (x^3 - 2*y) / x
ode1 =
@(x,y)(x^3-2*y)/x
>> [x,y] = ode45(ode1,[1:0.01:3],4.2)
x=
1.0000 1.0100 1.0200 1.0300 1.0400 1.0500
1.0600 1.0700 1.0800 1.0900 1.1000 1.1100
1.1200 1.1300 1.1400 1.1500 1.1600 1.1700
1.1800 1.1900 1.2000 1.2100 1.2200 1.2300
1.2400 1.2500 1.2600 1.2700 1.2800 1.2900
1.3000 1.3100 1.3200 1.3300 1.3400 1.3500
1.3600 1.3700 1.3800 1.3900 1.4000 1.4100
1.4200 1.4300 1.4400 1.4500 1.4600 1.4700
1.4800 1.4900 1.5000 1.5100 1.5200 1.5300
1.5400 1.5500 1.5600 1.5700 1.5800 1.590
y=
4.2000 4.1272 4.0569 3.9889 3.9232 3.8596
3.7982 3.7388 3.6813 3.6257 3.5720 3.5200
3.4697 3.4211 3.3741 3.3287 3.2848 3.2424
3.2013 3.1617 3.1234 3.0864 3.0506 3.0161
2.9828 2.9506 2.9196 2.8897 2.8608 2.8330
2.8063 2.7805 2.7557 2.7318 2.7089 2.6869
2.6657 2.6454 2.6260 2.6074 2.5896 2.5726
2.5564 2.5409 2.5262 2.5122 2.4990 2.4864
3.9658 4.0005 4.0356 4.0711 4.1069 4.1431
4.1797 4.2166 4.2539 4.2915 4.3295 4.3679
4.4067 4.4458 4.4853 4.5252 4.5654 4.6060
4.6470 4.6883 4.7300 4.7721 4.8146 4.8574
4.9006 4.9442 4.9881 5.0325 5.0772 5.1223
5.1678 5.2136 5.2598 5.3064 5.3534 5.4008
5.4485 5.4967 5.5452 5.5941 5.6434 5.6931

>>% Plotting the ordinary differential equation

>> plot(x,y,'linewidth',2)
>> xlabel('X'),ylabel('Y'),grid on
>> title('Solution to ODE, dy/dx = (x^3 - 2*y)/x')

DISCUSSION:
Ode45: ode45 is based on an explicit Runge-Kutta (4,5) formula, the Dormand-Prince pair. It is
a one-step solver - in computing y(tn), it needs only the solution at the immediately preceding
time point, y(tn-1).

RESULT:
 Solution to ODE, dy/dx = (x 3 - 2*y)/x
6

5.5

4.5

4
Y

3.5

2.5

2
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
X

CONCLUSION:

The solution to the ordinary differential equation using ode45 is calculated and plot is made on
graph.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6
 EXPERIMENT – 8
AIM:
Writing brief Scripts starting each Script with a request for input (using input) to Evaluate the
function h(T) using if-else statement, where

h(T) = (T – 10) , for 0 < T < 100

= (0.45 T + 900), for T > 100.

Exercise: Testing the Scripts written using A). T = 5, h = -5 and B). T = 110, h =949.5

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a)

PROCEDURE:
>> % The Script
H=0
T=input('Enter the value of T: ')
if(T==0)
disp('Enter a value greater than 0')
else if(0<T && T<100)
fprintf('For T = %d',T)
H=(T-10)
else if(T>100)
fprintf('For T = %d',T)
H=((0.45*T)+900)
end
end
end
fprintf('H = %d',H)

DISCUSSION:
If-else statements: If expression1 evaluates as false and expression2 as true, MATLAB executes
the one or more commands denoted here as statements2. A true expression has either a logical
true or nonzero value.
RESULT:
H=

Enter the value of T: 5

T=

5
For T = 5
H=

-5

H = -5

H=

Enter the value of T: 110

T=

110

For T = 110
H=

949.5000

H = 9.495000e+002

CONCLUSION:

The experiment calculated value of T and H according to the given if-else condition.
 EXPERIMENT – 10
AIM: Basic 2D and 3D plots:
o parametric space curve.
o polygons with vertices.
o 3D contour lines, pie and bar charts.

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB R2019b

PROCEDURE:

%2D PLOT
clc;
clear all;
t=linspace(0,4*pi);
x=t+2*cos(2*t);
y=t+3*sin(3*t);
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(x,y);

%3D PLOT
t=linspace(0,4*pi);
x=cos(t);
y=sin(t);
z=t/2;
subplot(1,2,2)
plot3(x,y,z);
% polygon with vertices
t = (1/16:1/8:1)'*2*pi;
x = cos(t);
y = sin(t);
fill(x,y,'g')
axis square
%3d
patch([0 0 1 1],[0 1 1 0],[1 1 1 1],'r')
patch([0 1 1 0],[0 0 0 0],[0 0 1 1],'r')
patch([0 0 0 0],[0 1 1 0],[0 0 1 1],'r')
view(-37.5, 30)
axis square

%3-D Contour Lines

x = -2:0.25:2;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
contour3(X,Y,Z,30)
% 2d
x = -2:0.2:2;
y = -2:0.2:3;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
figure
contour(X,Y,Z,'ShowText','on')
%3D Pie Chart

n=[1,3,0.5,2.5,2];
figure;
pie3(n);
%2d pie
x= [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8];
pie(x);
%2d bar
load count.dat
z=count(1:10,:);
figure;
bar(z);
title('Detached style');

% 3d bar
load count.dat
z=count(1:10,:);
figure;
bar3(z);
title('Detached style');
DISSCUSION:
Contour () and pie () can be used as functions to design various charts.

RESULT:
The result is displayed above.

CONCLUSION:
Basic 2D and 3D plots have been plotted, bar and pie charts have also been plotted.
 Internal Assessment (Mandatory Experiment) Sheet for Lab Experiment
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University, Noida (UP)

Marking Criteria

Criteria Total Marks Marks Obtained Comments

Concept (A) 2

Implementation (B) 2

Performance (C) 2

Total 6