OOPM PYQ

1. java program to check given number is perfect square or not. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. class- shape(constructor) initiate variable dimension subclass- circle, square, sphere with methods of calculation
create java programing related that info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
3. explain collection framework in java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4. Explain types of inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Define exception handeling mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. define abstract class & interface in java comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
7. define memory allocated in java objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. define lifecycle of thread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. define 'for each loop'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
10. define access modifiers in java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
11. Explain JVM inportance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
12. abstraction principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13. how to create class level methods & variables in java?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
14. define class diagram & defination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
15. use of packages & importance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
16. methods of thread class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
17. define inheritance, string buffer, wrapper class, arraylist, constructor class and public, private & protected
keywords in java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
18. write java program that simulates a simple booking system, for maintaining records for comps department
which must include functions like add, delete, display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

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 1. java program to check given number is perfect square or not

Here’s a simple Java program to check if a given number is a perfect square or not:

java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class PerfectSquareCheck {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner object to take input from the user
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Prompt the user to enter a number

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int num = scanner.nextInt();

// Calculate the square root of the number

double sqrt = Math.sqrt(num);

// Check if the square of the square root is equal to the number

if (sqrt == (int) sqrt) {
System.out.println(num + " is a perfect square.");
} else {
System.out.println(num + " is not a perfect square.");
}

// Close the scanner

scanner.close();
}
}

Explanation:

The program first takes an integer input from the user.

It calculates the square root of the input number using `Math.sqrt()`.
If the square of the square root is equal to the original number, then the number is a perfect
square; otherwise, it is not.

Example:

For input `16`, the output will be:

csharp

16 is a perfect square.

2. class- shape(constructor)
initiate variable dimension
subclass- circle, square, sphere with methods of calculation
create java programing related that info

Below is a Java program implementing a class hierarchy with a `Shape` superclass and subclasses
`Circle`, `Square`, and `Sphere`. The `Shape` class has a constructor to initialize the dimensions, and

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each subclass has methods to calculate area, perimeter, or volume depending on the shape.

java

// Superclass Shape
class Shape {
// Dimension variable to store the dimension of the shape (radius, side, etc.)
double dimension;

// Constructor to initialize the dimension

Shape(double dimension) {
this.dimension = dimension;
}
}

// Subclass Circle
class Circle extends Shape {
// Constructor to initialize the radius for the circle
Circle(double radius) {
super(radius); // Call to the superclass constructor
}

// Method to calculate the area of the circle

public double area() {
return Math.PI * dimension * dimension;
}

// Method to calculate the perimeter of the circle (circumference)

public double perimeter() {
return 2 * Math.PI * dimension;
}
}

// Subclass Square
class Square extends Shape {
// Constructor to initialize the side length of the square
Square(double side) {
super(side); // Call to the superclass constructor
}

// Method to calculate the area of the square

public double area() {
return dimension * dimension;
}

// Method to calculate the perimeter of the square

public double perimeter() {
return 4 * dimension;
}
}

// Subclass Sphere
class Sphere extends Shape {
// Constructor to initialize the radius of the sphere
Sphere(double radius) {
super(radius); // Call to the superclass constructor
}

// Method to calculate the volume of the sphere

public double volume() {
return (4 / 3.0) * Math.PI * Math.pow(dimension, 3);
}

// Method to calculate the surface area of the sphere

public double surfaceArea() {
return 4 * Math.PI * dimension * dimension;
}
}

// Main class to test the program

public class ShapeTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {

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 // Create objects of Circle, Square, and Sphere
Circle circle = new Circle(5); // Circle with radius 5
Square square = new Square(4); // Square with side length 4
Sphere sphere = new Sphere(3); // Sphere with radius 3

// Display results for Circle

System.out.println("Circle with radius 5:");
System.out.println("Area: " + circle.area());
System.out.println("Perimeter: " + circle.perimeter());

// Display results for Square

System.out.println("\nSquare with side 4:");
System.out.println("Area: " + square.area());
System.out.println("Perimeter: " + square.perimeter());

// Display results for Sphere

System.out.println("\nSphere with radius 3:");
System.out.println("Volume: " + sphere.volume());
System.out.println("Surface Area: " + sphere.surfaceArea());
}
}

Explanation:

Superclass `Shape`:
Contains a constructor to initialize the dimension (like radius or side length).
The dimension is passed to the subclass constructors.
Subclass `Circle`:
Takes the radius as a dimension.
Has methods to calculate the area (`π * radius²`) and perimeter (`2 * π * radius`).
Subclass `Square`:
Takes the side length as a dimension.
Has methods to calculate the area (`side²`) and perimeter (`4 * side`).
Subclass `Sphere`:
Takes the radius as a dimension.
Has methods to calculate the volume (`(4/3) * π * radius³`) and surface area (`4 * π *
radius²`).

Sample Output:

mathematica

Circle with radius 5:

Area: 78.53981633974483
Perimeter: 31.41592653589793

Square with side 4:

Area: 16.0
Perimeter: 16.0

Sphere with radius 3:

Volume: 113.0973353791821
Surface Area: 113.0973353791821

This Java program demonstrates the use of constructors, inheritance, and method overriding, allowing
each shape class to calculate its own properties.

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 3. explain collection framework in java

Collection Framework in Java (5 Marks)

The Collection Framework in Java provides a set of interfaces, classes, and algorithms to handle groups
of objects. It is a part of the `java.util` package and is designed to store, retrieve, manipulate, and
communicate aggregate data. It simplifies the development process by providing standard data
structures like lists, sets, and maps.

Key Components of the Collection Framework:

1. Interfaces:
Collection Interface: This is the root interface in the collection hierarchy. It defines the basic
methods that all collections (except maps) should implement. Subinterfaces of `Collection`
include `List`, `Set`, and `Queue`.
List Interface: Extends `Collection` and represents an ordered collection of elements. It
allows duplicate elements and maintains the insertion order. Examples: `ArrayList`,
`LinkedList`.
Set Interface: Extends `Collection` and represents a collection that does not allow duplicate
elements. Examples: `HashSet`, `LinkedHashSet`, `TreeSet`.
Queue Interface: Extends `Collection` and is used to hold elements before processing. It
typically follows FIFO (First In, First Out) order. Examples: `PriorityQueue`, `LinkedList`.
Map Interface: A special interface that is not a true subtype of `Collection`. It maps keys to
values, where each key is unique. Examples: `HashMap`, `TreeMap`, `LinkedHashMap`.
2. Implementations:
ArrayList: Implements the `List` interface, backed by a dynamic array. It provides fast
random access and is efficient when adding elements at the end.
LinkedList: Implements the `List` and `Queue` interfaces, backed by a doubly linked list. It
provides fast insertions and deletions but slower random access compared to `ArrayList`.
HashSet: Implements the `Set` interface and is backed by a hash table. It does not allow
duplicates and does not guarantee the order of elements.
TreeSet: Implements the `Set` interface, backed by a tree. It stores elements in a sorted
order according to their natural ordering or a specified comparator.
HashMap: Implements the `Map` interface and stores key-value pairs. It allows fast lookups
based on keys but does not maintain any order.
TreeMap: Implements the `Map` interface, storing key-value pairs in sorted order based on
the natural ordering of keys or a custom comparator.
3. Algorithms: The `Collections` class provides static methods for performing various operations on
collections, such as sorting, reversing, shuffling, and searching. For example:
Sorting: `Collections.sort(list)` to sort a list.
Searching: `Collections.binarySearch(list, key)` to find an element in a sorted list.

Core Features of the Collection Framework:

1. Unified Architecture: All collections implement the `Collection` interface, and all classes follow a
common design pattern, making it easier to work with different types of collections in a uniform
way.

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 2. Dynamic Growth: Most collection classes (like `ArrayList`, `HashSet`) can dynamically resize,
adapting to the number of elements added during runtime.
3. Type Safety: With the introduction of Generics in Java 5, the Collection Framework allows you to
specify the type of objects that the collection will hold, providing compile-time type safety.
4. Iterators: The `Iterator` interface allows for traversing through a collection without exposing its
internal structure. It provides methods like `next()`, `hasNext()`, `remove()`.

5. Concurrency: Java provides thread-safe versions of collections, such as `CopyOnWriteArrayList`,

`ConcurrentHashMap`, and more for multi-threaded environments.

6. Performance: Collections like `HashSet` and `HashMap` offer constant time performance for basic
operations (add, remove, contains) on average.

Example Code:

java

import java.util.*;

public class CollectionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// List example (ArrayList)
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Apple");
list.add("Banana");
list.add("Cherry");
System.out.println("List: " + list);

// Set example (HashSet)

Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add("Red");
set.add("Green");
set.add("Blue");
set.add("Red"); // Duplicates are not allowed in Set
System.out.println("Set: " + set);

// Map example (HashMap)

Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("John", 25);
map.put("Emma", 30);
map.put("Alex", 22);
System.out.println("Map: " + map);

// Using Iterator to traverse a Set

Iterator<String> iterator = set.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.println("Set element: " + iterator.next());
}

// Sorting List
Collections.sort(list);
System.out.println("Sorted List: " + list);
}
}

Sample Output:

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 mathematica

List: [Apple, Banana, Cherry]

Set: [Red, Green, Blue]
Map: {John=25, Emma=30, Alex=22}
Set element: Red
Set element: Green
Set element: Blue
Sorted List: [Apple, Banana, Cherry]

Conclusion:

The Collection Framework provides a comprehensive architecture to store and manipulate groups of
objects in Java. It offers different types of collections that cater to different needs (ordered, unordered,
unique, etc.), and also includes various utility methods to perform common operations on collections.

4. Explain types of inheritance

Types of Inheritance in Java (5 Marks)

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class

(subclass or child class) to inherit properties and behaviors (fields and methods) from another class
(superclass or parent class). In Java, inheritance promotes code reusability and establishes a relationship
between classes.

There are four types of inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance
2. Multilevel Inheritance
3. Hierarchical Inheritance
4. Multiple Inheritance (through interfaces)

1. Single Inheritance:

In single inheritance, a subclass inherits from only one superclass. This is the simplest form of
inheritance, where a class can inherit properties and methods from one parent class.

Example:

java

class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

public class Main {

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 public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Inherited from Animal class
dog.bark(); // Defined in Dog class
}
}

Output:

css

Animal makes a sound

Dog barks

In this example, the `Dog` class inherits the `sound()` method from the `Animal` class, representing
single inheritance.

2. Multilevel Inheritance:

In multilevel inheritance, a class can inherit from a subclass, and that subclass can inherit from another
class, forming a chain. This allows the subclass to inherit properties from multiple levels of classes.

Example:

java

class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

class Puppy extends Dog {

void play() {
System.out.println("Puppy plays");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Puppy puppy = new Puppy();
puppy.sound(); // Inherited from Animal class
puppy.bark(); // Inherited from Dog class
puppy.play(); // Defined in Puppy class
}
}

Output:

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 css

Animal makes a sound

Dog barks
Puppy plays

In this example, `Puppy` inherits from `Dog`, and `Dog` inherits from `Animal`, forming a multilevel
inheritance chain.

3. Hierarchical Inheritance:

In hierarchical inheritance, multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass. This allows one class to
serve as the common base for multiple subclasses.

Example:

java

class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

void meow() {
System.out.println("Cat meows");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Inherited from Animal class
dog.bark(); // Defined in Dog class

Cat cat = new Cat();

cat.sound(); // Inherited from Animal class
cat.meow(); // Defined in Cat class
}
}

Output:

css

Animal makes a sound

Dog barks
Animal makes a sound
Cat meows

Here, both `Dog` and `Cat` inherit from the `Animal` class, demonstrating hierarchical inheritance.
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4. Multiple Inheritance (through interfaces):

Java does not support multiple inheritance directly with classes to avoid ambiguity and complexity.
However, it allows a class to implement multiple interfaces, which achieves a form of multiple
inheritance. This is called interface-based multiple inheritance.

Example:

java

interface Animal {
void sound();
}

interface Pet {
void play();
}

class Dog implements Animal, Pet {

public void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}

public void play() {

System.out.println("Dog plays");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Implemented from Animal interface
dog.play(); // Implemented from Pet interface
}
}

Output:

Dog barks
Dog plays

In this example, the `Dog` class implements two interfaces, `Animal` and `Pet`, allowing it to inherit
behavior from both, thereby demonstrating multiple inheritance through interfaces.

Summary of Inheritance Types:

1. Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from only one superclass.

2. Multilevel Inheritance: A subclass inherits from a subclass, forming a chain.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.
4. Multiple Inheritance (via interfaces): A class can implement multiple interfaces, inheriting
behaviors from more than one source.

Each type of inheritance has its use cases, but Java restricts multiple inheritance with classes to avoid
ambiguity, offering interfaces as a solution.

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 5. Define exception handeling mechanism

Exception Handling Mechanism in Java (2 Marks)

Exception handling in Java is a powerful mechanism that allows a program to deal with runtime errors,
such as division by zero, invalid input, or file not found, in a graceful manner. It prevents the program
from terminating unexpectedly and provides a way to handle errors without crashing the application.
Java provides a set of keywords to handle exceptions:

`try`:Used to enclose the code that might throw an exception.

`catch`: Used to define the block of code that will handle the exception.
`finally`: Used to define a block of code that will always execute, regardless of whether an
exception was thrown or not.
`throw`: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
`throws`: Used in method declarations to specify that a method may throw an exception.

Basic Structure:

java

try {
// Code that may throw an exception
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
// Code to handle the exception
} finally {
// Code that will execute regardless of exception
}

Example:

java

public class ExceptionHandlingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // This will cause ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Cannot divide by zero");
} finally {
System.out.println("This will always execute.");
}
}
}

Output:

vbnet

Error: Cannot divide by zero

This will always execute.

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In this example, the `ArithmeticException` is caught and handled, and the `finally` block always
executes, ensuring proper cleanup or final actions.

6. define abstract class & interface in java comparison

Abstract Class vs Interface in Java (5 Marks)

Both abstract classes and interfaces are used to achieve abstraction in Java, but they have significant
differences. Abstraction allows you to define the structure of a class without providing a full
implementation, which is essential for creating flexible and reusable code.

1. Abstract Class:

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own. It can have both fully implemented
methods (concrete methods) and abstract methods (methods without implementation). An abstract
class is used when you want to provide a common base class for a group of related classes, while still
leaving some methods unimplemented for subclasses to define.

Key Features of Abstract Class:

Methods: Can have both abstract (without body) and concrete (with body) methods.
Variables: Can have instance variables (fields) with any access modifier (`private`, `protected`,
`public`).
Constructor: Can have constructors to initialize the object of the subclass.
Multiple Inheritance: Java supports single inheritance with abstract classes. A class can inherit
from only one abstract class.
Access Modifiers: Can have any access modifiers (public, private, etc.) for both methods and
variables.

Example:

java

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void sleep() { // Concrete method

System.out.println("Animal is sleeping");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() { // Implementing the abstract method
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks
dog.sleep(); // Output: Animal is sleeping
}
}

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2. Interface:

An interface is a completely abstract class that is used to specify a set of methods that a class must
implement. An interface cannot contain any implementation of methods (until Java 8, which allows
default methods with implementation). An interface defines a contract that any class implementing it
must adhere to.

Key Features of Interface:

Methods: All methods are abstract by default (until Java 8, which introduced default and static
methods with implementation).
Variables: All variables are `public`, `static`, and `final` by default (constants).
Constructor: An interface cannot have a constructor.
Multiple Inheritance: A class can implement multiple interfaces, thus supporting multiple
inheritance of behavior.
Access Modifiers: Methods in an interface are always `public` by default. Variables are always
`public static final`.

Example:

java

interface Animal {
void sound(); // Abstract method
}

interface Pet {
void play(); // Abstract method
}

class Dog implements Animal, Pet {

public void sound() { // Implementing the sound method
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}

public void play() { // Implementing the play method

System.out.println("Dog plays");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks
dog.play(); // Output: Dog plays
}
}

Comparison between Abstract Class and Interface:

Feature Abstract Class Interface

Can have both abstract and concrete Can only have abstract methods (except default
Methods
methods methods in Java 8+)
Can have instance variables with any All variables are `public static final`
Variables
access modifier (constants)
Constructor Can have constructors Cannot have constructors

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 Feature Abstract Class Interface
Multiple Supports multiple inheritance (a class can
Supports single inheritance only
Inheritance implement multiple interfaces)

Methods and variables can have any Methods are implicitly `public`, variables are
Access Modifiers
access modifier `public static final`
Used when classes share common Used when you want to define a contract that
Use Case
behavior and state multiple classes can implement

A class can inherit from only one

Inheritance A class can implement multiple interfaces
abstract class
Cannot have default methods (before
Default Methods Can have default methods (introduced in Java 8)
Java 8)

When to Use Which:

Use an abstract class when you want to provide some common behavior but also leave some
methods to be implemented by subclasses. It is useful when classes share a common base and can
have some shared implementation.
Use an interface when you want to define a contract for classes that might not share any common
behavior or when you need multiple inheritance. Interfaces are ideal for defining behaviors that
can be adopted by any class, regardless of where it fits in the class hierarchy.

Summary:

Abstract Class: Allows partial implementation of functionality, can contain fields, constructors, and
both abstract and concrete methods. It supports single inheritance.
Interface: Provides a full abstraction (until Java 8 introduced default methods), is used to define a
contract, and supports multiple inheritance of behavior.

7. define memory allocated in java objects

Memory Allocation in Java Objects (2 Marks)

In Java, memory for objects is allocated in the heap memory, which is a part of the memory used for
dynamic memory allocation. The heap is where instances of classes (objects) are created during the
execution of a program.
When an object is created using the `new` keyword, Java allocates memory for the object on the heap
and returns a reference (memory address) to that object, which is stored in a variable.
Here's how memory allocation for objects works in Java:

1. Heap Memory:
The heap is where Java stores objects. When you instantiate an object, memory is dynamically
allocated in the heap.
The heap is managed by the garbage collector, which automatically frees memory for
objects that are no longer referenced.
2. Stack Memory:
Local variables and references to objects are stored in the stack. The stack holds method
calls, primitive data types, and references to objects, but not the objects themselves.

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 When a method finishes execution, local variables and references are popped from the stack.
3. Object Memory Layout:
When an object is created, it consists of:
Instance variables (fields) of the object, which store the state of the object.
A reference to the object (stored in the stack when you declare a variable).
The actual object data (fields) is stored in the heap memory, while the reference variable is
stored in the stack.
4. Memory Allocation Process:
When you create an object using the `new` keyword:

java

MyClass obj = new MyClass();

The memory steps are:

MyClass object is allocated in the heap.
A reference to the object (memory address) is stored in the `obj` variable, which resides
in the stack.

Example:

java

class MyClass {
int a;
double b;
}

public class MemoryAllocationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass(); // Memory allocated for the object on heap
obj.a = 10; // Instance variable accessed and modified
}
}

In this example:
Memory for `obj` (which refers to a `MyClass` object) is allocated in the heap.
The reference `obj` is stored in the stack, pointing to the location of the object in the heap.

Garbage Collection:

When there are no more references to an object (i.e., it becomes unreachable), it becomes eligible
for garbage collection. The garbage collector automatically reclaims the memory of such objects.

Summary:

Heap: Memory for objects is allocated here.

Stack: Local variables and references to objects are stored here.
Java uses the garbage collector to automatically free memory for objects that are no longer in
use.

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 8. define lifecycle of thread

Lifecycle of a Thread in Java (2 Marks)

In Java, a thread is a lightweight process that allows multiple tasks to run concurrently. The lifecycle of a
thread is controlled by the Thread Scheduler and consists of several states that the thread goes
through during its execution. The states are defined in the Thread class and are managed by the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).

States of a Thread:

1. New (Born):
A thread is in the New state when it is created but not yet started.
This is the initial state of a thread when you instantiate a `Thread` object but before calling
the `start()` method.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

2. Runnable:
A thread enters the Runnable state when the `start()` method is called. It is now eligible for
running but may not be immediately executed because the thread scheduler manages the
execution.
The thread can be in a Runnable state whether it is actually running or waiting to be
scheduled by the CPU.

java

t.start(); // Thread is now in the Runnable state

3. Blocked:
A thread enters the Blocked state when it is waiting to acquire a lock (mutex) to enter the
synchronized block or method. If another thread is holding the lock, the thread remains
blocked until the lock is released.
A thread can also move to this state while waiting for I/O or other resources.
4. Waiting:
A thread enters the Waiting state when it is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
perform a specific action (like calling `notify()` or `notifyAll()` on an object).
This state occurs when a thread calls methods such as `wait()`, `join()`, or `sleep()` with no
specific timeout.

java

synchronized (obj) {
obj.wait(); // Thread enters Waiting state

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 }

5. Timed Waiting:
A thread enters the Timed Waiting state when it is waiting for a specific period of time. This
state occurs when the thread calls `sleep()`, `join()` with a timeout, or other similar
methods.
The thread stays in this state for the specified amount of time and then automatically
transitions back to the Runnable state if it hasn't finished.

java

t.sleep(1000); // Thread enters Timed Waiting state for 1 second

6. Terminated (Dead):
A thread enters the Terminated state when it has completed its execution or has been
terminated due to an exception or error.
Once a thread is in the Dead state, it cannot be started again.

java

// After the thread has completed its run() method

Thread Lifecycle Diagram:

scss

+---------+ start() +----------+ wait(), join(), sleep() +--------+

| New | -------------> | Runnable | ---------------------------> | Blocked |
+---------+ +----------+ +--------+
| ^ |
| | |
sleep(), join(), wait() notify(), lock released
| v
+-----------+ completes +---------+
| Waiting | -----------------> | Terminated |
+-----------+ +---------+

Summary of Thread States:

1. New: Thread is created but not yet started.

2. Runnable: Thread is ready to run but is waiting for CPU time.
3. Blocked: Thread is blocked, waiting for a lock.
4. Waiting: Thread is waiting for another thread to perform a specific action.
5. Timed Waiting: Thread is waiting for a specified period.
6. Terminated: Thread has completed its execution.

The thread transitions through these states based on its execution behavior and interactions with other
threads or system resources.

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 9. define 'for each loop'

For Each Loop in Java (2 Marks)

The for-each loop in Java (also known as the enhanced for loop) is a simplified version of the traditional
`for` loop. It is used to iterate over elements in an array or a collection (like a list or set) without needing
to manage an index manually. This loop is especially useful when you want to access each element of a
collection in a concise and readable way.

Syntax:

java

for (Type element : array_or_collection) {

// Code to process each element
}

`Type`:The type of the element in the array or collection (e.g., `int`, `String`, etc.).
`element`: The variable that holds the value of each element during iteration.
`array_or_collection`: The array or collection to be traversed.

Example:

java

public class ForEachExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Array of integers
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// Using for-each loop to iterate over the array

for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num); // Prints each number in the array
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Advantages of For-Each Loop:

1. Simplicity: You don't need to deal with index variables.

2. Readability: It makes the code easier to read when iterating over elements in a collection or array.

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 3. Safety: It reduces the risk of errors like `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` because there is no
manual index tracking.

Limitations:

You cannot modify the collection or array (e.g., adding or removing elements) during the iteration
in a for-each loop.
You don’t have access to the index of elements while using a for-each loop.

Summary:

The for-each loop in Java provides a simpler, cleaner way to iterate over arrays or collections, making
the code more concise and less error-prone.

10. define access modifiers in java

Access Modifiers in Java (2 Marks)

Access modifiers in Java are keywords used to define the visibility or accessibility of classes, methods,
and variables. They help control the access level and restrict access to specific parts of a program. There
are four types of access modifiers in Java:

1. `public`
2. `private`
3. `protected`
4. default (no modifier)

1. `public` Access Modifier:

The `public` modifier allows unrestricted access to the member (class, method, variable) from any
other class.
It can be applied to classes, methods, and fields.

Example:

java

public class MyClass {

public int number; // Can be accessed from anywhere
}

2. `private` Access Modifier:

The `private` modifier restricts access to the member (method or variable) only within the same
class.
It is the most restrictive access level and cannot be accessed outside the class.

Example:

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 java

public class MyClass {

private int number; // Cannot be accessed outside this class

public void setNumber(int num) {

this.number = num; // Can be accessed within the class
}
}

3. `protected` Access Modifier:

The `protected` modifier allows access to the member within the same package and by subclasses
(even if they are in a different package).
It is less restrictive than `private`, but more restrictive than `public`.

Example:

java

public class MyClass {

protected int number; // Accessible in the same package and by subclasses
}

4. Default (No Modifier) Access Modifier:

If no access modifier is specified, it is considered the default access level, which is package-private.
This means the member is accessible only within the same package and not from other packages.

Example:

java

public class MyClass {

int number; // Default access level (package-private)
}

Access Modifier Summary Table:

Access Modifier Class Level Method/Field Level Accessibility

Accessible from anywhere in the

`public` Anywhere Anywhere
program.
Accessible only within the same
`private` Not accessible Within the same class
class.

In the same package or In the same package or by Accessible within the same
`protected`
by subclasses subclasses package or by subclasses.
default (no Accessible only within the same
In the same package In the same package
modifier) package.

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Summary:

`public`:The least restrictive; accessible from anywhere.

`private`: The most restrictive; accessible only within the same class.
`protected`: Accessible within the same package and by subclasses.
default: Accessible only within the same package (package-private).

11. Explain JVM inportance

Importance of JVM (Java Virtual Machine) (5 Marks)

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a crucial part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and plays a
significant role in the execution of Java programs. The JVM is responsible for converting Java bytecode
into machine-specific code and managing the execution of Java programs across different platforms.
The JVM provides platform independence, security, and memory management, among other
essential features. Let's delve into the importance of the JVM:

1. Platform Independence:

Key Aspect: The JVM enables the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) capability of Java.
How it Works: Java code is compiled into bytecode by the Java compiler. The bytecode is not
platform-specific, meaning it can run on any machine that has a JVM installed. The JVM is
responsible for interpreting or compiling this bytecode into platform-specific machine code,
making Java programs platform-independent.
Example: A Java program compiled on a Windows machine will run on a Linux machine without
modification, as long as both systems have the JVM installed.

2. Memory Management:

Key Aspect: The JVM manages memory efficiently through techniques such as automatic garbage
collection.
How it Works: The JVM automatically allocates and deallocates memory for objects in the heap
and stack. It tracks references to objects and frees memory when objects are no longer in use,
ensuring optimal use of memory resources without programmer intervention.

Example: When a Java program creates objects, the JVM allocates memory for them in the heap.
When those objects are no longer referenced, the JVM’s garbage collector automatically reclaims
the memory.

3. Security:

Key Aspect: The JVM provides a secure environment for Java programs to run.

How it Works: The JVM acts as a sandbox to run Java applications, preventing untrusted code from
accessing critical system resources. It performs bytecode verification before execution, ensuring
that only safe and valid code is run. Additionally, the JVM provides mechanisms for controlling
access to files, networks, and other resources through security policies.

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 Example: When running Java applets or applications, the JVM ensures that malicious code cannot
access sensitive data or perform harmful actions without proper authorization.

4. Execution of Bytecode:

Key Aspect: The JVM is responsible for executing the bytecode generated by the Java compiler.
How it Works: The JVM can either interpret the bytecode or just-in-time (JIT) compile it into
machine code, depending on the JVM implementation. In interpretation, the JVM executes
bytecode one instruction at a time. In JIT compilation, the JVM compiles the bytecode into machine
code for faster execution.

Example: A JVM running on a server might use JIT compilation for performance optimization,
turning bytecode into machine code as the program runs, which speeds up execution over time.

5. Multithreading Support:

Key Aspect: The JVM provides built-in support for multithreading.

How it Works: Java programs can have multiple threads running concurrently. The JVM manages
the creation, scheduling, and synchronization of threads to ensure efficient execution of
multithreaded programs.
Example: In a Java program with multiple threads (e.g., a web server), the JVM schedules and
manages the threads to ensure proper execution of concurrent tasks.

6. Native Method Interface (JNI):

Key Aspect: The JVM allows interaction with native applications (written in languages like C or C++)
through the Java Native Interface (JNI).

How it Works: JNI allows Java programs to call native methods or libraries written in other
languages, enabling Java applications to leverage existing system-level functionality or external
libraries.
Example: A Java program might use JNI to access a C library for performance-intensive tasks like
image processing or system-level interactions.

7. Portability:

Key Aspect: The JVM enhances the portability of Java applications.

How it Works: Since Java programs run on any platform with the appropriate JVM, developers do
not need to write separate code for different operating systems. The JVM abstracts the underlying
hardware and operating system details, allowing developers to focus on writing the program logic
without worrying about platform-specific issues.

Example: A Java application can be run on different operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)
without modification, as long as the JVM is installed.

8. Performance Optimization:

Key Aspect: JVM implementations provide performance enhancements through features like JIT
compilation and adaptive optimization.

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 How it Works: Modern JVMs include Just-in-Time (JIT) compilers and adaptive optimizations
that improve the performance of Java applications by compiling frequently used code into machine
code and optimizing it at runtime.
Example: Over time, the JVM optimizes Java bytecode for better performance as the program runs,
speeding up the execution of frequently called methods.

Conclusion:

The JVM is essential for running Java programs, providing platform independence, memory
management, security, and the ability to run multithreaded applications efficiently. Its role in
executing bytecode, performance optimization, and ensuring portability makes it one of the most
critical components of the Java programming environment.

12. abstraction principle

Abstraction Principle in Java (5 Marks)

Abstraction is one of the core principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and it refers to the
concept of hiding the complex implementation details of a system and exposing only the necessary
functionality to the user. In simpler terms, abstraction allows you to focus on what an object does
instead of how it does it.
In Java, abstraction can be achieved through:

Abstract Classes
Interfaces

Key Features of Abstraction:

1. Hiding Complexity:
Abstraction helps to hide the internal workings or complexity of an object from the outside
world. The user interacts with the object at a higher level, using methods or interfaces,
without knowing the specifics of how the methods are implemented.
2. Exposing Essential Information:
Only essential and relevant information is provided to the user. Non-essential details or the
underlying workings are hidden.
3. Simplified User Interface:
By abstracting unnecessary details, the user is presented with a simplified interface that is
easier to interact with and understand.

Types of Abstraction in Java:

1. Abstract Class:
An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and may contain abstract
methods (methods without implementation). The subclass of an abstract class must provide
implementations for these abstract methods.
Example:

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 java

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void sleep() { // Regular method

System.out.println("Animal is sleeping");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
System.out.println("Woof");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal dog = new Dog(); // Create object of subclass
dog.sound(); // Output: Woof
dog.sleep(); // Output: Animal is sleeping
}
}

2. Interface:
An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods. A class that implements an interface
must provide concrete implementations for all the methods declared in the interface.
Example:

java

interface Animal {
void sound(); // Abstract method
}

class Dog implements Animal {

public void sound() {
System.out.println("Woof");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal dog = new Dog(); // Create object of class that implements interfac
e
dog.sound(); // Output: Woof
}
}

Benefits of Abstraction:

1. Code Reusability:
Abstraction allows developers to create reusable components. Once an abstract class or
interface is defined, multiple classes can implement or extend it, reducing code duplication.
2. Flexibility and Maintainability:
With abstraction, the internal implementation of an object can be changed without affecting
how other parts of the program interact with it. This makes the code easier to maintain and
update.
3. Improved Security:

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 By exposing only necessary functionalities and hiding implementation details, abstraction can
enhance the security of the application by preventing unauthorized access to internal
workings.
4. Ease of Use:
It simplifies the user experience by allowing interaction with high-level functionality, rather
than requiring knowledge of complex implementation details.

Real-World Example of Abstraction:

Consider a smartphone:

What you see: The user interacts with the touch screen to make calls, open apps, etc.
What is hidden: The complex internal hardware and software (like CPU, memory management,
etc.) that make the phone work.

As a user, you don't need to understand the internal operations of the phone to use it, and that’s the
essence of abstraction: focusing on the user interface (what the phone does) while hiding the
implementation details (how it does it).

Conclusion:

Abstraction is a fundamental principle in Java that enables you to hide implementation details and
expose only essential features. It promotes cleaner code, easier maintenance, reusability, and
security by focusing on high-level functionalities rather than low-level implementations.

13. how to create class level methods & variables in java?

Creating Class-Level Methods and Variables in Java (5 Marks)

In Java, class-level methods and variables are defined within the class, and they can be either static or
instance members.

1. Class-Level Variables (Fields)

Class-level variables are the variables declared inside a class. They can be of two types:

Instance variables: These are specific to each object (instance) of the class.
Class (Static) variables: These belong to the class itself and are shared by all instances of the class.

Instance Variable (Non-static)

Each instance of the class gets its own copy of an instance variable.

java

class Student {
String name; // Instance variable

void display() {
System.out.println("Student's Name: " + name);

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 }
}

Static Variable (Class-level)

Static variables are shared among all instances of the class. There is only one copy of the static
variable, no matter how many objects of the class are created.

java

class Student {
static int totalStudents = 0; // Static variable

void incrementCount() {
totalStudents++; // Shared by all instances of Student class
}
}

2. Class-Level Methods

Methods that belong to the class can also be instance methods or static methods.

Instance Method:

An instance method operates on an instance of the class and can access both instance and static
variables.
It requires an object of the class to be invoked.

java

class Student {
String name; // Instance variable

// Instance method
void setName(String studentName) {
name = studentName;
}

// Instance method
void display() {
System.out.println("Student's Name: " + name);
}
}

Usage:

java

Student student = new Student(); // Create an instance

student.setName("John"); // Call instance method
student.display(); // Output: Student's Name: John

Static Method:
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 A static method belongs to the class and can be called without creating an object.
Static methods can only access static variables and other static methods. They cannot access
instance variables or instance methods.

java

class Student {
static int totalStudents = 0; // Static variable

// Static method
static void incrementCount() {
totalStudents++; // Static method can access static variable
}

// Static method
static void displayCount() {
System.out.println("Total Students: " + totalStudents);
}
}

Usage:

java

Student.incrementCount(); // Call static method without creating an object

Student.displayCount(); // Output: Total Students: 1

Summary of Class-Level Methods and Variables:

Type Method Declaration Variable Declaration Access

Instance `void methodName() Requires an object to call the method
`Type variableName;`
Method {}` and access variables.
Static `static void `static Type Can be called without an object, and
Method methodName() {}` variableName;` can only access static variables.
Instance
- `Type variableName;` Unique to each instance of the class.
Variable
Static `static Type Shared across all instances of the
-
Variable variableName;` class.

Conclusion:

Instance methods and variables work with specific instances of a class and require objects to be
invoked.
Static methods and variables are shared across all instances of the class, and they can be
accessed without creating an object.

14. define class diagram & defination

Class Diagram in UML (Unified Modeling Language) (5 Marks)

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A class diagram is a type of static structure diagram in UML (Unified Modeling Language) that
describes the structure of a system by showing its classes, their attributes, methods (operations),
and the relationships among the classes. It is used primarily for object-oriented design to visualize the
system’s structure and helps in system analysis, design, and documentation.

Definition:

A class diagram represents:

The classes in the system.

The attributes (fields) and methods (functions) of each class.
The relationships between classes, such as inheritance, association, and dependency.

Key Elements in a Class Diagram:

1. Class:
Represents a blueprint for objects.
It is depicted as a rectangle divided into three parts:
Top: Class name (e.g., `Customer`)
Middle: Class attributes (e.g., `name`, `age`)
Bottom: Methods/operations (e.g., `getName()`, `setAge()`)
2. Attributes (Fields):
Represent the properties or data held by a class.
Usually represented in the middle section of a class box.
Syntax: `visibility name: type [multiplicity]`
3. Methods (Operations):
Represent the behavior or actions that can be performed by the class.
Syntax: `visibility name(parameter list): return type`
4. Visibility:
Describes the access level of a class member.
+: Public (can be accessed from outside the class)
-: Private (can only be accessed within the class)
#: Protected (can be accessed within the class and its subclasses)
~: Package-private (default, accessible within the same package)
5. Relationships:
Association: A connection between two classes, often represented by a solid line. It shows
that one class uses or is related to another.
Inheritance (Generalization): Represented by a solid line with a hollow triangle at the
subclass end. It shows that one class (subclass) inherits from another class (superclass).
Aggregation: A special type of association representing a "whole-part" relationship, shown
by a hollow diamond at the whole side.
Composition: A stronger form of aggregation, where the part cannot exist without the whole,
shown by a filled diamond.
Dependency: Represented by a dashed line with an arrow, indicating that one class depends
on another.

Example:

Consider the following class diagram for a Student class and a Course class:
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 markdown

------------------------
| Student |
------------------------
| - studentID: int |
| - name: String |
------------------------
| + getName(): String |
| + setName(String): void|
------------------------

1
|
|
*
------------------------
| Course |
------------------------
| - courseID: String |
| - courseName: String |
------------------------
| + getCourseName(): String |
------------------------

Explanation:

Student Class: It has two attributes (`studentID` and `name`) and two methods (`getName()` and
`setName()`).
Course Class: It has two attributes (`courseID` and `courseName`) and one method
(`getCourseName()`).
There is an association between Student and Course, showing that a student can be enrolled in
multiple courses.

Importance of Class Diagrams:

1. System Structure Representation: Class diagrams provide a clear visualization of how the system
is structured and how different classes are related.
2. Design Tool: They help designers to plan and model the system architecture before implementing
it.
3. Documentation: They serve as a documentation tool for developers and maintainers to
understand the system's design.
4. Understanding Relationships: Class diagrams clarify complex relationships between objects and
their classes, making it easier to understand and maintain the system.

Conclusion:

A class diagram is a vital tool in object-oriented design, providing a detailed and organized
representation of classes, their attributes, methods, and the relationships among them. It helps
developers in creating a clear system structure, ensuring effective communication and documentation
throughout the software development process.

15. use of packages & importance

Use of Packages and Their Importance in Java (5 Marks)

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A package in Java is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. Packages help
in grouping logically related classes, making the code more modular, maintainable, and organized. In
Java, packages are used to avoid name conflicts, provide access control, and enable reusability.

Use of Packages in Java:

1. Organizing Classes and Interfaces:

Packages group related classes and interfaces together. This helps in organizing large
programs into smaller, manageable sections.
For example, a package `java.util` might contain classes like `ArrayList`, `HashMap`, etc.,
related to utility functions.
2. Avoiding Name Conflicts:
Packages provide a namespace, which means that two classes with the same name can
coexist if they are in different packages.
Example: `com.companyA.Employee` and `com.companyB.Employee` can both exist without conflict.
3. Access Control:
Packages provide access control to classes, methods, and fields.
Java has four types of access control:
Public (`public`): Members are accessible from any other class.
Private (`private`): Members are accessible only within the same class.
Protected (`protected`): Members are accessible within the same package or
subclasses.
Package-private (default): Members are accessible only within the same package.
4. Reusability:
Classes in a package can be reused by other programs, providing modularity and promoting
code reuse.
Example: A utility package `com.myapp.utils` might provide common functions that can be
reused across different projects.
5. Improved Maintainability:
By organizing code into packages, developers can easily maintain and update sections of the
application without affecting other parts.
This reduces the risk of bugs and improves overall system stability.

Types of Packages in Java:

1. Built-in Packages:
Java provides several built-in packages such as `java.lang`, `java.util`, `java.io`, and
others, which contain commonly used classes and interfaces.
Example:

java

import java.util.Scanner; // Importing the Scanner class from the java.util packa
ge

2. User-defined Packages:
Developers can create their own packages to organize their code.

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 Example:

java

package com.myapp.model; // Define a package

public class User { // Class inside the package

private String name;

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}
}

Importance of Packages in Java:

1. Namespace Management:
Packages help in managing namespaces by grouping related classes and interfaces. This
reduces the risk of class name conflicts in large applications.
2. Modularity and Organization:
Packages promote modularity by organizing classes into logical groups. This makes the
codebase easier to navigate, understand, and manage.
3. Access Control and Security:
By using packages and access modifiers, developers can restrict access to certain parts of the
code. For example, package-private members are accessible only within the same package,
providing a level of encapsulation and security.
4. Code Reusability:
Packages allow you to package common functionality that can be reused across multiple
programs, promoting code reuse and reducing redundancy.
5. Maintainability and Scalability:
As your codebase grows, packages help in maintaining and scaling the application efficiently.
Developers can focus on specific packages without the need to interact with the entire
codebase.
6. Cleaner Code:
With packages, your code is better organized, making it cleaner and more readable. It is
easier to identify dependencies and navigate the project.
7. Improved Collaboration:
In a team environment, packages help divide the work into different sections. Different team
members can work on separate packages without causing conflicts, improving collaboration.

Example of Package Usage:

java

// File: com/myapp/model/User.java
package com.myapp.model;

public class User {

private String name;

public User(String name) {

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 this.name = name;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
}

java

// File: com/myapp/main/Main.java
package com.myapp.main;

import com.myapp.model.User; // Importing the User class from the com.myapp.model package

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
User user = new User("Alice"); // Creating an object of the User class
System.out.println("User Name: " + user.getName());
}
}

Conclusion:

Packages are essential for organizing code, ensuring modularity, avoiding name conflicts, and
managing access control. They improve the maintainability, scalability, and reusability of the code,
making the development process more efficient, especially for large projects.

16. methods of thread class

Methods of the `Thread` Class in Java (5 Marks)

In Java, the `Thread` class provides several methods to manage and control threads. A thread is an
independent path of execution, and the `Thread` class provides built-in methods to handle thread life
cycle, state, and execution. Below are the most commonly used methods of the `Thread` class:

1. start()

Syntax: `public void start()`

Description: The `start()` method is used to begin the execution of a thread. It causes the thread
to begin executing the `run()` method in a separate call stack.
Note: The `start()` method can only be called once for a thread. If it’s called more than once, it
will throw an `IllegalThreadStateException`.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.start(); // Starts the thread and invokes the run() method

2. run()

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 Syntax: `public void run()`
Description: The `run()` method is the entry point of a thread. This method is called when the
thread starts, and it contains the code that defines the task the thread will perform. It can be
overridden in a `Thread` subclass or passed via a `Runnable` object.

java

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running");
}
}

3. sleep()

Syntax: `public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException`

Description: The `sleep()` method makes the current thread sleep (pause execution) for a
specified number of milliseconds. This is useful when you want to delay the execution of a thread.
The `sleep()` method throws an `InterruptedException` if another thread interrupts it while
sleeping.

java

try {
Thread.sleep(1000); // Sleeps for 1 second
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

4. join()

Syntax: `public final void join() throws InterruptedException`

Description: The `join()` method is used to pause the current thread's execution until the thread
on which `join()` was called has finished executing. It allows one thread to wait for another thread
to complete.

java

Thread t1 = new Thread();

t1.start();
try {
t1.join(); // Waits for t1 to finish before continuing
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

5. interrupt()

Syntax: `public void interrupt()`

Description: The `interrupt()` method is used to interrupt the execution of a thread. It sets the
interrupt flag of the thread, indicating that it should stop executing or perform an interrupt-

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 handling mechanism. It is often used to stop or pause threads that are sleeping, waiting, or
running.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.start();
t.interrupt(); // Interrupts the thread

6. isAlive()

Syntax: `public boolean isAlive()`

Description: The `isAlive()` method returns `true` if the thread has been started and has not yet
finished executing. It returns `false` if the thread has not yet started or has already finished.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.start();
System.out.println(t.isAlive()); // Checks if the thread is still alive

7. setPriority()

Syntax: `public final void setPriority(int priority)`

Description: The `setPriority()` method sets the priority of a thread. Thread priorities range from
`Thread.MIN_PRIORITY (1)` to `Thread.MAX_PRIORITY (10)`, with `Thread.NORM_PRIORITY (5)` as the
default.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); // Set thread priority to maximum

8. getPriority()

Syntax: `public final int getPriority()`

Description: The `getPriority()` method returns the priority of the thread.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

System.out.println(t.getPriority()); // Retrieves the priority of the thread

9. setName()

Syntax: `public final void setName(String name)`

Description: The `setName()` method sets the name of the thread. This can be useful for
identifying threads when debugging or logging.
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 java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.setName("MyThread");

10. getName()

Syntax: `public final String getName()`

Description: The `getName()` method retrieves the name of the thread.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

System.out.println(t.getName()); // Retrieves the name of the thread

11. isDaemon()

Syntax: `public boolean isDaemon()`

Description: The `isDaemon()` method checks if the thread is a daemon thread. Daemon threads
are low-priority threads that are typically used for background tasks. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
will not wait for daemon threads to finish before terminating.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

System.out.println(t.isDaemon()); // Checks if the thread is a daemon thread

12. setDaemon()

Syntax: `public void setDaemon(boolean on)`

Description: The `setDaemon()` method marks a thread as a daemon thread. Daemon threads are
automatically terminated when all non-daemon threads finish executing. This method should be
called before starting the thread.

java

Thread t = new Thread();

t.setDaemon(true); // Marks the thread as a daemon thread

Summary of Thread Class Methods:

Method Description
`start()` Starts the thread and invokes the `run()` method.
`run()` Defines the code that is executed by the thread.
`sleep()` Pauses the thread for a specified period of time.

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 Method Description
`join()` Makes the current thread wait for the specified thread to finish.
`interrupt()` Interrupts the thread, causing it to stop or throw an exception.
`isAlive()` Checks if the thread is still alive (running).
`setPriority()` Sets the priority of the thread.

`getPriority()` Retrieves the priority of the thread.

`setName()` Sets the name of the thread.
`getName()` Retrieves the name of the thread.
`isDaemon()` Checks if the thread is a daemon thread.
`setDaemon()` Marks the thread as a daemon thread.

Conclusion:

The `Thread` class provides a variety of methods to manage the execution and state of threads in Java.
These methods allow you to start threads, control their execution, synchronize tasks, handle interrupts,
and manage priorities. Understanding and using these methods effectively is crucial for working with
multithreading in Java.

17. define inheritance, string buffer, wrapper class, arraylist, constructor class and public, private &
protected keywords in java

Inheritance in Java (5 Marks)

Definition: Inheritance is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principle in Java that allows one
class to inherit the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of another class. This helps in
promoting code reusability and creating a relationship between parent and child classes.

Syntax: `class SubClass extends SuperClass {}`

Example:

java

class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("Barking...");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d = new Dog();
d.eat(); // Inherited method
d.bark(); // Method of Dog
}
}

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 Explanation: The `Dog` class inherits the `eat()` method from the `Animal` class, demonstrating
inheritance.

StringBuffer in Java (5 Marks)

Definition: `StringBuffer` is a mutable sequence of characters. It is used when we want to modify a

string repeatedly without creating new objects every time (which happens in the case of the immutable
`String` class).

Key Points:
`StringBuffer` is mutable, meaning its content can be changed after creation.
It is more efficient than `String` when performing multiple string operations like append,
insert, delete, or reverse.
It is thread-safe (synchronized), but this can make it slower than `StringBuilder` when
thread-safety is not required.
Example:

java

public class StringBufferExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.append(" World!");
System.out.println(sb); // Output: Hello World!
}
}

Wrapper Class in Java (5 Marks)

Definition: A wrapper class is a class that encapsulates a primitive data type as an object. Java provides
wrapper classes for all the primitive types like `int`, `char`, `boolean`, etc. These wrapper classes are
part of the `java.lang` package.

Common Wrapper Classes:

`Integer`for `int`
`Double` for `double`
`Character` for `char`
`Boolean` for `boolean`
Example:

java

public class WrapperClassExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 100;
Integer integer = Integer.valueOf(num); // Boxing
int newNum = integer.intValue(); // Unboxing
System.out.println(newNum); // Output: 100
}
}

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ArrayList in Java (5 Marks)

Definition: `ArrayList` is a class from the `java.util` package that implements the `List` interface and
provides a dynamic array capable of growing as needed when elements are added.

Key Points:
Unlike arrays, ArrayList can grow dynamically.
It maintains the insertion order of elements.
It allows duplicate values and null values.
It is not synchronized, so not thread-safe.
Example:

java

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Apple");
list.add("Banana");
list.add("Cherry");
System.out.println(list); // Output: [Apple, Banana, Cherry]
}
}

Constructor in Java (5 Marks)

Definition: A constructor in Java is a special method that is used to initialize objects. The constructor
is called automatically when an object of a class is created.

Types of Constructors:
1. Default Constructor: A constructor with no parameters, automatically provided by Java if no
constructor is defined.
2. Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that accepts parameters to initialize an object
with specific values.
Example:

java

class Person {
String name;
int age;

// Parameterized constructor
Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}

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 public class ConstructorExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p1 = new Person("John", 25);
p1.display(); // Output: Name: John, Age: 25
}
}

Public, Private & Protected Keywords in Java (5 Marks)

In Java, access modifiers control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, variables, and
constructors. There are four main access modifiers:

1. `public`:
Definition: The `public` keyword allows members to be accessed from anywhere in the
program (from any class, package, or module).
Usage: When you want a class or method to be accessible universally.
Example:

java

public class Example {

public void show() {
System.out.println("This is a public method.");
}
}

2. `private`:
Definition: The `private` keyword restricts access to members within the same class only. No
other class can access private members.
Usage: To encapsulate the data and protect it from being accessed directly.

Example:

java

class Example {
private int age;

private void display() {

System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}
}

3. `protected`:
Definition: The `protected` keyword allows members to be accessible within the same
package and by subclasses (including those in different packages).
Usage: When you want to allow subclass access but restrict access from other classes.

Example:

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 java

class Example {
protected int age;

protected void display() {

System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}
}

class SubExample extends Example {

void show() {
age = 25; // Accessible because it's protected
}
}

4. `default` (Package-private):

Definition: If no access modifier is specified, the member is accessible only within classes in
the same package.
Usage: To restrict access to members within the same package.
Example:

java

class Example {
int age; // default access

void display() {
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}
}

Conclusion:

Inheritance allows code reuse and the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes.
StringBuffer provides a mutable string representation, more efficient for frequent modifications.
Wrapper classes allow primitive types to be treated as objects.
ArrayList provides a dynamic array implementation for handling a collection of objects.
Constructors are used for initializing objects when they are created.
Access modifiers (`public`, `private`, `protected`) control the visibility and access of class
members, providing data encapsulation and security.

18. write java program that simulates a simple booking system, for maintaining records for comps
department which must include functions like add, delete, display

Here is a Java program that simulates a simple booking system for maintaining records for the
Computer Science (Comps) department. This program includes functions like add, delete, and display
to manage records.

Java Program: Simple Booking System

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 java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;

// Class to represent a booking record

class Booking {
private String studentName;
private String courseName;
private int bookingID;

// Constructor to initialize booking details

public Booking(String studentName, String courseName, int bookingID) {
this.studentName = studentName;
this.courseName = courseName;
this.bookingID = bookingID;
}

// Getter and setter methods

public String getStudentName() {
return studentName;
}

public void setStudentName(String studentName) {

this.studentName = studentName;
}

public String getCourseName() {

return courseName;
}

public void setCourseName(String courseName) {

this.courseName = courseName;
}

public int getBookingID() {

return bookingID;
}

public void setBookingID(int bookingID) {

this.bookingID = bookingID;
}

// Method to display booking details

public void displayBooking() {
System.out.println("Booking ID: " + bookingID);
System.out.println("Student Name: " + studentName);
System.out.println("Course Name: " + courseName);
System.out.println("------------------------------");
}
}

// Class to represent the booking system

class BookingSystem {
private ArrayList<Booking> bookings;
private int bookingCounter;

// Constructor to initialize the list and booking counter

public BookingSystem() {
bookings = new ArrayList<>();
bookingCounter = 1; // Start with booking ID 1
}

// Add a new booking

public void addBooking(String studentName, String courseName) {
Booking newBooking = new Booking(studentName, courseName, bookingCounter++);
bookings.add(newBooking);
System.out.println("Booking added successfully!");
}

// Delete a booking by booking ID

public void deleteBooking(int bookingID) {
boolean found = false;

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 for (Booking booking : bookings) {
if (booking.getBookingID() == bookingID) {
bookings.remove(booking);
System.out.println("Booking with ID " + bookingID + " has been deleted.");
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) {
System.out.println("Booking with ID " + bookingID + " not found.");
}
}

// Display all bookings

public void displayAllBookings() {
if (bookings.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("No bookings found.");
} else {
for (Booking booking : bookings) {
booking.displayBooking();
}
}
}
}

// Main class to drive the booking system

public class SimpleBookingSystem {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
BookingSystem bookingSystem = new BookingSystem();
int choice;

do {
System.out.println("\n--- Booking System ---");
System.out.println("1. Add Booking");
System.out.println("2. Delete Booking");
System.out.println("3. Display All Bookings");
System.out.println("4. Exit");
System.out.print("Enter your choice: ");
choice = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume newline character

switch (choice) {
case 1:
// Add a new booking
System.out.print("Enter student name: ");
String studentName = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter course name: ");
String courseName = scanner.nextLine();
bookingSystem.addBooking(studentName, courseName);
break;

case 2:
// Delete a booking
System.out.print("Enter booking ID to delete: ");
int bookingID = scanner.nextInt();
bookingSystem.deleteBooking(bookingID);
break;

case 3:
// Display all bookings
bookingSystem.displayAllBookings();
break;

case 4:
// Exit the program
System.out.println("Exiting the booking system...");
break;

default:
System.out.println("Invalid choice. Please try again.");
}

} while (choice != 4);

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 scanner.close();
}
}

Explanation of the Program:

1. Booking Class:
This class represents a Booking record with attributes like `studentName`, `courseName`, and
`bookingID`.
It includes a constructor to initialize these attributes and getter and setter methods for
accessing them.
The `displayBooking()` method is used to display booking details.
2. BookingSystem Class:
This class manages a list of `Booking` objects using an ArrayList.
It has three primary methods:
`addBooking(String studentName, String courseName)`: Adds a new booking with a
unique `bookingID`.
`deleteBooking(int bookingID)`: Deletes a booking based on the provided `bookingID`.
`displayAllBookings()`: Displays all the bookings in the system.
3. SimpleBookingSystem (Main Class):
This class contains the main method, which provides a user interface through a simple menu.
The user can choose to add a booking, delete a booking, display all bookings, or exit the
program.
The `Scanner` class is used to take input from the user.

Sample Output:

markdown

--- Booking System ---

1. Add Booking
2. Delete Booking
3. Display All Bookings
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter student name: John
Enter course name: Java Programming
Booking added successfully!

--- Booking System ---

1. Add Booking
2. Delete Booking
3. Display All Bookings
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter student name: Alice
Enter course name: Data Structures
Booking added successfully!

--- Booking System ---

1. Add Booking
2. Delete Booking
3. Display All Bookings
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Booking ID: 1
Student Name: John

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 Course Name: Java Programming
------------------------------
Booking ID: 2
Student Name: Alice
Course Name: Data Structures
------------------------------

--- Booking System ---

1. Add Booking
2. Delete Booking
3. Display All Bookings
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter booking ID to delete: 1
Booking with ID 1 has been deleted.

--- Booking System ---

1. Add Booking
2. Delete Booking
3. Display All Bookings
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Booking ID: 2
Student Name: Alice
Course Name: Data Structures
------------------------------

Features:

Add Booking: Adds new booking records with a unique ID.

Delete Booking: Deletes a booking by its ID.
Display All Bookings: Displays all current bookings.
Exiting: Exits the system.

This program simulates a simple booking system and can be further enhanced with features like file
storage, searching, or more detailed user interaction.

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