UNIT-1

1.1 Introduction-Definition
Computer Graphics involves technology to access. The
Process transforms and presents information in a visual form. The role of computer
graphics insensible. In today life, computer graphics has now become a common
element in user interfaces, T.V. commercial motion pictures.

Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a computer. The end
product of the computer graphics is a picture it may be a business graph, drawing,
and engineering.

In computer graphics, two or three-dimensional pictures can be created that are

used for research. Many hardware devices algorithm has been developing for
improving the speed of picture generation with the passes of time. It includes the
creation storage of models and image of objects. These models for various fields
like engineering, mathematical and so on.

Definition of Computer Graphics:

It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a display device. It

comprises of software techniques to create, store, modify, represents pictures.

Why computer graphics used?

Suppose a shoe manufacturing company want to show the sale of shoes for five
years. For this vast amount of information is to store. So a lot of time and memory
will be needed. This method will be tough to understand by a common man. In this
situation graphics is a better alternative. Graphics tools are charts and graphs.
Using graphs, data can be represented in pictorial form. A picture can be
understood easily just with a single look.

Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-way communication

between computer users. The computer will receive signals from the input device,
and the picture is modified accordingly. Picture will be changed quickly when we
apply command.
Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.
Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Basically there are two types of computer graphics namely.
1) Interactive Computer Graphics
2) Non Interactive Computer Graphics

1. Interactive Computer Graphics:

In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture, i.e., the
user can make any change in the produced image. One example of it is the ping-
pong game.
Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between the
computer and the user. A User can see the image and make any change by sending
his command with an input device.
2. Non Interactive Computer Graphics
In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the monitor, and
the user does not have any controlled over the image, i.e., the user cannot make
any change in the rendered image. One example of its Titles shown on T.V.
Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication between the
computer and the user, User can see the produced image, and he cannot make any
change in the image.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
1.2 Application areas of Computer Graphics

1. Education and Training:

Computer-generated model of the physical, financial and economic system is
often used as educational aids. Model of physical systems, physiological
system, population trends or equipment can help trainees to understand the
operation of the system.

2. Use in Biology:
Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and gain insight into
their structure with the help of computer graphics.
3. Computer-Generated Maps:
Town planners and transportation engineers can use computer-generated
maps which display data useful to them in their planning work.
4. Architect:
Architect can explore an alternative solution to design problems at an
interactive graphics terminal. In this way, they can test many more solutions
that would not be possible without the computer.
5. Presentation Graphics:
Example of presentation Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and
other displays showing relationships between multiple parameters.
Presentation Graphics is commonly used to summarize Financial Reports,
Statistical Reports, Mathematical Reports, Scientific Reports, and Economic
Data for research reports.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
 6. Computer Art:
Computer Graphics are also used in the field of commercial arts. It is used to
generate television and advertising commercial.
7. Entertainment:
Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making motion pictures,
music videos and television shows.

8. Visualization:
It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical personnel,
business analysts for the study of a large amount of information.
9. Educational Software:
Computer Graphics is used in the development of educational software for
making computer-aided instruction.
10.Printing Technology:
Computer Graphics is used for printing technology and textile design.

1.3 Advantages of Computer Graphics

1) Visualization of Complex Data
One of the biggest benefits of computer graphics is the ability to visualize complex
data in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. You can use graphs, pie charts,
and other types of visuals to break down data and present it in a way that is easy to
understand by various audiences. This is especially helpful when you are
communicating information to a non-technical audience.
2) Cost-Effective Design Solutions
With computer graphics, you can create various designs without the need to hire a
designer. This is especially useful for startups or businesses on a budget. You can
Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.
Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
create logos, posters, business cards, and other promotional materials using
computer graphics software. This is a great way to save money and create a
compelling visual brand for your company.
3) Enhanced Visual Experience
One of the biggest advantages of computer graphics is the ability to create a high-
quality visual experience for users. You can use 3D models, high-resolution
images, and stunning visual effects to create an engaging, immersive experience
for your users.
4) Improved Communication
Another significant benefit of computer graphics is the ability to communicate
complex information in a simple and easy-to-understand manner.

5) Easier Access to Visuals

With computer graphics, you can easily access visuals that can be helpful in
various projects. Whether you are creating a presentation or a poster, or simply
need images for your website, you can easily find or create visuals using computer
graphics software.
6) Greater Accessibility
Computer graphics are available to everyone, regardless of their location or ability.
You can find computer graphics software available on the internet, as well as on
computers and mobile devices.

1.4 Graphical User Interface

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It refers to an interface that allows one to
interact with electronic devices like computers and tablets through graphic
elements. It uses icons, menus and other graphical representations to display
Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.
Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
information, as opposed to text-based commands. The graphic elements enable
users to give commands to the computer and select functions by using mouse or
other input devices.
The programs which run under a GUI has a specific set of graphic elements so that
after learning a specific interface, a user can use these programs without learning
new commands.
Basic Components of a GUI
o Pointer: It is a symbol that appears on the display screen. It can be moved to
select commands and objects.
o Pointing device: It allows you move the pointer and select objects on the
screen, e.g. mouse or trackball.
o Icons: It refers to small images on the display screen that represent
commands, files, windows etc. Using pointer and pointing device, you can
execute these commands.
o Desktop: It is the display screen that contains the icons.

GUI Benefits

o It allows you to place more information within a program.

o The graphics allow users to use complex programs with greater ease.
o It saves time as you do not need to edit configurations manually.
o You can easily memorize the tasks (point-and-click).
o Helps create user-friendly software with a point-and-click interface.

1.5 Random Scan Displays, Raster Scan Displays

Random Scan Display:
Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create
a line image on the CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of
straight-line segments. Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the
Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.
Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
beam to move from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y coordinates
define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first
line and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is
shown in fig:

Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing

displays or calligraphic displays.
Advantages:

1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where
an image is to be drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution

Disadvantages:
1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a

rectangular box called Raster on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is
stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our house are based on
Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel
position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a
refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are
called picture elements or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is
horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing. When the beam starts from the
top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left
side called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to
bottom call as horizontal retracing shown in fig:

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
 Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to
bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be
solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all odd numbered lines are
traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines
are located.
For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives
flickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.
Advantages:
1. Realistic image
2. Million Different colors to be generated
3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1. Low Resolution
2. Expensive

Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate does not depend on the

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution
picture.

6. Only screen with view on an area is 6. Whole screen is scanned.

displayed.
7. Shadow mark technology came under this.
7. Beam Penetration technology come under
it.
8. It uses interlacing
8. It does not use interlacing method.

9. It is suitable for realistic display.

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications

1.6 Cathode Ray Tubes, Color CRT Monitors, Direct View Storage
Tube.Display Devices
Display devices:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional
computer monitors and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing
electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the front of the
screen.

Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a
screen. The color you view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and
green light.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Components of CRT:
Main Components of CRT are:
1. Electron Gun:
Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating filament
(heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which are
focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of the CRT.
2. Control Electrode:
It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.
3. Focusing system:
It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow beam.
4. Deflection plates:
It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates an electric or
magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area. In a
conventional CRT, the yoke is linked to a sweep or scan generator. The deflection

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
yoke which is connected to the sweep generator creates a fluctuating electric or
magnetic potential.
5. Phosphorus-coated screen:
The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with phosphors. Phosphors glow
when a high-energy electron beam hits them. Phosphorescence is the term used to
characterize the light given off by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an
electron beam.
Color CRT Monitors:

The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are
different colors. There are two popular approaches for producing color displays
with a CRT are:

1. Beam Penetration Method

2. Shadow-Mask Method

Beam Penetration Method:

The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan monitors. In this
method, the CRT screen is coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green and
the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates the phosphor
layers. This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange and yellow. A
beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only; hence screen shows red
color only. A beam of high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus
screen shows a green color.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Advantages:
1. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:
1. Only four colors are possible
2. Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

Shadow-Mask Method:
Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System because they
produce a much wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method. It is used
in the majority of color TV sets and monitors. A shadow mask CRT has 3
phosphor color dots at each pixel position.
o One phosphor dot emits: red light
o Another emits: green light
o Third emits: blue light

This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask
grid just behind the phosphor coated screen.
Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a triangular pattern.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly used in color CRT
system.
Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly used in color CRT
system.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
The deflection system of the CRT operates on all 3 electron beams simultaneously;
the 3 electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask,
which contains a sequence of holes aligned with the phosphor- dot patterns.
When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a
dotted triangle, which occurs as a small color spot on the screen.
The phosphor dots in the triangles are organized so that each electron beam can
activate only its corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow mask.

Direct View Storage Tube

Direct View Storage Tube (DVST) resembles CRT as it uses electron gun to draw
picture and phosphor coated screen to display it. The phosphor used in this is of
high persistence. DVST does not use refresh buffer or frame buffer to store picture
definition. Picture definition is stored in inside CRT in form positive charged
distribution. Because of this reason DVST is knows as Storage Type CRT. In
DVST no refreshing is required as result picture drawn on DVST will be seen for
several minutes before fading.
Components of DVST:
1. Electron guns –
Two electron guns are used in DVST : Primary Gun and Flood Gun. Primary
gun is used to store picture pattern. Flood gun is used to maintain picture
display on phosphor coated screen.
2. Phosphor Coated Screen –
In DVST the inner surface of CRT is coated with phosphor crystals is of high
persistence that emit light when beam of electrons strike them.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
3. Storage Mesh –
It is thin and high quality wire that is coated with dielectric and is located just
behind phosphor coated screen. Primary gun deposits pattern of positive charge
on this grid and it is transferred to phosphor coated screen by continuous flood
of electrons produced by flood gun. Thus Storage Mesh stores picture to be
displayed in form of positive charge distribution.
4. Collector –
This grid is located just behind storage mesh and purpose of this negatively
charged grid is to smooth out flow of flood electrons.

In DVST similar with CRT electron gun and phosphor coated method is used.
But in this no electron beam is used to directly writing pictures on screen, but
instead of this we can used Storage mesh wire grid is used it is just located behind
phosphor coated screen. There is also another grid located just behind storage
mesh is called Collector and this purpose is to smooth out flow of flood electrons.
The flood gun produce large number of electrons, this negatively charged grid
reduces speed of these electrons. Then electrons pass through collector at low
velocity and attracted by positive charged portions of storage mesh and strike at
portions of phosphor coated screen to display picture. Some electrons get repelled
by other portions of mesh that are negatively charged. Since the collector has
slowly down electrons, in this way they not able to produce sharpened images. So
to reduce this problem, screen itself is maintained at a high positive potential by
means of voltage applied to thin aluminum coating between tube face and
phosphor.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
1.7 Plotter
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for
printing vector graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or
another writing tool to draw multiple, continuous lines on paper rather than
multiple dots, like a traditional printer. Plotters produce a hard copy of
schematics and other similar applications. Though once widely used
for computer-aided design, these devices were more or less phased out by wide-
format printers.
How does plotter work?
A plotter works in tandem with imaging software on a computer to create a
finished image or object. In using a plotter, the first step is to enter the suitable
coordinates to display the pictures on the paper. Drawing lines and images with
imaging software is a simple way to achieve this goal with modern software.
When the schematics for the image are finished, the computer sends the

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
coordinates to the plotter. The computer then decodes the code and calculates the
best way to use the pen and paper.

HPGL2 and DMPL are two programming languages used by later plotters from
Hewlett-Packard and Houston Instruments, respectively. Initially, plotters had
two separate pens, one moved horizontally, and one moved vertically. These
plotters were limited in terms of image complexity because they produced outputs
at a slow rate. Modern plotters employ a sliding roller to move the paper against a
stationary pen. Plotter pens are usually hollow fiber rods with a sharpened end.
Until the drawing is finished, the ink supply flows and dispenses through the
sharpened tip through the centre of the rod; the paper travels vertically and
horizontally against the pen.
Applications of Plotters
o Draw charts
o Computer-aided designs
o Architectural Blueprints
o Textile Printing
o Banners and Billboards
o Electric circuit layouts
o Geographical layouts
o Building plans
o Line Art

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
1.8 Joystick

A joystick is an input device that can be used for controlling the movement of the
cursor or a pointer in a computer device. The pointer/cursor movement is
controlled by maneuvering a lever on the joystick. The input device is mostly
used for gaming applications and, sometimes, in graphics applications. A joystick
also can be helpful as an input device for people with movement disabilities.
The joystick is mostly used when there is a need to perform a direct pointing or
when a precise function is needed. There are different types of joysticks such as

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
displacement joysticks, hand-operated joysticks, finger-operated joysticks,
thumb/fingertip-operated
joysticks, hand-operated isometric joysticks, etc.

Similar to the mouse in movement and usage, joysticks also include buttons,
sometimes known as triggers. The difference between the mouse and the joystick
is largely based on the fact that the cursor/pointer continues the movement in the
direction of the joystick unless it is kept upright, whereas the mouse prevents the
cursor from further movement until it is moved.

One of the noticeable advantages of the joystick is its ability to provide fast
interactions, which are much needed in gaming applications. The joystick
provides a much-needed gaming experience, which is better in quality compared
to that provided by other input devices. It has a simple design and is easy to learn
and use. It is often inexpensive.
Computer joystick ports
Today, most computer joysticks connect to the computer using a USB port.
Below is a listing of all of the type of ports that have accepted a joystick.
 Bluetooth
 Game port
 Serial Port
 USB

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded
Light Pen

Light Pen (similar to the pen) is a pointing device which is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a
photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. When its tip is moved
over the monitor screen, and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element
detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signals to the CPU.
Uses of light pen:
1. Light Pens can be used as input coordinate positions by providing
necessary arrangements.
2. If background color or intensity, a light pen can be used as a locator.
3. It is used as a standard pick device with many graphics system.

Notes By:Bhosle Ajit T.

Assistant Professor
MGM’S College of CS & IT,Nanded