Tutorial 3 Solution

Question 1

Consider a FM signal that is expressed as follows:

x(t )  A cos  2 f ct  2 B  cos  2 f m d 

t

 0 
where A and B are constants.
Write down the following expressions:
(i) Message signal, m(t)
(ii) Instantaneous phase or angular deviation, i(t) [integration must be solved]
(iii) Instantaneous phase or angle, i(t)
(iv) d
Angular frequency deviation,  i (t )  (differentiation must be performed)
dt
(v) Instantaneous angular frequency, i(t) [differentiation must be performed]
(vi) Instantaneous frequency, fi(t)
(vii) Instantaneous frequency deviation, fi(t)
(viii) (Maximum magnitude of the) frequency deviation, f
(ix) Modulation index, 

Solution
FM signal is given in the form x(t )  A cos  2 f ct  2 B  cos  2 f m d 
t

 0 
(i) Message signal, m(t) = cos(2fmt)

(ii) Instantaneous phase or angular deviation,

i (t )  2 B  cos  2 f m d
t

 sin  2 f m  
t

 2 B  
 2 f m  0
B
 sin  2 f mt 
fm
(iii) Instantaneous phase or angle,
i (t )  2 f ct  i (t )
B
 2 f c t  sin  2 f mt 
fm
(iv) Angular frequency deviation,
d d B 
 i (t )   sin  2 f mt 
dt dt  f m 
B
 cos  2 f mt   2 f m
fm
 2 B cos  2 f mt 
(v) Instantaneous angular frequency,

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 di (t )
i (t ) 
dt
d
  2 f ct  i (t ) 
dt
 2 f c  2 B cos  2 f mt 
(vi) Instantaneous frequency,
 (t )
fi (t )  i
2
 f c  B cos  2 f mt 
(vii) Instantaneous frequency deviation,
fi (t )  B cos  2 f mt 
(viii) (Maximum magnitude of the) frequency deviation, f = B

(ix) f B
Modulation index,   
fm fm

Question 2

A carrier signal is frequency modulated (FM) by a sinusoidal signal of frequency fm = 15

kHz. Modulation index  = 0.5. The FM wave is supplied to a load of R ohms.
(a) Estimate the bandwidth of the FM signal
(i) Based on the Carson’s rule
(ii) By referring to the Table of Bessel function of the first kind.
(b) Determine the percentage of power contained at the
(i) Carrier frequency
(ii) Sidebands

Solution

(a) (i) Based on Carson’s rule, BT ≈ 2fm( + 1) = 2(15)(0.5 + 1) kHz = 45 kHz.

(a) (ii) Referring to the table of Bessel function of the first kind,
nmax  2 for | J nmax (  0.5) | 0.01
BT ≈ 2 × nmax × fm = 2 × 2 × 15 kHz = 60 kHz
Power or
amplitude n=0
n = -1 n=1
n = -2 n=2

f (Hz)
fc fc fc fc fc
– 2fm – fm + +
fm 2fm

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(b) (i) From the Table of Bessel function of the first kind,
J0(0.5) = 0.938
J1(0.5) = 0.242
J2(0.5) = 0.031
Ac2
Average power of the FM wave, P 
2R
A2
Average power contained at the carrier frequency, Pc  c J 02   
2R
P
Percentage of power contained in the carrier = c = J02() = 0.9382 = 0.88 = 88%
P

(b) (ii)
Percentage of power contained in the first sidebands
= J-12(0.5) + J12(0.5) = 2[J12(0.5)] = 2[0.2422] = 0.1171 = 11.71%

Percentage of power contained in the second sidebands

= J-22(0.5) + J22(0.5) = 2[J22(0.5)] = 2[0.0312] = 0.0019 = 0.19%

Percentage of power contained in all sidebands

= 2[ J12(0.5) + J22(0.5) ] = 2[ 0.2422 + 0.0312] = 0.12 = 12%
OR
= 1 - J02() = 1 - 0.9382 = 1 - 0.88 = 12%

Question 3

Consider a FM signal that is expressed as follows:

x(t) = 5 cos{ (2)(106 t) + 2 sin[(2)(104 t)] }

It is supplied to a load of 1 . The modulation index,  = 2.

(i) Calculate the average power of the FM signal.
(ii) What is the amount of transmission power that falls in the sidebands? Refer to the
table of Bessel function of the first kind.
(iii) The FM signal is passed through an ideal bandpass filter, which has a centre
frequency of 1 MHz, a bandwidth of 40 kHz, and a gain of unity. Determine the
average power measured at the output of the filter.
(iv) Repeat the above calculations (i)-(iii) for modulation index,  = 1. Assume that the
values of other parameters remain unchanged.

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 Table of Bessel Function of the First Kind

J n ( )
n   0.2   0.3   0.5   0.7   1.0   2.0   3.0   5.0
0 0.990 0.978 0.938 0.881 0.765 0.224 -0.260 -0.178
1 0.100 0.148 0.242 0.329 0.440 0.577 0.339 -0.328
2 0.011 0.031 0.059 0.115 0.353 0.486 0.047
3 0.020 0.129 0.309 0.365
4 0.034 0.132 0.391
5 0.043 0.261
6 0.011 0.131
7 0.053
8 0.018

Solution

(i) Ac = 5 V, R = 1 
P = (Ac)2/(2R) = 12.5 W

(ii) From the table of Bessel function of the first kind, nmax  4 for | J nmax (  2) | 0.01
Psidebands = [(Ac)2/(2R)]×2×[J12(2) + J22(2) + J32(2) + J42(2)]
= (12.5)(2)(0.5772 + 0.3532 + 0.1292 + 0.0342)
= (12.5)(2)(0.4754)
= 11.9 W
OR
Psidebands = [(Ac)2/(2R)][1 – J02(2)]
= (12.5)(1 – 0.2242)
= 11.9 W

(iii) The center frequency of the bandpass filter (BPF) is the same as the carrier frequency, fc
= 1 MHz.
The bandwidth of the BPF is 40 kHz.
40 kHz / 2 = 20 kHz
The pass band of the BPF starts from (1000 – 20) kHz = 980 kHz.
The pass band of the BPF ends at (1000 + 20) kHz = 1020 kHz.

fm = 104 Hz = 10 kHz
The sidebands that can pass through the BPF without being attenuated are:
1. The 2 sidebands that are located at fc + fm = 1010 kHz, and fc + 2fm = 1020 kHz
2. The 2 sidebands that are located at fc - fm = 990 kHz, and fc - 2fm = 980 kHz
This means the first and second sidebands can pass through the BPF.
The rest are filtered out by the BPF. They will not appear at the output of the BPF.

Since the BPF is of unity gain, the powers of the carrier, first and second sidebands remain
unchanged at the output of the BPF.

Pfilter = [(Ac)2/(2R)][J02(2) + 2J12(2) + 2J22(2)]

= (12.5) [0.2242 + 2(0.5772) + 2(0.3532)]
= (12.5)(0.9653)

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 = 12.1 W

OR

Pfilter = P – [(Ac)2/(2R)]×2×[J32(2) + J42(2)]

= P – (12.5)(2)(0.1292 + 0.0342)
= P – (12.5)(2)(0.0178)
= P – 0.446
= 12.5 – 0.446
= 12.1 W

n=0
n = -1 n=1
n = -2 n=2
n = -3 n=3

f (Hz)
fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
–
– 3fm – 2fm fm + + +
fm 2fm 3fm

(iv) P = (Ac)2/(2R) = 12.5 W (remain unchanged)

From the table of Bessel function of the first kind, nmax  3 for | J nmax (  1) | 0.01
Psidebands = [(Ac)2/(2R)]×2×[J12(1) + J22(1) + J32(1)]
= (12.5)(2)(0.4402 + 0.1152 + 0.0202)
= (12.5)(2)(0.1936 + 0.0132 + 0.0004)
= (12.5)(0.3872 + 0.0264 + 0.0008)
= 5.18 W
OR
Psidebands = [(Ac)2/(2R)][1 – J02(1)]
= (12.5)(1 – 0.7652)
= (12.5)(1 – 0.5852)
= 5.18 W

By each side of the centre frequency of the filter, two sidebands can pass through.
Pfilter = [(Ac)2/(2R)][J02(1) + 2J12(1) + 2J22(1)]
= (12.5) [0.7652 + 2(0.4402) + 2(0.1152)]
= (12.5)(0.9989)
= 12.49 W
OR
Pfilter = P – [(Ac)2/(2R)]×2×[J32(1) + J42(1)]
= P – (12.5)(2)(0.0202 + 0.0022)
= P – (12.5)(2)(0.0004)
= P – 0.0101
= 12.5 – 0.0101
= 12.49 W

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